Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 2 Issue 2, 2023

Editorial Board of the Book Series
	Editor-in-Chief
	Assistant Editors-in-Chief
	Editors
	KLC2020 Managing Committee
	Advisory Members for KLC2020
	KLC2020 Official Promoters
	Public Sectors: KLC2020 Official Promoters-Public
		International Unions/Associations, Governmental Organizations, Universities and Research Institutes
	Private Sectors: KLC2020 Official Promoters-Private
		Companies and Corporation
	Standing Editors for KLC2020 Book Series
	Editorial Office
Global Promotion Committee of the International Programme on Landslides and Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020
	A Commitment to the Sendai Framework and the Sustainable Development Goals
	Members of the IPL-KLC Global Promotion Committee
Contents
Part I: ICL Landslide Lesson
	Advancements in Shear Strength Interpretation, Testing, and Use for Landslide Analysis
		1 Background
		2 Causes of Landslides
		3 Planning and Design of Landslide Stabilization Works
		4 Brief Overview of Shear Strengths
		5 Shear Strength Measurements
			5.1 Direct Shear Tests
			5.2 Triaxial Tests
			5.3 Direct Simple Shear Tests
			5.4 Ring Shear Tests
			5.5 Cyclic Simple Shear Tests
			5.6 Cyclic Triaxial Tests
		6 Correlations Methods to Obtain Soil Shear Strengths
			6.1 Fully Softened Shear Strength
			6.2 Residual Shear Strength
			6.3 Undrained Shear Strengths of Over-Consolidated Clays
			6.4 Cyclic Shear Strength
			6.5 Post-Cyclic Undrained Shear Strength
			6.6 Various Other Correlations
		7 Example of Shear Strength Estimation with Correlation Methods
		8 Summary and Recommendations
		References
	Rock Avalanches in the Tibetan Plateau of China
		1 Introduction
		2 Geological Setting of the Studied Area
		3 Distribution of Rock Avalanches in the Study Area
			3.1 Spatial Distribution of Rock Avalanches in the Himalayan Range, China
			3.2 Locations of the Typical Rock Avalanches
		4 Characteristics of Typical Rock Avalanche Deposits
			4.1 Luanshibao Rock Avalanche
				4.1.1 Geological Setting and General Features of the Luanshibao Rock Avalanche
				4.1.2 Sedimentary Features of the Avalanche Deposit
			4.2 Nyixoi Chongco Rock Avalanche
				4.2.1 Geological Setting and General Features of the Nyixoi Chongco Rock Avalanche
				4.2.2 Sedimentary Features of the Avalanche Deposit
			4.3 Tagarma Rock Avalanche
				4.3.1 Geological Setting and General Features of the Tagarma Rock Avalanche
				4.3.2 Sedimentary Features of the Avalanche Deposit
			4.4 Iymek Rock Avalanche
				4.4.1 Geological Setting and General Features of the Iymek Rock Avalanche
				4.4.2 Sedimentary Features of the Avalanche Deposit
		5 Discussion
		6 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Original Articles
	Landslide Susceptibility Zonation Using GIS-Based Frequency Ratio Approach in the Kulon Progo Mountains Area, Indonesia
		1 Introduction
		2 Research Area
		3 Methodology
		4 Dataset and Analysis
		5 Result & Discussion
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Physically-Based Regional Landslide Forecasting Modelling: Model Set-up and Validation
		1 Introduction
		2 HIRESSS Model and Study Are a
			2.1 HIRESSS Model
			2.2 Study Area
		3 Data Collection and Preparation
			3.1 Static Data
			3.2 Dynamic Data
		4 HIRESSS Simulation and Analysis of the Results
			4.1 Monte Carlo Simulations
			4.2 Analysis of the Model Output and Validation
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Consequence: Frequency Matrix as a Tool to Assess Landslides Risk
		1 Introduction
		2 The Main Principle of Matrix Use
		3 The Conceptual Background
		4 Example of Risk Matrix
		5 Issues Linked to the Use of Matrix
			5.1 Scale and Verbal Terms
				5.1.1 The Classes of Consequences and Frequency or Probability
			5.2 Setting the Risk Limits for Risk Matrix and F-N Curves
			5.3 Uncertainty
			5.4 Risk Reduction
			5.5 Representing the Cascading Effect
			5.6 Adding Dimensions
			5.7 Cumulative Versus Non-cumulative Scale
				5.7.1 An Example Ambiguous Use of Matrix
		6 Summaries of the Recommendations
