Progress in Mycology: An Indian Perspective

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I: History and Developments in Indian Mycology
	1: Historical Developments in Indian Mycology
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Post-Colonial Period (Post-Butler Period)
		1.3 Basidiomycota
			1.3.1 Agaricales
			1.3.2 Polyporales
		1.4 Ascomycota
		1.5 Anamorphic Fungi
		1.6 Lower Fungi
		1.7 Plant Pathology
		1.8 Miscellaneous Groups of Fungi
			1.8.1 Marine Fungi
			1.8.2 Thermophilic Fungi
			1.8.3 Deep-Sea Fungi
			1.8.4 Fossil Fungi
			1.8.5 Medical Mycology
			1.8.6 Keratinophilic Fungi
			1.8.7 Lichenized Fungi
			1.8.8 Aerobiology
			1.8.9 Endophytic Fungi
			1.8.10 Entomopathogenic Fungi
			1.8.11 Trichomycetes
			1.8.12 Vesicular and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
			1.8.13 Yeasts
		1.9 Conclusions
		References
	2: History of Marine Mycology in India
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 History of Marine Mycology in India
			2.2.1 Diversity of Lower Marine Fungi
			2.2.2 Diversity of Higher Marine Fungi
		2.3 Role of Marine Fungi in Ecology and Their Potential Biotechnologies
		2.4 Future Perspectives
		2.5 Concluding Remarks
		References
	3: History and Developments of Plant Pathology in India: Fungal Aspects
		3.1 Concept of Plant Pathology
		3.2 Ancient Indian Literature on Plant Pathology
		3.3 Plant Pathology in India During Colonial and Post-Colonial Periods
		3.4 Historical Expansions in Disease Control
		3.5 Historic Famines that Triggered Systematic Research
		3.6 Establishing Plant Pathology as a Subject
		3.7 Current Developments and Future Directions
		References
	4: Study of Indian Fossil Fungi: An Odyssey
		4.1 Introduction
			4.1.1 Fungal Spores
			4.1.2 Fruiting Bodies or Ascocarps
			4.1.3 Work on Indian Fossil Fungi
				4.1.3.1 Systematic Description
			4.1.4 Fungal Spore Stratigraphy
			4.1.5 Fossil Ascocarp Stratigraphy
		4.2 Palaeoclimatic Interpretations
			4.2.1 Scope of Future Studies
		References
	5: Microbial Culture Collections in India: Historical Perspectives and Future Prospects
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Scenario of Microbial Culture Collections in the World
		5.3 Culture Collections as Patent Depositories and Their Requirements
		5.4 Scenario of Microbial Culture Collections in India
		5.5 Conclusions
		5.6 Future Perspectives
		References
Part II: Symbiotic and Pathogenic Fungi
	6: History and Development of Lichen Research in India
		6.1 Introduction
			6.1.1 Brief History of Development of Lichenology in the World
		6.2 Studies on Indian Lichens During Pre-independence Period
		6.3 Studies on Indian Lichens During Post-independence Period
			6.3.1 Establishment of School of Lichenology at Lucknow University
		6.4 Emergence of Lichen Research at CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow
		6.5 Lichen Research at Agarkar Research Institute, Pune
		6.6 Initiation of Lichen Research at Botanical Survey of India
		6.7 Other Centres of Lichen Research in India
		6.8 Role of CSIR-NBRI and Indian Lichenological Society (ILS) in Popularizing Lichen Research in India
		6.9 Trends in Indian Lichen Research
			6.9.1 Floristic and Revisionary Studies
			6.9.2 Lichen Study in Antarctica
			6.9.3 Air Pollution and Climate Change Studies
			6.9.4 Biodeterioration Studies
			6.9.5 Ethnolichenology
			6.9.6 Bioprospecting Studies
			6.9.7 Miscellaneous Studies on Lichens
		6.10 Conclusions
		References
	7: History and Development of Ectomycorrhizal Research in India
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 History of Ectomycorrhizal Research in India
		7.3 Characterization and Identification
		7.4 Mycorrhizosphere Associations
		7.5 Physical and Chemical Status of Mycorrhizal Plants
		7.6 Drought Resistance
		7.7 Effect of Soil Fumigants/Biocides
		7.8 Ectomycorrhizal Associates
		7.9 Ecological Aspects of Ectomycorrhiza
		7.10 In Vitro Mycorrhizal Synthesis
		7.11 Introduction of Exotic Conifers
		7.12 Nursery Management Practices
		7.13 Field Performance of Seedlings
		7.14 Future Strategies
		References
	8: History and Development of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Research in India
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Prehistory and History of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza
			8.2.1 Prehistory
			8.2.2 History: Global
			8.2.3 History: India
		8.3 Diversity and Distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in India
		8.4 Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Crop Productivity in India
