Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 1, 2022

Progress in Landslide Research and Technology—Book Series of the International Consortium on Landslides
Editorial Board of the Book Series
Global Promotion Committee of the International Programme on Landslides and Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020
	A Commitment to the Sendai Framework and the Sustainable Development Goals
	Members of the IPL-KLC Global Promotion Committee
Foreword by Nicola Casagli
Foreword by John Ludden
Foreword by Kathy Whaler
Greetings by Mami Mizutori for Opening Session of the 5th World Landslide Forum
Greetings by David Malone for Opening Session of the 5th World Landslide Forum
Greetings by Shamila Nair-Bedouelle for Opening Session of the 5th World Landslide Forum
Contents
1 Introduction: Aim and Outline of the Book Series “Progress in Landslide Research and Technology”
	Abstract
	1 Aim
	2 Outline
	3 Call for KLC2020 Official Promoters
	4 Call for Articles
International Consortium on Landslides and International Programme on Landslides
2 International Consortium on Landslides: From IDNDR, IGCP, UNITWIN, WCDRR 2 & 3 to Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020
	Abstract
	1 IDNDR (1991–1999)
	2 IGCP 425 (1998–2003)
	3 International Consortium on Landslides: Founded in 2002, Kyoto, Japan
	4 UNESCO-KU-ICL UNITWIN Programme Founded in 2003
	5 2nd WCDR in 2005, Kobe, Japan
	6 Round Table Discussion at UNU, Tokyo, Japan and the Tokyo Action Plan in 2006
	7 The First World Landslide Forum in 2008 in Tokyo, Japan
	8 3rd WCDRR in 2015, Sendai, Japan
	9 KLC2020: Launched in Kyoto, Japan
	10 Ninety Signatories of Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020
	11 Signed Version of the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020
	12 The Fifth World Landslide Forum and the Open Access Book Series “Progress in Landslide Research and Technology”
	Acknowledgements
	References
3 International Programme on Landslides—A Short Overview of Its Historical Development
	Abstract
	1 International Programme on Landslides—IPL
	2 Global Promotion Committee (GPC)
		2.1 Global Promotion Committee of the International Programme on Landslides (GPC/IPL)
		2.2 Global Promotion Committee of the International Programme on Landslides and Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 (GPC/IPL-KLC)
	3 IPL Projects
		3.1 The Initial Stage of IPL Projects (2002–2008)
		3.2 The IPL Projects (Since 2008)
		3.3 The IPL Award for Success
	4 World Landslide Forum (WLF)
	5 World Centre of Excellence (WCoE) in Landslide Risk Reduction
		5.1 WCoE Guidelines and Evaluation Procedure
		5.2 WCoEs From 2008 till 2023
	6 ICL-IPL Conference
	Acknowledgements
	Appendices
	References
Original Articles
4 Understanding and Reducing the Disaster Risk of Landslide-Induced Tsunamis: Outcome of the Panel Discussion and the World Tsunami Awareness Day Special Event of the Fifth World Landslide Forum
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of the World Tsunami Awareness Day Special Event
	3 Outcome of the Panel Discussion
		3.1 Essential Content from each Panelist
		3.2 Summary of the Panel Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
5 Natural-Hazard-Related Web Observatory as a Sustainable Development Tool
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 A Data-Driven Global Observatory
		2.1 Methodology
		2.2 An Observatory for Water Events
		2.3 Addressing Other Landslides Problems
	3 Conclusions and Further Work
	Acknowledgements
	References
6 Mapping Post-fire Monthly Erosion Rates at the Catchment Scale Using Empirical Models Implemented in GIS. A Case Study in Northern Italy
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Burn Severity
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
7 Mechanisms of Shallow Rainfall-Induced Landslides from Australia: Insights into Field and Laboratory Investigations
	Abstract