		7 Example of Integration of Assessment for all Classes
		8 Method
			8.1 The Belonging to a Class and its Uncertainty
			8.2 Classes Definitions
			8.3 The Expert Assessment for a Specific Event
			8.4 The Matrix Construction
			8.5 The Example of a Particular Unstable Mass of Pont Bourquin Landslide
				8.5.1 Landslide Settings
				8.5.2 The Classes and Scales
				8.5.3 Setting the Prior Probabilities
				8.5.4 Results
		9 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Do not Let Your Guard Down: Landslide Exposure and Local Awareness in Mexico
		1 Introduction
		2 Landslide Exposure and Awareness
		3 Studied Area
		4 Methodology
			4.1 Aerial Survey Using UAVs
			4.2 Expansion of the Urban Area
			4.3 Rainfall Series
		5 Results
		6 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Landslides in Higher Education Curricula and Beyond
		1 Introduction
			1.1 General Views on Higher Education
			1.2 The Focus of this Article
		2 Materials and Methods
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Background Studies on Landslides and Study Programmes
			3.2 Academic Programmes in Disaster Risk Management
			3.3 University Study Programs in Disaster Risk Reduction & Management
			3.4 Selected Summer Schools on Landslides
			3.5 Landslide-Related Capacity Building Examples
			3.6 Case 1: The International School on Landslide Risk Assessment and Mitigation (LARAM)
			3.7 Case 2: Kokomerem Summer School on Rockslides and Related Phenomena in the Kokomeren River Valley (Kyrgyzstan)
			3.8 Case 3: The International Research Association on Large Landslides (iRALL) School
			3.9 Case 4: ICL Landslide School Network
			3.10 Case 5: ICL Landslide Teaching Tools
			3.11 Case 6: ICL/IPL World Report on Landslides
			3.12 Case 7: UNDRR PreventionWeb Platform
			3.13 Case 8: United States Geological Survey (USGS) Web Sources
			3.14 Case 9: NASA Models and Datasets
			3.15 Case 10: The Landslide Blog in AGU Blogosphere
			3.16 Case 11: BeSafeNet Platform
			3.17 Case 12: The International Society for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering (ISRM) Course
			3.18 Case 13: The LARIMIT Portal
			3.19 Case 14: Humanitarian Library
			3.20 Case 15: The VISUS Methodology
			3.21 Case 16: The Twinkl Platform
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Community Scale Landslide Resilience: A Citizen-Science Approach
		1 Introduction
		2 Related Works
			2.1 Review of the Existing Citizen Science Approach
		3 Citizen Science Approach
			3.1 Requirements, Solutions, and Dimension of Landslide Resilience
		4 Operationalization of the Citizen-Science Approach
			4.1 Framework: Involving Citizens in Building Community-Scale Landslide Resilience
			4.2 Pre-Disaster Measures
			4.3 During-Disaster Measures
			4.4 Post-Disaster Measures
		5 Tools for Operationalization
			5.1 Community Engagement
			5.2 Social Media Data Analysis
			5.3 AmritaKripa Mobile App
			5.4 Landslide Tracker Mobile App
		6 Case Study: Implementation of Framework
		7 Discussion
			7.1 Practical Challenges & Implementation Gaps
		8 Conclusion
		References
	Remedial Measures Impact on Slope Stability and Landslide Occurrence in Small-Scale Slope Physical Model in 1 g Conditions
		1 Introduction
		2 Material and Methods
			2.1 Physical Model
			2.2 Soil Material Properties
			2.3 Monitoring Equipment
			2.4 Rainfall Simulator
			2.5 Remedial Structures
		3 Construction of Slope Models
			3.1 Construction of Slope Models without Remedial Measure
			3.2 Construction of Slope Model with Installation of Gravity Wall
			3.3 Construction of Slope Model with Installation of Gabion Wall
			3.4 Construction of Slope Model with Installation of Pile Wall
		4 Testing and Results
			4.1 Testing of Slope Models without Remedial Measures
			4.2 Testing of Slope Model with Gravity Retaining Wall
			4.3 Testing of Slope Model with Gabion Wall
			4.4 Testing of Slope Model with Pile Wall
		5 Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Surficial Geology and Geomorphology of the North Slide, Thompson River Valley, British Columbia, Canada: Application of Fundam...