		8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	9: Developments in Endophytic Fungal Research in India
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 History and Developments
			9.2.1 Biodiversity
		9.3 Potential Applications
			9.3.1 Applications of Endophytic Fungi
			9.3.2 Bio-actives from Endophytic Fungi
				9.3.2.1 Anticancer Activity
				9.3.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity
				9.3.2.3 Other Activities
				9.3.2.4 Fungal Extracellular Enzymes
				9.3.2.5 Fungal Pigments
				9.3.2.6 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
			9.3.3 Genomic Studies and Plant Interactions
			9.3.4 Enhanced Production of Bioactive Compounds
		9.4 Conclusions
		9.5 Future Perspectives
		References
	10: Fungal Endophytes of Mangroves: Diversity, Secondary Metabolites and Enzymes
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Mangrove Habitats in India
		10.3 Mangrove Fungi
		10.4 Mangrove Endophytes
		10.5 Adaptations of Mangrove Foliar Endophytes
		10.6 Bioactive Compounds of Mangrove Endophytes
		10.7 Enzymes of Mangrove Endophytes
		10.8 Mangrove Endophytes: Not an Insignificant Biotic Component
		10.9 Conclusions
		References
	11: Insect Pathogenic Fungi and Their Applications: An Indian Perspective
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Research on Entomopathogenic Fungi in India
		11.3 Fungus-Insect and Fungus-Fungus Interactions
		11.4 Production of Infective Propagules of Entomopathogens
			11.4.1 Isolation of Entomopathogens
		11.5 Strain Improvement of Entomopathogenic Fungi
		11.6 Entomopathogenic Fungi as Endophytes
			11.6.1 Mission Mode Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungi
		11.7 Entomopathogenic Fungi from Laboratory to Field: Practical Considerations
		11.8 Future Perspectives
		References
	12: Historical Perspectives of Rusts in India
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 The Background
		12.3 Milestones of Rust Research in India
			12.3.1 Before Butler´s Era (Prior to 1900)
			12.3.2 Butler´s Era (1902 to 1928)
			12.3.3 Post-Butler´s Era (1930 Onwards)
				Box 12.1: Studies Carried Out on Rusts by M.J. Thirumalachar
				Box 12.2: Studies Carried Out on Rusts by T.S. Ramakrishnan
				Box 12.3: Studies Carried Out on Rusts by M.S. Pavgi
		12.4 Important Rusts in India
			12.4.1 Wheat Rusts
			12.4.2 Soybean Rusts
			12.4.3 Coffee Rusts
			12.4.4 Groundnut Rusts
			12.4.5 Forest Tree Rusts
			12.4.6 Reviews and Articles on Rusts
		12.5 Recent Rust Research in India
			12.5.1 Rust Resistance Through Breeding
			12.5.2 Knowledge Gap in Rust Research
		12.6 Future Perspectives
		References
	13: Biocontrol Research in India
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Necessity for Biological Control in India
		13.3 History and Development of Biological Control: An Indian Perspective
		13.4 Present Status
			13.4.1 Success Stories of Biological Control in India
		13.5 Current Status of Biocontrol Laboratories in India
		13.6 Potential Applications and Future Prospects
		13.7 Conclusion
		References
	14: Fungal Aerobiology and Allergies in India: An Overview
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Earlier Aerobiological Studies
			14.2.1 Aerial Fungal Diversity
				14.2.1.1 Monitoring Airborne Fungi
		14.3 Sampling Devices
			14.3.1 Gravimetric Samplers
			14.3.2 Impaction Samplers
				14.3.2.1 Rotorod Sampler
			14.3.3 Suction Samplers
				14.3.3.1 Burkard Seven-Day Sampler
				14.3.3.2 Burkard Personal Slide Sampler
				14.3.3.3 Burkard Petri Plate Sampler
				14.3.3.4 Andersen Sampler
			14.3.4 Filtration Devices
			14.3.5 Immunochemical Assays
		14.4 Analysis of Exposed Samples
			14.4.1 Direct Microscopy
			14.4.2 Culture Analysis
			14.4.3 Immunochemical Assay
		14.5 Aerobiological Surveys in India
		14.6 Outdoor Aerial Fungal Diversity
		14.7 Prevalence of Indoor Fungi
		14.8 Occupational Indoor Fungi
			14.8.1 Bakeries
			14.8.2 Granaries
			14.8.3 Poultries
			14.8.4 Sugar Industries
			14.8.5 Libraries
			14.8.6 Cattle Sheds
			14.8.7 Residential Houses
			14.8.8 Fungi of Allergenic Significance
			14.8.9 Occupational Fungal Allergens
			14.8.10 Fungi of Crop Fields
		14.9 Conclusions
		14.10 Future Priorities
		14.11 Prevention of Fungal Allergens
		References
	15: Keratinophilic Fungi: Diversity, Environmental and Biotechnological Implications
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Distribution of Keratinophilic Fungi
		15.3 Keratin Degradation: Environmental Implications
		15.4 Distribution Patterns and Potential Biotechnologies
		15.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
		References
Part III: Different Groups of Fungi
