Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 2 Issue 1, 2023

Editorial Board of the Book Series
Global Promotion Committee of the International Programme on Landslides and Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020
Contents
The Second-Year Publication of the Open Access Book Series ``Progress in Landslide Research and Technology´´
	1 Management of P-LRT
	2 Comparisons of Vol. 1-1, Vol. 1-2, and Vol. 2-1
	3 Oral Presentation Invitation for the Authors of P-RLT Articles
Part I: ICL Landslide Lesson
	Sliding-Surface Liquefaction and Undrained Steady-State Shear-Strength
		1 Introduction
		2 Background Information of Significance of Sliding-Surface Liquefaction
			2.1 Background
			2.2 Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020
			2.3 The Sliding-Surface Liquefaction in Landslides
			2.4 Landslide Initiation Mechanism and Landslide Types by Shearing Mechanism
				2.4.1 Shearing Types of Landslides in Stress Path
		3 Tools to Support SSL and USS
			3.1 Physical Landslide Simulator-Formation of Sliding-Surface and Post-Failure Motion
			3.2 Development of Undrained Dynamic-Loading Ring-Shear Apparatus
				3.2.1 An Overview of a Series of the Undrained Dynamic-Loading Ring-Shear Apparatus in the Chronological Order
				3.2.2 Difference of Loading Structures Between DPRI-6 and ICL-2 Which Enabled the Undrained Test Under a High Normal Stress (3...
				3.2.3 Electronic Servo-control System of ICL-2 for Undrained State of Shearing, and Seismic-Loading Test, and Pore-Pressure Co...
				3.2.4 Development of a Series of Rubber Edge Structure for Undrained Water Sealing
			3.3 Development of an Integrated Landslide-Simulation Model for Rapid Landslides (LS-RAPID)
				3.3.1 Video of the Initiation and Motion of Rain-Induced Landslides and Earthquake-Induced Landslides in LS-RAPID
				3.3.2 Three Cases for the Initiated Landslide Movement over the Downslope
		4 Original Test Results for This Article
			4.1 Experiment of Standard Sand ``Silica Sand No.6´´
			4.2 Experiment of Natural Soils (Example of Volcanic Debris Taken from Unzen)
		5 Case Studies of Sliding-Surface Liquefaction from Previous Research
			5.1 2006 Mega-Slide in Leyte, Philippines, Triggered by a Small Earthquake After Long Rainfall
				5.1.1 Landslide Field Investigation
				5.1.2 Triggering Factors of the Landslide
				5.1.3 Undrained Dynamic-Loading Ring-Shear Test
				5.1.4 LS-RAPID Simulation for the Leyte Landslide
			5.2 Large-Scale Landslides Triggered by the 2004 Mid-Niigata Earthquake, Japan
				5.2.1 Outline of the Higashi-Takezawa Landslide
				5.2.2 Seismic Loading Test on Sands from the Higashi-Takezawa Landslide
				5.2.3 Cyclic Loading Tests for the Sand (T1) and Silt (T2) of the Terano Landslide
			5.3 Findings by the Investigation of Two Landslides
			5.4 Hypothetical Submarine Landslides in Suruga Bay, Japan
				5.4.1 Area of Investigation
				5.4.2 Sampling from Volcanic Ash by IODP Drilling
				5.4.3 Undrained Basic Cyclic-Loading Tests
				5.4.4 Seismic-Loading Tests Using the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Wave Record
				5.4.5 Reproduction of the Movement of the Hypothetical Senoumi Landslide by LS-RAPID
			5.5 Landslides Triggered by the 2011 Typhoon ``Talas´´ in the Kii Peninsula, Japan
				5.5.1 Case Studies of the Kuridaira and Akatani Landslides in Kii Peninsula
				5.5.2 Soil Sampling and Laboratory Experiment Setting
				5.5.3 Ring Shear Test Results
				5.5.4 Sliding-Surface Liquefaction Behavior
			5.6 1792 Historical Mega-Slide in Unzen, Japan
				5.6.1 Outline of the Unzen-Mayuyama Landslide
				5.6.2 Sampling from the Unzen-Mayuyama Landslide
				5.6.3 Undrained Monotonic Stress-Control Ring-Shear Tests on Sample S1
				5.6.4 Initiation Mechanism of Landslides