	1 Rainfall-Induced Landslides in Australia
	2 Factors Causing Landslides
		2.1 General Characteristics of Landslides
		2.2 Geology and Rock Weathering
		2.3 Rock Mass Discontinuities and Strength of Jointed Rock
		2.4 Rainfall Patterns Prior to Landslides
		2.5 Characteristics of Soils from Landslide Sites
	3 Mechanisms of Shallow Rainfall-Induced Landslides
		3.1 Discussion
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
8 Design Protection Barriers Against Flow-Like Landslides
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodological Approach
	3 Alternatives for Design
		3.1 Design Approach No. 1: Empirical
		3.2 Design Approach No. 2: Analytical
		3.3 Design Approach No. 3: Numerical
	4 Design Examples
		4.1 Landslide and Barrier Schemes
		4.2 The (Empirical) Method No. 1: Results
		4.3 The (Analytical) Method No. 2: Results
		4.4 The (Numerical) Method No. 3: Results
	5 Comparison and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
9 Landslide Warning Systems in Low-And Lower-Middle-Income Countries: Future Challenges and Societal Impact
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Early Warning Systems (EWSs)
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
		4.1 Description of Operational LEWSs from Publications
		4.2 Hazard Analysis for LEWSs
		4.3 Technical Developments for Potential LEWSs
		4.4 Models and Prototypes for LEWSs
		4.5 Implementation of LEWSs: An Urgent Task
		4.6 Scientific Collaborations
	5 Discussion
	6 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
10 The Role of Translational Landslides in the Evolution of Cuesta Topography
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 Descriptions of Featured Landslides
			3.1.1 Cuesta Landslides Triggered by Rainfalls and Snowmelt Landslides in the Hijiori Region, Japan
			3.1.2 Landslides in the Higashi-Naruse Region, Japan
			3.1.3 The Goldau Landslide, Swiss Alps
			3.1.4 Landslides along the Tamakoshi River, Nepal
		3.2 Earthquake-Induced Landslides
			3.2.1 The Yokowatashi Landslide, Japan
			3.2.2 The Hijirigahana Landslide, Japan
			3.2.3 The Nunomata Landslide, Japan
			3.2.4 The Chiu-Fen-Erh-Shan Landslide and the Tsaoling Landslide, Taiwan
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Geological Properties and Geomorphic Features of Cuesta Landslides
		4.2 Behaviors of Landslides, Dips of Strata, and Orientations of Rock Cracks
		4.3 The Behavior of Pore Water Pressure in a Landslide with a Laterally Asymmetrical Slide Surface
		4.4 Mechanical Behavior of a Landslide on the Cuesta’s Back Slope at the Time of an Earthquake
		4.5 Movement of Landslides and the Cuesta Landscape
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
11 Application of Spectral Element Method (SEM) in Slope Instability Analysis
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 SEM Approach
	3 Model Tests
		3.1 H-Refinement
		3.2 P-Refinement
		3.3 Partitioning
	4 Modeling with Specfem3D_Geotech
		4.1 System Requirement
		4.2 Model Preparation
		4.3 2D Models
		4.4 3D Models
		4.5 Models in Cubit/Trelis
	5 Inputs for Specfem3D_Geotech
		5.1 Material Properties
		5.2 Ground Water Table (GWT)
		5.3 Seismic Input
		5.4 Output Visualization
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
12 Climate Change-Induced Regional Landslide Hazard and Exposure Assessment for Aiding Climate Resilient Road Infrastructure Planning: A Case Study in Bagmati and Madhesh Provinces, Nepal
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the Study Area
	3 Analysis Input Data
		3.1 Landslide Inventory Map
		3.2 Landslide Controlling Factors Map
		3.3 Rainfall Datasets and Projected Scenarios
	4 Analysis Methods
		4.1 Frequency Ratio Method
		4.2 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method
		4.3 Integrated Weighted Index Method
		4.4 Validation Method
		4.5 Exposure Assessment Method
	5 Results
		5.1 Regional Landslide Hazard Maps
		5.2 Validation of Landslide Hazard Maps