	16: Taxonomy and Ecology of Soil Fungi in India: Aspects and Prospects
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Taxonomy of Soil Fungi
		16.3 Some Noteworthy Fungi from Soils of India
		16.4 Fungi in Diversified Soils and Semi-aquatic Habitats
			16.4.1 Soil Profile
		16.5 Rock Soils and Rock Crevices: Fungi
		16.6 Soil Fungal Ecology
		16.7 Fungi in Semi-aquatic Habitats (Muds)
		16.8 Marine and Mangrove Mud Fungi
		16.9 Usar and Desert Soil Fungi
		16.10 Rhizosphere Soil Fungi
		16.11 Soil Fungi in Amended and Unamended Soils
		16.12 Mycorrhizal Fungi in Soil
		16.13 Soil and Mushrooms
		16.14 Techniques of Isolation
		16.15 Significance of Soil Fungi
		16.16 Ecology of Soil Fungi
		16.17 Soil Fungi and pH
		16.18 Soil Fungi and Soil Moisture
		16.19 Soil Fungi and Organic Matter
		16.20 Soil Fungi and Vegetation
			16.20.1 N, P, K and Soil Fungi
		16.21 Calcium, Total Soluble Salts and Chlorides in Relation to Soil Fungi
		References
	17: Five Decades of Research on the Freshwater Hyphomycetes in India
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Historical Perspectives
			17.2.1 Background
			17.2.2 Indian Scenario
			17.2.3 First Attempts
				Box 17.1: Studies Carried Out on Aquatic Hyphomycetes for the First Time in India
		17.3 Literature Source
			17.3.1 Reviews and Articles
			17.3.2 Books and Theses
		17.4 Methods of Examination
			Box 17.2: Studies Carried Out on the Molecular Phylogeny of Aquatic Hyphomycetes (Source: 2002-2012 - Duarte et al. 2013)
		17.5 New Species from India
		17.6 Habitats, Diversity, and Distribution
			17.6.1 Habitats
			17.6.2 Richness and Diversity
			17.6.3 Distribution
		17.7 Ecological Perspectives
			17.7.1 Seasonal Studies
			17.7.2 Diurnal Studies
			17.7.3 Decomposition
			17.7.4 Physiology
		17.8 Ecosystem Services and Applications
			17.8.1 Enzymes
			17.8.2 Food Web
			17.8.3 Endophytes
			17.8.4 Environmental Monitoring
		17.9 Human Interference
			17.9.1 Deforestation and Urbanization
			17.9.2 Pollution
		17.10 Future Perspectives and Conclusions
		References
	18: Progress of Mushroom Research in India
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Systematics and Mycorrhizal Studies
		18.3 Biochemical Studies
		18.4 Studies on Mushroom Cultivation, Diseases, and Other Aspects
		18.5 Studies on Sociobiology and Ethnomycology of Mushrooms
		18.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
		References
	19: Developments in Thermophilic Fungal Research
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Thermophilic Fungal Research in India
		19.3 Ecology and Distribution
		19.4 Nutrition and Physiology
		19.5 Structure and Function of Thermophilic Fungal Genomes
		19.6 Potential Biotechnologies
			19.6.1 Role in Composting and Mushroom Technology
				19.6.1.1 SCP Production
				19.6.1.2 Environmental Management
				19.6.1.3 Soil Amendment
				19.6.1.4 Biotransformation
				19.6.1.5 Antimicrobials and Bioactive Compounds
				19.6.1.6 Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Materials
				19.6.1.7 Intracellular and Extracellular Thermostable Biocatalysts
		19.7 Future Perspectives
		19.8 Conclusions
		References
	20: Yeast Research in India: A Perspective on Taxonomy and Applications
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Yeast Taxonomy Research in India
		20.3 Yeast Diversity Research in India
		20.4 Yeast from Fermented Foods and Beverages of India
		20.5 Yeast as Probiotics
		20.6 Yeasts in Plant Growth Promotion
		20.7 Yeasts in Biosorption and Bioremediation
		20.8 Biosurfactant and Pullulan Production
		20.9 Yeasts in Xylitol Production
		20.10 Yeasts as Source of Valuable Enzymes
		20.11 Biodiesel or Lipid Production by Yeasts
		20.12 Yeasts in Bioethanol Production
		20.13 Conclusions and Future Prospects
		References
	21: History and Development of Myxomycetes Research in India
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 History of Research on Indian Myxomycetes
		21.3 Biodiversity Explorations of Indian Myxomycetes
			21.3.1 Period I (up to 1951)
			21.3.2 Period II (1952-1980)
			21.3.3 Period III (From 1980 Onwards)
		21.4 Systematic Treatment of Class Myxomycetes
			21.4.1 Subclass: Ceratiomyxomycetidae
			21.4.2 Subclass: Myxogastromycetidae
				21.4.2.1 Order Liceales
				21.4.2.2 Order Echinosteliales
				21.4.2.3 Order Trichiales
				21.4.2.4 Order Physarales
			21.4.3 Subclass: Stemonitomycetidae
				21.4.3.1 Order Stemonitales
		21.5 Experimental Studies on Indian Myxomycetes
		21.6 Sporophore Development
		21.7 Ecological Aspects
			21.7.1 General Observations
		21.8 Corticolous Myxomycetes
		21.9 Future Perspectives
		References
Index