			5.7 Case for the Landslide Initiation Mechanism by Pore-Pressure Increase (Fig. 95)
			5.8 Case for the Landslide Initiation by Volcanic Seismic Shaking (Fig. 96)
			5.9 Case for the Initiation of the Motion of Deposits Downslope/Alluvial Deposits by the Moving Landslide Mass (Fig. 97)
				5.9.1 Observation of the Shear Zone State Between Undrained Test and the Drained Test (Fig. 98)
				5.9.2 LS-RAPID Simulation (Fig. 99)
				5.9.3 LS-Tsunami Simulation (Fig. 100)
		References
	Identification and Mitigation of Reservoir Landslides: Cases Studied in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China
		1 Introduction
		2 Characteristic of Reservoir Landslides in the TGRA
			2.1 Spatiotemporal Distribution
			2.2 Slide-Prone Strata
			2.3 Influence of Geologic Structure
			2.4 Dynamic Characteristics of Reservoir Landslide Evolution
			2.5 Influence of Rainfall and Fluctuating Water Level
			2.6 Seepage-Induced Reservoir Landslide
			2.7 Buoyancy-Induced Reservoir Landslide
		3 Assessment of Reservoir Landslides Stability
			3.1 Determination of the Infiltration Curve When Reservoir Water Level Drawdown
			3.2 Stability Evaluation Methods
			3.3 Stability of the Reservoir Landslides During the TGD Operation
		4 In-Situ Experiment on Slipping Zone Soil of Reservoir Landslides
			4.1 In-Situ Direct Shear Creep Test
			4.2 In-Situ Triaxial Creep Test
		5 Prevention and Control of Reservoir Landslides
			5.1 Stabilizing Piles
			5.2 Anchors
			5.3 Case Studies
		6 Forecasting of Reservoir Landslides
			6.1 Forecast Model of Reservoir Landslides
			6.2 Framework of Physical-Mechanical Forecast Model
			6.3 Real-Time Prediction Platform
		7 Challenges and Suggestions
		8 Conclusions
		References
Part II: Original Articles
	Impact of Input Data on the Quality of the Landslide Susceptibility Large-Scale Maps: A Case Study from NW Croatia
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Materials and Methods
			3.1 Landslide Inventory
			3.2 Input Data and Landslide Causal Factors
			3.3 Information Value Method
			3.4 Validation of Landslide Susceptibility Maps
		4 Landslide Causal Factors
		5 Results
		6 Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Landslide Warning Systems in High-Income Countries: Past Accomplishments and Expected Endeavours
		1 Introduction
		2 Hazard Knowledge-Based Landslide Early Warning Systems
		3 Methodology
		4 Results
			4.1 Technical Developments for Potential LEWSs
			4.2 Hazard Analysis for LEWSs
			4.3 Models and Prototypes
			4.4 Operational LEWSs from Publications in HICs
			4.5 Additional Topics of Concern Related to LEWSs in UMICs
			4.6 Scientific International Collaborations
		5 Discussion
		6 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Modelling of Landslide-Structure Interaction (LSI) Through Material Point Method (MPM)
		1 Introduction
		2 Approaches for LSI Modelling
		3 Damage and Protection
		4 Remarks on Material Point Method (MPM)
			4.1 Framework
			4.2 One-Phase Formulation
			4.3 Two-Phase Formulation
		5 Modelling the Damage of an Infill Wall
			5.1 Input Scheme
			5.2 Numerical Results
		6 Modelling Landslides Impacting a Two-Storey Building
			6.1 Input Scheme
			6.2 Numerical Results
		7 Modelling Landslides Impacting a RC Wall
			7.1 Input Scheme
			7.2 Numerical Results
		8 Modelling Landslides Impacting a Deformable Barrier
			8.1 Input Scheme
			8.2 Numerical Results
		9 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Landslide Research and Technology in International Standards
		1 Introduction
			1.1 The Focus of This Study
		2 Materials and Methods
			2.1 Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030
			2.2 Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction and the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
			2.3 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Go...