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Generalized Climate and Hydrology at North Slide
			1.2 Historical Change Detection at North Slide
			1.3 Baseline Geological Conditions at the North Slide
		2 Methods and Observational Results
			2.1 Terrain and Hydrogeological Mapping
				2.1.1 Benchmarked Satellite Image Interpretation
				2.1.2 Benchmarked UAV Orthomosaic Interpretation
			2.2 Field Observations of Earth Material Textures, Porosity Variations, and Slope Failure in Terrain Units
				2.2.1 Bedrock and Undifferentiated Weathered Lag (Unit 1; R, R-R)
				2.2.2 Glaciolacustrine Sediments (Unit 2; GLb)
				2.2.3 Glaciofluvial and Ice-Contact Sediments (Unit 3; GFb)
				2.2.4 Ground Moraine (Unit 4; Tv, Tb, Tb-V, Td)
				2.2.5 Glaciolacustrine and Glaciofluvial Sediments (Unit 5; GLt, GFt)
				2.2.6 Alluvial Sediments (Unit 6; Ap, at, Af)
				2.2.7 Colluvial Sediments (Unit 7; Cv, Cz, Cz-F)
				2.2.8 Anthropogenic Deposits (Unit 8; Hb)
		3 Discussion: Fundamental Geoscience Applied to Geospatial Monitoring Results
			3.1 Hydrogeological Controls on Ancient Landslide Activity
			3.2 Hydrogeological Controls on Historical Landslide Activity
			3.3 Hydrogeological Controls on Recent Landslide Activity
			3.4 Projecting Future Landslide Activity and Consequences
			3.5 Geologically Informed Monitoring for Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction
		4 Summary and Conclusion
		References
	High Resolution Numerical Weather Simulation for Orographic Precipitation as an Accurate Early Warning Tool for Landslide Vuln...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Methodology
		4 Results and Discussion
			4.1 Five-Day Rainfall Simulation for the Aranayaka Landslide on May 2016
			4.2 Rainfall Simulations for Past Heavy Rain Events on Aranayaka
		5 Future Work
			5.1 Turbulence Enhancement of Orographic Rainfall
			5.2 Super-Resolution Simulations
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Climate Change as Modifier of Landslide Susceptibility: Case Study in Davao Oriental, Philippines
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Methodology
			3.1 Base Landslide Susceptibility Map
			3.2 Historical and Projected Rainfall
			3.3 Modified Landslide Susceptibility Map
		4 Results and Discussion
		5 Conclusion and Outlook
		References
	Fractal-Based Evaluation of the Spatial Relationship Between Conditioning Factors and the Distribution of Landslides (a Case S...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Evaluation of the Spatial Relationship Between Conditioning Factors and the Distribution of Landslides
			3.1 Methods
			3.2 Spatial Relationship Between Conditioning Factors and Landslide Distribution
			3.3 Model Validation
			3.4 Results of Landslide Susceptibility Using Fractal-Frequency Method (FFR)
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Procedure of Data Processing for the Improvement of Failure Time Prediction of a Landslide Based on the Velocity and Accelerat...
