Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetable Crops

Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
Chapter 1: Underutilized Vegetables Introduction and Identification
	Introduction
	Importance of Underutilized Vegetables
	Futuristic Challenge
	Probable Solution
	Significance of Underutilized Vegetables
	Constraints for Development of Underutilized Vegetable Crops
	Development Strategies for Underutilized Vegetable Crops
	Contribution of International Research Organization for the Development of Underutilized Vegetable Crops
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Production Technology of Underutilized Crops of Alliaceae Family
	Introduction
	Origin and Distribution
	Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Allium porrum L. (Leek)
		Allium ascalonicum (Shallot)
		A. fistulosum L. (Welsh onion)
		Allium schoenoprasum (Chive)
	Agronomic Practices
	Postharvest Management
		Curing
		Storage
		Grading
		Packaging
	Marketing Strategies to Promote Underutilized Allium Species
	Physiological Disorders
		Bolting
		Bulb Splitting
		Chimera
		Hail/Heavy Rain Damage
		Thick Necks
		Watery Scale and Leathery Skin
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Leguminosae Family
	Introduction
	Origin and Distribution
		Winged Bean
		Adzuki Bean
		Sword Bean
		Jack Bean
		Moth Bean
		Scarlet Runner Bean
		Yam Bean
		Potato Bean
		Tepary Bean
		Catjang Bean
		Agathi
		Velvet Bean
		Horse Gram
		Yard Long Bean
		African Yam Bean
		African Locust Bean
		Ground Bean
		Marama Bean
	Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Winged Bean
		Adzuki Bean
		Sword Bean
		Jack Bean
		Moth Bean
		Scarlet Runner Bean
		Yam Bean
		Potato Bean
		Tepary Bean
		Catjang Bean
		Agathi
		Velvet Bean
		Horse Gram
		Yard Long Bean
		African Yam Bean
		African Locust Bean
		Ground Bean
		Marama Bean
	Botany and Taxonomy
		Winged Bean
		Adzuki Bean
		Sword Bean
		Jack Bean
		Moth Bean
		Scarlet Runner Bean
		Yam Bean
		Potato Bean
		Tepary Bean
		Catjang Bean
		Agathi
		Thicket Bean
		Velvet Bean
		Horse Gram
		Yard Long Bean
		African Yam Bean
		African Locust Bean
		Ground Bean
		Marama Bean
	Varieties
	Climate and Soil
	Agronomic Practices
		Winged Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Nutrient Management
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
		Adzuki Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Nutrient Management
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
			Postharvest Handling and Storage
		Sword Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Irrigation
			Nutrient Management
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
		Jack Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Irrigation
			Nutrient Management
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
		Moth Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Irrigation
			Nutrient Management
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
		Scarlet Runner Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Nutrient Management
			Harvesting and Yield
			Postharvest Management
		Yam Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Nutrient Management
			Harvesting and Yield
			Physiological Disorder
			Postharvest Management
		Potato Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Nutrient Management
			Harvesting and Yield
			Postharvest Handling
		Tepary Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Irrigation
			Nutrient Management
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
		Catjang Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Nutrient Management
			Harvesting and Yield
		Agathi
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Nutrient Management
			Harvesting and Yield
		Velvet Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Nutrient Management
			Harvesting and Yield
		Horse Gram
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Nutrient Management
			Harvesting and Yield
		Yard Long Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Irrigation
			Nutrient Management
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
			Postharvest Management
		African Yam Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Nutrient Management
			Harvesting and Yield
			Postharvest Management
		African Locust Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Nutrient Management
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
		Ground Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Nutrient Management
			Harvesting and Yield
		Marama Bean
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Nutrient Management and Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
			Plant Protection
	Diseases
	Insect Pests
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Production Technology of Underutilized Crops of Cucurbitaceae Family
	Introduction
	Origin and Distribution
		Snapmelon
		Oriental Pickling Melon
		Chow-Chow
		Gherkin
	Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Snapmelon
		Oriental Pickling Melon
		Chow-Chow
		Gherkin
	Botany and Taxonomy
		Snapmelon
		Oriental Pickling Melon
		Chow-Chow
		Gherkin
	Agronomic Practices
		Snapmelon
		Oriental Pickling Melon
		Chow-Chow
		Gherkin
	Harvesting, Yield, and Postharvest Management
		Snapmelon
		Oriental Pickling Melon
		Chow-Chow
		Gherkin
	Plant Protection
	References
Chapter 5: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Dioscoreaceae Family
	Introduction
	Origin and Distribution
	Nutritional Importance and Uses
	Botany and Taxonomy
	Varieties
	Climate and Soil
	Agronomic Practices
		Propagation
		Harvesting and Yield
	Plant Protection
		Insect Pests
			Nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Meloidogyne spp.)