			2.4 Landslide Definitions in International Standards
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Methodologies for Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction
			3.2 Graphical Symbols for Landslides
			3.3 Landslide-Related International Standards (ISO)
			3.4 Case Study 1: Standardization Efforts for Landslide Early Warning Systems (LEWS)
			3.5 Case Study 2: Standardization Efforts for Sustainable Cities and Communities
			3.6 Case Study 3: Standardization in the Field of Torrent Control in Austria
		4 Conclusions and Further Work
		References
	Mathematical and Numerical Modeling of Slope Stability for the Mong Sen Landslide Event in the Trung Chai Commune, Sapa, Vietn...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Evaluation of Slope Stability for the Mong Sen Landslide
			3.1 Methods
			3.2 Strength of Slope Materials
			3.3 Model Calibration
			3.4 Results of the Slope Stability Analysis Using LEM
			3.5 Results of the Slope Stability Analysis Using FEM
			3.6 Comparison of the Slope Stability Analysis Results Using LEM and FEM
			3.7 Relationship Between Pore Water Pressure Ratio and Seismic Coefficient
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Landslide Early Warning System Based on the Empirical Approach: Case Study in Ha Long City (Vietnam)
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Methodology and Results
			3.1 Landslide Susceptibility Map by Spatial Multi-criteria Evaluation (SMCE) Method
			3.2 Empirical Rainfall Threshold
			3.3 Proposed Landslide Early Warning System
		4 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	The Modern Activity of the Buzulgan Landslide and Its Influence on the Debris Flow Hazard for the Tyrnyauz Town (Northern Cauc...
		1 Introduction
		2 Natural Conditions
			2.1 Geomorphological Conditions
			2.2 Geological and Tectonic Conditions
		3 The Buzulgan Landslide
			3.1 History of Study
			3.2 Method for Assessing the Current Landslide Activity
			3.3 Modern Activity of the Buzulgan Landslide
		4 Debris Flows Activity and Hazard
			4.1 Materials and Methods
			4.2 Transport-Shift Model (FLOVI)
			4.3 Hydrodynamic Model FLO-2D
			4.4 Results and Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		References
	A Risk Evaluation Method of Unstable Slopes Using Multipoint Tilting Sensors
		1 Introduction
		2 Field Validation of Tilt Sensor for Slope Monitoring
			2.1 Prevention of Secondary Disaster During Restoration of Failed Slope-Fukuoka Pref., Japan
			2.2 Practical Tilt Sensor Monitoring in Tokyo
			2.3 Monitoring Slope Failure at Manzawa, Yamanashi, Japan
			2.4 Early Warning by Using Multi-point Monitoring
		3 Conclusion
		References
Part III: IPL Projects, World Centres of Excellence on Landslide Risk Reduction, and Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020
	Community Level Slope Disaster Risk Reduction Program through Multi-Scale Mapping by Mountain Ethnic Group in Northern Vietnam...
		1 Introduction: Necessity of Mountainous Slope Disaster Prevention in Mountainous Areas of Vietnam
		2 Regional Overview and Vietnam´s Disaster Prevention System
			2.1 Slope Disaster Risk in Northwestern Vietnam´s Mountain Region
			2.2 Disaster Risk Characteristics from the Humanities and Living Environment Perspectives
			2.3 Vietnamese Government´s Disaster Risk Reduction Policy and Regional Disaster Risk Reduction Policy Initiatives and Challen...
		3 Significance and Framework of the Project Outline and Aim of the Technical Support Project
			3.1 Background to Building Relations and Identifying Issues Between Vietnam and Japan
			3.2 Outline of Technical Support Project
		4 Various Initiatives for Mapping in Trung Chai Commune, Lao Cai Province
			4.1 Hypothesis of Communication Base Evacuation/Risk Mapping
			4.2 Mapping Steps
			4.3 Disaster Experiences of Residents
			4.4 Difficulty of Community Disaster Prevention
			4.5 Interview Survey on the Necessity of Slope DRR
			4.6 Arrangement of the Base Maps and Validity
			4.7 Verification of the Landslide Topographic Area Distribution Maps
			4.8 UAV Data Collection Study for Site Map and the Validity at Trung Chai Commune
				4.8.1 Overview of UAV Data Acquisition and Mapping
		5 Discussion of Map Adaptability and the Validity for Community-Level Slope DRR
			5.1 Community-Level Disaster Prevention and Evacuation Map
			5.2 Case Study of Site Mapping at Posingai Village in Trung Chai Commune
			5.3 Workshop for Creating the Communication Base Evacuation Map ``CBEM´´
			5.4 Data Analysis of the Spatial Cognition of the Residents
			5.5 Discussion with the Residents for More Understanding of the Evacuation Drill Planning at Posingai Village, Trung Chai Comm...