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
			2.1 Methods for Raw Data Preprocessing
				2.1.1 Data Extraction Method (DE)
				2.1.2 Moving Average (MA) Method
			2.2 Prediction of the Failure Time
				2.2.1 Calculation of Velocity and Acceleration Values
				2.2.2 Failure Prediction from Fukuzono´s Original Inverse-Velocity (INV) Method
				2.2.3 Failure Prediction from the Relationship Between Velocity and Acceleration (VAA) Method
			2.3 Landslide Field Experiment on a Natural Slope in Futtsu, Chiba Prefecture
				2.3.1 Experimental Setups
			2.4 In-door Small-scale Model Slope Experiment
				2.4.1 Experimental Setups
		3 Results
			3.1 Experimental Results
			3.2 Data Preprocessing
				3.2.1 Data Extraction Method (DE)
				3.2.2 Moving Average (MA) Method
			3.3 Prediction of Failure Time
				3.3.1 Prediction Results by the INV Method
				3.3.2 Prediction Results by the VAA Method
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Numerical Analysis of the Effect of Rainfall on the Stability of Sandstone-Covered Mudstone Cutting Slopes
		1 Introduction
		2 Regions and Methods
			2.1 Study Area
			2.2 Meteorology and Hydrology
			2.3 Stratigraphic Lithology
		3 Model Building
			3.1 Mathematical Model
			3.2 Geometric Model and Physical Parameters
			3.3 Boundary Conditions and Initial Conditions of the Model
		4 Results
			4.1 Slope Stability Analysis Under Natural Working Conditions
			4.2 Slope Stability Analysis Under Different Rainfall Conditions
			4.3 Analysis of Landslide Deformation and Damage in the Study Area
		5 Conclusions
		References
Part III: Review Articles
	Post-formation Behavior of Hattian Landslide Dam and Post-breaching Situation
		1 Introduction
		2 Features of Debris Deposit
		3 Observation of Changes to the Debris Deposit
		4 Dam Break Analysis Prediction by Sattar et al. (2011)
		5 Failure of Karli Lake and Tang Lake
		6 Discussions
		7 Summary
		References
	Investigation of Debris Flow Impact Mechanisms and Designs
		1 Introduction
		2 Understanding Debris Flow-Barrier Interaction Mechanisms
			2.1 Preventive Measures Against Debris Flow
			2.2 Debris Flow Analysis and Modelling
			2.3 Preventive Measures Against Debris Flow
				2.3.1 Debris Flow Interaction with Single Barriers
					2.3.1.1 Influence of Flow Composition
					2.3.1.2 Effects of Rigid Barrier Opening
					2.3.1.3 Role of Barrier Stiffness
				2.3.2 Debris Flow Impact on Multiple Barriers
					2.3.2.1 Initial Impact Mechanism: Quantifying Energy Dissipation During Pile-Up and Run-Up
					2.3.2.2 Overflow Trajectory and Landing Distance
		3 Design Recommendations for Debris Resisting Barriers
			3.1 Debris Flow Impact Force on Barriers
		4 Summary and Conclusions
		References
	A Review of the Disaster Risk Assessment Perspectives
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Survey
			2.1 Detailed Review Process
			2.2 DRA Characteristics and Percentage of Research Interests
		3 Risk Assessment
			3.1 Risk Analysis
			3.2 Risk Analysis Methods
			3.3 Risk Evaluation Methods
			3.4 Risk Perception
			3.5 Risk Predictive Behaviour
			3.6 Risk Appetite
		4 Discussion
			4.1 Disaster Risk Assessment Dynamic Connections
			4.2 Risk Reduction Strategies
			4.3 Future Research Requirements
		5 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: IPL Projects, World Centres of Excellence on Landslide Risk Reduction, and Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020
	Application of LAND-SUITE for Landslide Susceptibility Modelling Using Different Mapping Units: A Case Study in Croatia
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Methods and Materials
			3.1 LAND-SUITE Software
			3.2 Landslide Inventory and Unstable Slope Units
			3.3 Landslide Causal Factors
		4 Results
		5 Discussion
		6 Conclusion
		References
	An Integrated Approach to Landslides Risk Management for Local and National Authorities
		1 Introduction
		2 General Data
		3 Landslides Risk Reduction on a National Level
		4 Contribution to Regional Level Landslide Risk Reduction
		5 Improving Landslide Risk Reduction on the Local: Municipality Level
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Assessing Landslide Hazard in the High City of Antananarivo, Madagascar (UNESCO Tentative Site)
		1 Introduction
		2 Materials and Methods
		3 Results
			3.1 Multitemporal Landslide Inventory