			Yam Beetle (Heteroligus meles)
			Mealybugs (Planococcus dioscorea)
			Termites
		Diseases
			Yam Mosaic Virus (YMV)
			Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)
	Postharvest Handling and Storage
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Basellaceae Family
	Introduction
	Origin and Distribution
	Nutritional Importance and Uses
	Botany and Taxonomy
	Varieties
	Climate and Soil
	Agronomic Practices
	Nutrient Management
	Harvesting and Yield
	Postharvest Handling and Storage
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Lamiaceae Family
	Introduction
	Origin and Distribution
		Coleus
		Chinese Artichoke
		Hoary Basil
	Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Coleus
		Chinese Artichoke
		Hoary Basil
	Botany and Taxonomy
		Coleus
		Chinese Artichoke
		Hoary Basil
	Climate and Soil
		Coleus
		Chinese Artichoke
		Hoary Basil
	Agronomic Practices
		Coleus
		Chinese Artichoke
		Hoary Basil
	Nutrient Management
		Coleus
	Varieties
		Coleus
	Harvesting and Yield
		Coleus
		Chinese Artichoke
		Hoary Basil
	Plant Protection
		Coleus
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Solanaceae Family
	Introduction
	Tree Tomato (Solanum betaceum/Cyphomandra betacea/Cyphomandra hartwegi)
		Origin and Distribution
		Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Botany and Taxonomy
		Genetic Resources
		Climate and Soil
		Agronomic Practices
			Propagation
			Nursery Raising
			Transplanting
			Planting Distance
			Plant Management
			Pruning
			Mulching
			Shelter
			Irrigation
			Nutrient Management
			Harvest and Yield
			Postharvest
		Diseases and Pests
	Husk Tomato/Tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica and Physalis ixocarpa)
		Origin and Distribution
		Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Botany
		Varieties
		Climate and Soil
		Agronomic Practices
			Nursery and Transplanting
			Nutrient Management
			Irrigation
			Harvesting and Yield
			Pests and Diseases
	References
Chapter 9: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Apiaceae Family
	Introduction
	Origin and Distribution
		Turnip-Rooted Chervil
		Turnip-Rooted Parsley
		Skirret
	Nutritional and Medicinal Uses
		Turnip-Rooted Chervil
		Turnip-Rooted Parsley
		Skirret
	Botany
		Turnip-Rooted Chervil
		Turnip-Rooted Parsley
		Skirret
	Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables
		Climate and Soil Requirement of Underutilized Vegetables
			Soil
			Climate
		Irrigation and Intercultural Operations in Underutilized Vegetables
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
	Propagation Material, Edible Parts, and Planting Time of Underutilized Vegetables of Apiaceae Family
		Postharvest Handling
			Harvesting
			Harvesting Methods
			Cleaning and Washing
			Sorting/Grading
			Storage and Packing
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Brassicaceae Family
	Introduction
	Sprouting Broccoli
		Origin and Distribution
		Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Botany and Taxonomy
		Varieties
			Pusa Broccoli KTS-1
			Palam Samridhi
			Palam Haritika
			Palam Vichitra
			Palam Kanchan
			Punjab Broccoli-1
		Climate and Soil
		Agronomic Practices
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Sowing Time
			Transplanting
			Irrigation
			Nutritional Requirement
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
			Postharvest Management
		Physiological Disorders
			Hollow Stem
			Internal Tipburning
			Heat Injury
			Bolting/Loose Heads
			Blindness
			Floret Yellowing
			Leafy Heads
			Broccoli Buttoning
	Knol-Khol
		Origin and Distribution
		Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Botany and Taxonomy
		Varieties
		Climate and Soil
		Agronomic Practices
			Land Preparation
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Nutrient Management
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
	Brussels Sprout
		Origin and Distribution
		Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Botany and Taxonomy
		Varieties/Hybrids
			Hilds Ideal
			Jade Cross