		5.3 Exposure Assessment Results
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
13 Using Experimental Models to Calibrate Numerical Models for Slope Stability and Deformation Analysis
	Abstract
	1 Background
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experimental Modeling
		2.2 Numerical Modeling
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Laboratory Experiments
	4 Summary and Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
14 Sustainability of Geosynthetics-Based Landslide Stabilization Solutions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Geosynthetics for Landslide Prevention
	3 Sustainability
		3.1 Sustainability Assessment: MIVES Methodology for the Case of Slope Stability Remediation Alternatives. General Approach
		3.2 Sustainability Requirements Definition
	4 MIVES in Brief
	5 Evaluation Process: The Value Functions
	6 Conclusion
	References
Review Articles
15 Establishment of the Disaster Risk Reduction Unit in UNESCO and UNESCO’s Contribution to Global Resilience
	Abstract
	1 The Impact of Natural Hazards
	2 Disaster Risk Reduction and the Sendai Framework
	3 UNESCO and the Establishment of the Disaster Risk Reduction Unit
	4 UNESCO’s Approach on Disaster Risk Reduction
	5 UNESCO’s Contribution to Major Global Challenges
	6 UNESCO’s Partnership with ICL
	References
IPL Projects, World Centres of Excellence on Landslide Risk Reduction, and Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020
16 Early Warning System Against Rainfall-Induced Landslide in Sri Lanka
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Background Story
		2.1 Recent Landslides in Sri Lanka
		2.2 EWS in Sri Lanka
	3 Project RRLL
		3.1 Planning and Kickoff
		3.2 Implementation Structure
	4 Pilot Study Sites
		4.1 Aranayake Landslide Area
		4.2 Athwelthota Landslide Area
	5 Preliminary Study of Aranayake RRLL
	6 Technologies to Develop
		6.1 Precise Weather Forecast in Mountain Regions
		6.2 Predicting Groundwater Pressure Build-Up
		6.3 Effective Risk Communication and Public Education
	7 Summary
	Acknowledgements
	References
17 Real-Time High-Resolution Prediction of Orographic Rainfall for Early Warning of Landslides
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Multi-scale Weather Prediction Model—Multi-scale Simulator for the Geoenvironment (MSSG)
		2.1 Overview
		2.2 Dynamical Core of the Atmosphere Component
		2.3 Cloud Microphysics
	3 Rainfall Predictions
		3.1 Regional Numerical Weather Prediction
		3.2 Effect of Turbulence Enhancement on Orographic Precipitation
		3.3 Bulk Parameterizations of Turbulence-Aware Cloud Growth
		3.4 Sri Lanka Rainfall Simulation with the Turbulence-Aware Bulk Cloud Parameterizations
	4 Realtime Operational Prediction System
		4.1 Operational Prediction System
		4.2 Super-Resolution Simulation System for High-Resolution Prediction Maps
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
18 IPL Project 202: Landslide Monitoring Best Practices for Climate-Resilient Railway Transportation Corridors in Southwestern British Columbia, Canada
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
		2.1 ICL Project 202 Landslide Laboratory
	3 Methods and Results
		3.1 Monitoring to Understand Landslide Form
		3.2 Remote Sensing and Field Surveys
		3.3 Geophysical Surveys and In-Situ Monitoring
		3.4 Aerial and Bathymetric Surveys
		3.5 Monitoring to Determine Landslide Function
		3.6 InSAR Change-Detection Monitoring
		3.7 UAV Change-Detection Monitoring
		3.8 RTK-GNSS Change-Detection Monitoring
		3.9 In-Situ Instrumental Change-Detection Monitoring
	4 Discussion and Synthesis
		4.1 Landslides and Consequences
		4.2 Landslide Mitigation and Monitoring Best Practices
		4.3 Level I Investigation (Fundamental Geoscience)
		4.4 Level II Investigation (Geospatial Benchmarks)
		4.5 Level III Investigation (Time-Series Monitoring)
		4.6 Stakeholder Actions (Climate-Resilient Infrastructure)