			3.2 Shallow Landslide Susceptibility
			3.3 Earth-Debris Flow Assessment
			3.4 Preliminary Landslide Frequency Assessment
			3.5 Rockmass Instability and Rock Fall Analysis
		4 Discussion
		5 Conclusions
		References
Part V: ICL Landslide Teaching Tools
	Teaching Tool for LS-Tsunami
		1 Introduction
		2 Basic Principle and Governing Equations
			2.1 Basic Equations for Motion of Landslide (LS-RAPID)
			2.2 Basic Equations for Motion of Water (LS-Tsunami)
		3 User Manual
			3.1 Setting of Simulation Area
			3.2 Editing Topographic Data
			3.3 Reading of a Landslide Result (LS-RAPID Data File)
			3.4 Setting of Conditions for Calculation
			3.5 Settings for Output and Visualization
			3.6 Start the Simulation
			3.7 Display the Results
		4 Application Examples
			4.1 Application of the Model to a Simple Coastal Landslide
			4.2 Application of the Model to a Landslide-Induced Tsunami-Like Wave Across a River
				4.2.1 Landslide Simulation with LS-RAPID Model
				4.2.2 Tsunami Simulation by LS-Tsunami Model
			4.3 Application to the 1792 Unzen-Mayuyama Megaslide-and-Tsunami Disaster
		5 Conclusions
		References
Part VI: Technical Notes and Case Studies
	CliRtheRoads: An Integrated Approach to Landslide Risk Management on Roads in Serbia
		1 Introduction
		2 Data Model
			2.1 Main Concepts
			2.2 Data Storage
		3 Data Management
		4 GIS Component
		5 Conclusion
		References
Part VII: World Landslide Reports
	Rock Slope Instabilities Affecting the AlUla Archaeological Sites (KSA)
		1 Introduction
		2 The AlUla Archaeological Section
		3 Geological Setting
		4 Physical and Mechanic Characterization of Rock Mass and Rock Material
			4.1 Field Survey and Rock-Mass Characterization
			4.2 Laboratory Tests
		5 Geo-hazards and Morphological Processes Threatening the Sites
			5.1 Hegra
			5.2 Dadan
			5.3 AlUla Old Town
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Refugees´ Perception of Landslide Disasters: Insights from the Rohingya Camps in Cox´s Bazar, Bangladesh
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical Framework
		3 Methodology
			3.1 Study Area
			3.2 Sample Size and Data Collection
			3.3 Data Analysis
		4 Results and Discussion
			4.1 Demographic and Socio-economic Context
			4.2 Landslide Exposure and Emergency Management Scenario
			4.3 Mitigation Measure Scenario
			4.4 Determinants of Risk Perception in the Proportional Odds Model
		5 Conclusion
		References
KLC2020 Official Promoters
	The Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 (KLC2020)
		Host organization
		Public sectors: KLC2020 Official Promoters-public
		Private sectors: KLC2020 Official Promoters-private
Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada
	Geological Survey of Canada: Who We Are
	Strategic Priorities
	Moving Forward
	Exploring Canada
Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana
	Summary
	World Centre of Excellence on Landslide Risk Reduction and IPL Projects
		WCoE Activities
		IPL projects
	ICL Thematic and Regional Networks
	Landslide Monitoring and Warning Thematic Network: LaMaWaTheN
		ICL Adriatic-Balkan Network: ICL ABN
	Other ICL-Related International Activities
	University of Ljubljana UNESCO Chair on Water-related Disaster Risk Reduction (2016-2020 and 2020-2024)
	Conclusions
China University of Geosciences, Wuhan
	Introduction
	Strategic Plan of Building a World-Renowned Research University in Earth Sciences: A Beautiful China and a Habitable Earth: To...
	Outstanding Recent Achievements
	References
Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University
	Introduction
	Outstanding Recent Achievements
		Mitigating the Impacts of Natural Disasters via Cutting Edge Technology
Institute of Cold Regions Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University
	Introduction
Marui & Co. Ltd.
	Introduction
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Geohazard Management Division
	Introduction
Ellegi Srl
	Introduction
Chuo Kaihatsu Corporation
	Introduction
Godai Kaihatsu Corporation
	Introduction
Kiso-Jiban Consultants Co. Ltd
	Introduction
	InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)
	GP (Gel-Push) Sampling
	Slope Stability Analysis and Evaluation
	Inspection Technique for Disaster Danger Spots Using Mixed Reality (MR) Technology
Kokusai Kogyo Co. Ltd
	Introduction
OSASI Technos, Inc.
	Introduction
List of ICL Members
Index