			Rubine
			Brussels Dwarf
		Climate and Soil
		Agronomic Practices
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Nutritional Requirement
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
			Postharvest Management
		Physiological Disorders
			Loose Sprouts
			Tipburn
			Internal Browning
			Blindness
	Kale
		Origin and Distribution
		Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Botany and Taxonomy
		Varieties
			Scotch Kale
			Siberian (Russian) Kale
			Heirloom Kale
		Climate and Soil
		Agronomic Practices
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Direct Seed Sowing
			Transplanting
			Nutritional Requirement
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
			Postharvest Management
	Collard
		Origin and Distribution
		Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Botany and Taxonomy
		Varieties
			Open-Pollinated Varieties
				Georgia
				Morris Heading
				Vates
				Champion
				Georgia Blue Stem
		Hybrids
			Bulldog
			Hi-Crop
			Flash
			Tiger
			Top Bunch
		Climate and Soil
		Agronomic Practices
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Nutritional Requirement
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Thinning
			Earthing Up
			Harvesting and Yield
			Postharvest Management
		Physiological Disorder
			Bolting
	Chinese Cabbage
		Origin and Distribution
		Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Botany and Taxonomy
		Varieties
		Leafy Types
			Chinese Sarson No. 1
			Saag Sarson
			Palampur Green (PUCH-3)
			Pusa Saag
			Solan Selection
			Hybrid Shan Tung
			Green Seoul
			Hybrid Taiwan Express
			Chin Sun
		Heading Types
			Solan Band Sarson
		Climate and Soil
		Agronomic Practices
			Seed Rate and Sowing
			Raising of Seedlings
			Transplanting
			Nutritional Requirement
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
			Postharvest Management
		Physiological Disorders
			Tipburn
			Bolting
			Petiole Freckles
	Garden Cress
		Origin and Distribution
		Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Botany and Taxonomy
		Varieties
			Dadas
			Bahar
			Wrinkled
			Curled
		Climate and Soil
		Agronomic Practices
			Seed and Sowing
			Irrigation
			Nutritional Requirement
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
			Postharvest Management
	Upland Cress
		Origin and Distribution
		Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Botany and Taxonomy
		Varieties
		Climate and Soil
		Agronomic Practices
			Seed and Sowing
			Nutritional Requirement
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Harvesting and Yield
			Postharvest Management
	Sea Kale
		Origin and Distribution
		Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Botany and Taxonomy
		Varieties
			Lily White
			Ivory White
		Climate and Soil
		Agronomic Practices
			Seed and Sowing
			Nutritional Requirement
			Irrigation
			Intercultural Operations
			Blanching
			Winter Protection
			Forcing Indoors
			Harvesting and Yield
			Postharvest Management
		Physiological Disorders
			Brown Head
			Cracking
			Tipburn
			Hollow Stem
			Black Petiole
	Plant Protection
		Diseases
		Insects-pests
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae) Family
	Introduction
	Pigweed (Chenopodium album)
	Origin and Distribution
	Nutritional Importance and Uses
	Uses
	Botany and Taxonomy
	Varieties
		Pusa Bathua No.1
		Ooty 1
		Pusa Green
		Kashi Bathua 2
		Kashi Bathua 4
		Climate and Soil
	Agronomic Practices
		Seed Rate
		Sowing Time
		Sowing Method
		Nutrient Management
		Irrigation Requirement
		Intercultural Operations
		Harvesting
		Yield
		Physiological Disorders
	Insect-Pests
		Leaf Sticker (Eurysacca melanocompta)
		Control
		Aphids (Myzus persicae)
		Control
	Diseases
		Downy Mildew (Peronospora farinosa f. sp. chenopodii or Peronospora chenopodii)
		Control
		Leaf Blight (Alternaria alternate)
		Control
		Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora chenopodii)
		Control
		Colletotrichum Leaf Spot (Colletotrichum spp.)
		Control
	French Spinach (Atriplex hortensis L.)