	Acknowledgements
	References
19 Advanced Technologies for Landslides—ATLaS (WCoE 2020–2023)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Activity of WCoE
		2.1 WP1
		2.2 WP2
		2.3 WP3
	3 IPL Projects
	4 Contribution to Kyoto 2020 Commitment
	5 ICL Italian Network
	References
20 Strengthening the Resilience by Implementing a Standard for Landslide Early Warning System
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Disaster Management Policy and Strategy
	3 Development of Landslide Early Warning System
	4 Implementation of Disaster Early Warning System
		4.1 Establishment of a Landslide Early Warning System
	5 Gadjah Mada Early Warning System (GAMA-EWS)
	6 Formulation of International and National Standard
		6.1 Indonesian Standard of SNI 8235:2017 on Landslide Early Warning System
	7 ISO 22327:2018 on Community Based Landslide Early Warning System
	8 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
21 Central Asia Rockslides Inventory: Compilation, Analysis and Training—Progress of the IPL WCoE
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Field Training Course—The Kokomeren Summer School
	3 Central Asian Rockslide Database—Compilation and Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
22 A Global Database of Giant Landslides on Volcanic Islands
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Landslide Inventories and Thematic Databases
	3 Database Structure
	4 Global Distribution
		4.1 North Atlantic Ocean
		4.2 Mediterranean Sea
		4.3 South Atlantic Ocean
		4.4 Indian Ocean
		4.5 Northern Pacific Ocean
		4.6 Southern Pacific Ocean
	5 Future Plans for the Database
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
23 Landslide Disasters Caused by the 2018 Eastern Iburi Earthquake in Hokkaido Japan and the Countermeasures to Completely Prevent the Similar Disasters in the Future
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area and Geological Settings
	3 Coseismic Landslides Generated by Iburi Earthquake
	4 Soil Properties of Ta-d Unit
	5 Countermeasure Works
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
24 Landslide Travel Distances in Colombia from National Landslide Database Analysis
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Landslide Data
		2.3 Definition of Terms
		2.4 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Distribution of Landslides in the Andean Region
		3.2 Relationship Between Mobility and Landslide Volume
		3.3 Relationship Between Travel Distance and Maximum Landslide Height
		3.4 Relationship Between Travel Distance and Slope Angle
		3.5 Area-Volume Model
		3.6 Travel Distance Multiple Regression Model
		3.7 Model Validation
		3.8 Application of Empirical-Statistical Models
	4 Conclusions
	References
25 Landform Geometry for Restoration of Mountain Roads and Landslide Hazard Resilience
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Geomorphological Evidences of Failure
	3 Study Background
	4 Landforms in Sri Lanka
	5 Hydrological Records
	6 Landform Geometry and Mountainous Road Infrastructure
	7 Data and Method of Approach
		7.1 Failure on Upper Slope Stability
	8 Evaluation of Landform Restoration Potential
		8.1 In-Situ Formed Weathered Rock or Completely Weathered Soil Form Geometries
		8.2 De-Stabilized Soil, Colluvium or Rock-Soil Complex Form of Geological Sections
	9 Statistical Interpretation of Data
	10 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
ICL Landslide Teaching Tools
26 LS-RAPID Manual with Video Tutorials
	Abstract
	1 Chapter 1: Introduction
		1.1 Example Case Studies
	2 Theoretical Background
		2.1 Basic Principle and Governing Equations
	3 User Manual
		3.1 Simulation Overview
		3.2 Preparation of the Digital Elevation Data Using DEMmake
		3.3 Preparation of the Digital Elevation Data Using DEMmake
			3.3.1 Simulation Area
			3.3.2 Editing Mesh
				Slope Surface
				Sliding Surface
		3.4 Creating Possible Sliding Surfaces