			5.6 The Evacuation Drill at Posingai Village, Trung Chai Commune
		6 Remark: How about Realizing Autonomous Disaster Risk Reduction in the Community by Aiming for a Usable Slope Disaster Preven...
		References
	Landslide Risk Assessment in the Tropical Zone of Vietnam as a Contribution to the Mitigation of Natural Disaster Vulnerability
		1 Introduction
		2 Concept of Landslide Risk Assessment
		3 Achievements in Landslide Risk Assessment
			3.1 Landslide Identification and Integrated Landslide Mapping
				3.1.1 Landslide Identification and Landslide Topographic Area Mapping
				3.1.2 Application of Landslide Identification Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in National Road Survey of Vietnam
				3.1.3 Landslide Mapping through Alos World 3D Mapping (AW3D) and Google Earth
				3.1.4 Assessing Landslide Reactivation Potential and Risk Evaluation Mapping for Occurring Landslides
				3.1.5 Landslide Potential Assessment and Landslide Susceptibility Mapping
				3.1.6 Digital Database Structure on Topography, Geology, Hydrology, and Landslide Identification for Landslide Mitigation in S...
				3.1.7 Assess the Level of Risk
				3.1.8 Countermeasure Selection
			3.2 Landslide Simulation and Testing
				3.2.1 Development of Untrained Dynamic-Loading Ring Shear Apparatus
				3.2.2 Mastering the Use of the ICL2 and Applying it to Study Rapid Landslides in Vietnam
				3.2.3 Elucidation of the Initiation Mechanism of the Landslide
				3.2.4 Development of Hazard Assessment Technology for the Precursor Stage of Landslides (Using ICL Result and LS Rapid)
			3.3 Monitoring Sensitive Parameters on Landslide Sites and Developing an Early Warning System
				3.3.1 Investigation of Active Landslide for Selection of Pilot Monitoring Site
				3.3.2 SP Drilling Method, Slide Surface Assessment, Measurement of the Groundwater Table
				3.3.3 Development of the Integrated Automatic Monitoring System for Rainfall-Groundwater-Slope Movement
				3.3.4 Principle for Landslide Early Warning System Establishment
			3.4 Other Achievements
				3.4.1 ITST-ICL Guideline for Landslide Risk Assessement
				3.4.2 Developing High-Quality Human Resources for Landslide Research through International Cooperation Projects SATREPS Project
				3.4.3 SAKURA Science Program
				3.4.4 GRASS ROOT Project
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Protection and Conservation of Georgian Rupestrian Cultural Heritage Sites: A Review
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Vardzia and Vanis Kvabebi
			1.2 Uplistsikhe
			1.3 David Gareja
		2 Materials and Methods
			2.1 Field Surveys and Geotechnical Analysis
			2.2 IRT Surveys
			2.3 DP-UAV Survey and Surface Runoff Modelling
		3 Results
			3.1 Geotechnical Data
			3.2 Field Surveys
				3.2.1 Vardzia and Vanis Kvabebi
				3.2.2 Uplistsikhe
				3.2.3 David Gareja
			3.3 Remote Sensing Analysis
				3.3.1 Vardzia
				3.3.2 Vanis Kvabebi
				3.3.3 Uplistsikhe
				3.3.4 David Gareja
		4 Discussion
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Spatial and Temporal Characterization of Landslide Deformation Pattern with Sentinel-1
		1 Introduction
		2 Description of the Study Area
		3 Methods
			3.1 Generation of Ground Deformation Maps and Time Series
			3.2 Generation of Acceleration Maps
		4 Results
		5 Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Lessons from 2019-2020 Landslide Risk Assessment in an Urban Area of Volcanic Soils in Pereira-Colombia
		1 Introduction
		2 Description and Evolution of the Instability Process
		3 Site Characterization
		4 Alert Signs and Damage Evolution
		5 Rainfall Behavior Previous to the Landslides
		6 Travel Distance, Velocity, and Mobilized Volume
		7 Hazard Assessment
		8 Vulnerability Assessment
		9 Risk Assessment
		10 Conclusions
