Programming in ANSI C

Cover
Contents
1 Overview of C
	1.1 History of C
	1.2 Importance of C
	1.3 Sample Program 1: Printing a Message
	1.4 Sample Program 2: Adding Two Numbers
	1.5 Sample Program 3: Interest Calculation
	1.6 Sample Program 4: Use of Subroutines
	1.7 Sample Program 5: Use of Math Functions
	1.8 Basic Structure of C Programs
	1.9 Programming Style
	1.10 Executing a 'C' Program
	1.11 Unix System
	1.12 MS-DOS System
	Review Questions
	Programming Exercises
2 Constants, Variables, and Data Types
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Character Set
	2.3 C Tokens
	2.4 Keywords and Identifiers
	2.5 Constants
	2.6 Variables
	2.7 Data Types
	2.8 Declaration of Variables
	2.9 Declaration of Storage Class
	2.10 Assigning Values to Variables
	2.11 Defining Symbolic Constants
	2.12 Declaring a Variable as Constant
	2.13 Declaring a Variable as Volatile
	2.14 Overflow and Underflow of Data
	Review Questions
	Programming Exercises
3 Operators and Expressions
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Arithmetic Operators
	3.3 Relational Operators
	3.4 Logical Operators
	3.5 Assignment Operators
	3.6 Increment and Decrement Operators
	3.7 Conditional Operator
	3.8 Bitwise Operators
	3,9 Special Operators
	3.10 Arithmetic Expressions
	3.11 Evaluation of Expressions
	3,12 Precedence ot Arithmetic Operators
	3.13 Some Computational Problems
	3,14 Type Conversions in Expressions
	3,15 Operator Precedence and Associativity
	3.16 Mathematical Functions
	Review Questions
	Programming Exercises
4 Managing Input and Output Operations
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Reading a Character
	4.3 Writing a Character
	4.4 Formatted Input
	4.5 Formatted Output
	Review Questions
	Programming Exercises
5 Decision Making and Branching
	5.1 Introduction
	5,2 Decision Making with If Statement
	5.3 Simple If Statement
	5.4 The If .. , .. Else Statement
	5,5 Nesting ot It
	5.6 The Else If Ladder
	5.7 The Switch Statement
	5.8 The? : Operator
	5.9 The Gata Statement
	Review Questions
	Programming Exercises
6 Decision Making and Looping
	6.1 Introduction
	6,2 The while Statement
	6.3 The do Statement
	6.4 The for Statement
	6.5 Jumps in Loops
	6.6 Concise Test Expressions
	Review Questions
	Programming Exercises
7 Arrays
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 One-Dimensional Arrays
	7.3 Declaration of One-Dimensional Arrays
	7.4 Initialization of One-Dimensional Arrays
	7.5 Two-Dimensional Arrays
	7.6 Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays
	7.7 Multi-Dimensional Arrays
	7.8 Dynamic Arrays
	7.9 More about Arrays
	Review Questions
	Programming Exercises
8 Character Arrays and Strings
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Declaring and Initializing String Variables
	8.3 Reading Strings from Terminal
	8.4 Writing Strings to Screen
	8.5 Arithmetic Operations on Characters
	8.6 Putting Strings Together
	8.7 Comparison of Two Strings
	8.8 String-Handling Functions
	8.9 Table of Strings
	8.10 Other Features of Strings
	Review Questions
	Programming Exercises
9 User-Defilled Functions
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Need for UserwDefined Functions
	9.3 A MultiwFunction Program
	9A Elements of UserwDefined Functions
	9.5 Definition of Functions
	9.6 Return Values and Their Types
	9.7 Function Calls
	9.8 Function Declaration
	9.9 Category of Functions
	9.10 No Arguments and No Return Values
	9.11 Arguments but No Return Values
	9.12 Arguments with Return Values
	9.13 No Arguments but Returns a Value
	9.14 Functions that Return Multiple Values
	9.15 Nesting of Functions
	9.16 Recursion
	9.17 Passing Arrays to Functions
	9.18 Passing Strings to Functions
	9.19 The Scope, Visibility and Lifetime of Variables
	9.20 Multifile Programs
	Review Questions
	Programming Exercises
10 Structures and Unions
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Defining a Structure
	10.3 Declaring Structure Variables
	iDA Accessing Structure Members
	10.5 Structure Initialization
	10.6 Copying and Comparing Structure Variables
	10.7 Operations on Individual Members
	10.8 Arrays of Structures
	10.9 Arrays within Structures
	10.10 Structures within Structures
	10.11 Structures and Functions
	10.12 Unions
	10.13 Size of Structures
	10.14 Bit Fields
	Review Questions
	Programming Exercises
11 Pointers
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Understanding Pointers
	11.3 Accessing the Address of a Variable
	11.4 Declaring Pointer Variables
	11.5 Initialization of Pointer Variables
	11,6 Accessing a Variable through its Pointer
	11.7 Chain of Pointers
	11.8 Pointer Expressions
	11.9 Pointer Increments and Scale Factor
	11.10 Pointers and Arrays
	11,11 Pointers and Character Strings
	11.12 Array of Pointers
	11,13 Pointers as Function Arguments
	11,14 Functions Returning Pointers
	11.15 Pointers to Functions
	11.16 Pointers and Structures
	11.17 Troubles with Pointers'
	Review Questions
	Programming Exercises
12 File Management in C
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Defining and Opening a File
	12.3 Closing a File
	12.4 InpuVOutput Operations on Files
	12.5 Error Handling During I/O Operations
	12.6 Random Access to Files
	12.7 Command Line Arguments
	Review Questions
	Programming Exercises
13 Dynamic Memory Allocation and Linked Lists
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Dynamic Memory Allocation
	13.3 Allocating a Block of Memory: Malloc
	13.4 Allocating Multiple Blocks of Memory: Cal10c
	13.5 Releasing the used Space: Free
	13.6 Altering the Size of a Block: Realloc
	13.7 Concepts of Linked Lists
	13.8 Advantages of Linked Lists
	13.9 Types of Linked Lists
	13.10 Pointers Revisited
	13.11 Creating a Linked List
	13.12 Inserting an Item
	13.13 Deleting an Item
	13.14 Application of Linked Lists
	Review Questions
	Programming Exercises
14 The Preprocessor
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Macro Substitution
	14.3 File Inclusion
	14.4 Compiler Control Directives
	14.5 ANSI Additions
	Review Questions
	Programming Exercises
15 Developing a C Program: Some Guidelines
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Program Design
	15.3 Program Coding
	15.4 Common Programming Errors
	15.5 Program Testing and Debugging
	15.6 Program Efficiency
	Review Questions
Appendix I: Bit-Level Programming
Appendix II: ASCII Values of Characters
Appendix III: ANSI C Ul:irary Functions
Appendix IV: Projects
Appendix V: C99 Features
Bibliography
Index