			3.4.1 Ellipsoidal
			3.4.2 Unstable/Bedrock Surface
		3.5 Fill and Excavate Topography
		3.6 Determine Source and Enlargement Areas
		3.7 Input Soil Properties
			3.7.1 Typical Ranges
			3.7.2 Correlations
			3.7.3 Inputting Soil Properties in LS-RAPID
		3.8 Simulation Conditions
		3.9 Setting Time Steps
			3.9.1 Setting of Other Conditions
			3.9.2 Non-frictional Energy Consumption
			3.9.3 Other Settings
			3.9.4 Output Settings
			3.9.5 Calculation Step Numbers (for Result Saving)
			3.9.6 Output of Altitude Information
			3.9.7 Drawing
			3.9.8 Output Options
			3.9.9 Background Images in Simulation
			3.9.10 Starting a Simulation and Displaying the Results
	4 Examples and Tutorials
		4.1 Generated Simple Slope with an Ellipsoidal Sliding Surface
			4.1.1 Initial Topography
				Simulation Area
				Editing Mesh
			4.1.2 Creating Sliding Surface
			4.1.3 Delineating Unstable Mass
			4.1.4 Input Soil Properties
			4.1.5 Simulation of a Rainfall-Induced Landslide on Simple Slope
				Setting Simulation Conditions
				Setting Time Steps and Other Conditions
				Output Settings
				Starting the Simulation and Displaying the Results
			4.1.6 Simulation of an Earthquake-Induced Landslide on the Simple Slope
				Setting Simulation Conditions
				Setting Time Steps and Other Conditions
				Output Settings
				Starting the Simulation and Displaying the Results
		4.2 Application of LS-RAPID to Rain-Induced Landslides: A Case Study of Atami Debris Flow
			4.2.1 Ring-Shear Simulator
			4.2.2 SLIDE Model
			4.2.3 Application of LS-RAPID and SLIDE Model to the Atami Debris Flow
				Simulation Area
				Editing Mesh
				Background Images in Simulation
				Delineating Unstable Mass
				Input Soil Parameters
			4.2.4 Triggering Factors
			4.2.5 Setting Time Steps and Other Conditions
				Output Settings
			4.2.6 Starting the Simulation and Displaying the Results
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Technical Notes and Case Studies
27 Challenges in Defining Frequentist Rainfall Thresholds to Be Implemented in a Landslide Early Warning System in India
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data
	4 Method
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Rainfall Conditions
		5.2 Magnitude Analysis
		5.3 Rainfall Thresholds
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Appendix_1
	The Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 (KLC2020)
The Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 (KLC2020)
	Introduction
Introduction
	Strategic Priorities
	Exploring Canada
Exploring Canada
	Summary
	World Centre of Excellence on Landslide Risk Reduction and IPL projects
		WCoE activities
		IPL projects
	ICL thematic and regional networks
		Landslide Monitoring and Warning Thematic Network
		ICL Adriatic-Balkan Network
	Other ICL-related international activities
	UNESCO Chair on Water-related Disaster Risk Reduction
	Conclusions
Conclusions
	Strategic plan of building a world-renowned research university in earth sciences—a beautiful China and a habitable earth: towards 2030
	Sec5
Appendix_6
	Introduction
	Outstanding Recent Achievements
		Mitigating the Impacts of Natural Disasters via Cutting Edge Technology
Mitigating the Impacts of Natural Disasters via Cutting Edge Technology
	Introduction
		Global and Regional Inventories
		Landslide Monitoring
		Landslide Research for a Safer Society
		Research Cooperation
Research Cooperation
	Introduction
Introduction
	Introduction
Introduction
	Introduction
Introduction
	Introduction
Introduction
	Introduction
		Natural Hazard Monitoring Solution
Natural Hazard Monitoring Solution
	Introduction
Introduction
	Introduction
Introduction
	Introduction
	InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)
	GP (Gel-Push) Sampling
	Slope Stability Analysis and Evaluation
Slope Stability Analysis and Evaluation
	Introduction
Introduction
	Introduction
Introduction
Author Index