		References
Part IV: ICL Landslide Teaching Tools
	Zonation of Landslide Susceptibility in the Gipuzkoa Province (Spain): An Application of LAND-SUITE
		1 Introduction
		2 General Description of the Tool
		3 Description of the Example Area and Available Data
		4 Input Preparation and Description of the Applied Approach
		5 Example Procedure
			5.1 Step 1: Susceptibility Variable Analysis
			5.2 Step 2: Susceptibility Evaluation
			5.3 Step 3: Final Susceptibility Maps
		6 Final Remarks
		7 Code Availability and Licence
		References
	Landslide and Soil Erosion Inventory Mapping Based on High-Resolution Remote Sensing Data: A Case Study from Istria (Croatia)
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Remote Sensing Data
		4 Results
			4.1 Badlands
			4.2 Gully and Combined Erosion
			4.3 Unstable Slopes
			4.4 Landslides
		5 Application in the Spatial Planning System
		6 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
Part V: Technical Notes and Case Studies
	Landslide Monitoring with RADARSAT Constellation Mission InSAR, RPAS-Derived Point-Clouds and RTK-GNSS Time-Series in the Thom...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Site: North Slide
			2.1 Landslide Hazards and Railway Infrastructure
		3 Methods and Results
			3.1 RPAS Surveying
			3.2 M3C2 Point Cloud Comparison
			3.3 Digital Image Correlation
			3.4 RTK-GNSS Surveying
			3.5 RCM InSAR Analysis
		4 Discussion
			4.1 Comparing Displacement Measurements
			4.2 Comparing RTK-InSAR-RPAS Point-Clouds
			4.3 Comparing Wide Area InSAR-RPAS
		5 Conclusions and Evaluation
		References
	Digital Terrain Models Derived from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Landslide Susceptibility
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Method
		4 Results
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Use of GIS to Assess Susceptibility per Landform Unit to Gravitational Processes and their Volume
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Method
		4 Results
		5 Discussion
		6 Conclusions
		References
KLC2020 Official Promoters
	The Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 (KLC2020)
Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada
	Geological Survey of Canada: Who we Are
		Strategic Priorities
		Moving Forward
		Exploring Canada
Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana
	Summary
		World Centre of Excellence on Landslide Risk Reduction and IPL Projects
		ICL Thematic and Regional Networks
		Other ICL-Related International Activities
		University of Ljubljana UNESCO Chair on Water-Related Disaster Risk Reduction (2016-2020 & 2020-2024)
		Conclusions
China University of Geosciences, Wuhan
	Introduction
		Strategic Plan of Building a World-Renowned Research University in Earth Sciences: A Beautiful China and a Habitable Earth-Tow...
		Outstanding Recent Achievements
Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University
	Introduction
	Outstanding Recent Achievements
		Mitigating the Impacts of Natural Disasters Via Cutting Edge Technology
Institute of Cold Regions Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University
	Introduction
Marui & Co. Ltd.
	Introduction
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Geohazard Management Division
	Introduction
Ellegi Srl
	Introduction
IDS GeoRadar s.r.l.
	Introduction
		Natural Hazard Monitoring Solution
Chuo Kaihatsu Corporation
	Introduction
Godai Corporation
	Introduction
Kiso-Jiban Consultants Co. Ltd
	Introduction
	InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)
	GP (Gel-Push) Sampling
	Slope Stability Analysis and Evaluation
	Inspection Technique for Disaster Danger Spots Using Mixed Reality (MR) Technology
Kokusai Kogyo Co. Ltd
	Introduction
OSASI Technos, Inc.
	Introduction
List of ICL Members
Index