		Origin and Distribution
		Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Botany and Taxonomy
		Cultivated Varieties
		Other Varieties
		Climate and Soil
	Agronomic Practices
		Propagation
		Sowing
		Nutrient Management
		Irrigation
		Intercultural Operations
		Harvesting and Yield
	Insect-Pests
		Flea Beetle (Systena frontalis)
		Control
		Spotted Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata)
		Control
	Diseases
		Damping-Off
			Symptoms
			Control
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Production Technology of Underutilized Crops of Compositae Family
	Introduction
	Origin and Distribution
	Nutritional Importance and Uses
		Lettuce
		Endive
		Chicory
		Globe Artichoke
		Jerusalem Artichoke
		Dandelion
		Tarragon
		Salsify
	Botany and Taxonomy
		Lettuce
		Chicory
		Globe Artichoke
		Jerusalem Artichoke
		Dandelion
		The Black Salsify
	Agronomic Practices
		Climate and Soil
		Planting
		Jerusalem Artichoke
		Nutrient Management
		Irrigation
		Intercultural Operations
		Harvesting
		Yield
	Diseases
		Anthracnose (Shot-Hole)
			Causal Agent: Microdochium panattonianum
				Symptoms
				Cause
				Management
		Leaf Drop (Sclerotinia Drop)
			Causal Agents: Sclerotinia minor and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
				Symptoms
				Cause
				Management
		Powdery Mildew
			Causal Agent: Erysiphe cichoracearum
				Symptoms
				Cause
				Management
		Septoria Leaf Spot
			Causal Agent: Septoria lactucae
				Symptoms
				Cause
				Management
		Big-Vein Mirafiori Lettuce Big-Vein Virus (MiLBVV)
			Causal Agent: Virus
				Symptoms
				Cause
				Management
		Slugs and Snails (Gray Garden Slug, Spotted Garden Slug, Brown Garden Snail, European Garden Snail, etc.)
			Causal Agents: Decoratus reticulatum, Limax Maximusmaximus, Helix aspersa, and Cornu aspersum
				Symptoms
				Cause
				Management
		Bottom rot
			Causal Agents: Rhizoctonia solani
				Symptoms
				Cause
				Management
		Downy Mildew
			Causal Agents: Bremia lactucae
				Symptoms
				Cause
				Management
	Physiological Disorders of Underutilized Asteraceae Crops
	Storage
	Postharvest Management
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Cyperaceae Family
	Introduction
	Origin and Distribution
	Nutritional Importance and Uses
	Botany and Taxonomy
	Climate and Soil
	Agronomic Practices
		Seed Rate
		Planting Method and Planting Time
		Nutrient Management
		Harvesting
		Yield and Marketability
	Plant Protection
		Insect/Pest
		Diseases
		Postharvest Handling and Storage
		Storage
	Processing
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Cannaceae Family
	Introduction
		Origin and Distribution
		Botany and Taxonomy
		Nutritional Composition and Uses
		Uses
	Climate and Soil
	Agronomic Practices
		Sowing
		Harvesting
	Disease and Pest
		Rust
		Management
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Marantaceae Family
	Introduction
	Origin and Distribution
	Nutritional Importance and Uses
	Botany and Taxonomy
	Varieties
	Climate and Soil
	Agronomic Practices
	Plant Protection
	Harvesting and Yield
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16: Protected Cultivation of Underutilized Vegetables
	Introduction
	Advantages of Protected Cultivation
	Disadvantages of Protected Cultivation
	What Exactly Is a Greenhouse?
	Principle of Greenhouse
	Difference Between Greenhouse and Polyhouse
	Types of Greenhouse/Polyhouse
		Based on Shape
		Based on Construction
		Based upon Covering Material
		Based on Designs and Ventilation
	Types of Protected Structures/Greenhouses (Figs. 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 16.6, 16.7, 16.8, 16.9 and 16.10)
	Importance of Underutilized Vegetables
	Underutilized Vegetables as Their Potential Role in Food Security and Nutrition
		Increased Income for the Rural Areas
		Stability in Ecosystem
		Biodiversity in Culture
	Nursery Production Under Protected Cultivation with Underutilized Vegetables
	Production of Underutilized Vegetables Suitable for Protected Cultivation
		Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.)
		Gherkin (Cucumis sativus var. anguria)
		Basella (Basella alba, Basella rubra)
		Winged Beans (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.)
		Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)
		Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra)
		Herbs (Kale, Oregano, Thyme, Sage, and Basil)
		Snow Pea, Snap Pea, and Sugar Pea (Pisum sativum spp.)
	Developmental Barriers to Underutilized Vegetable Crops
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17: Seed Production of Underutilized Vegetables
	Introduction
	Seed
	Characteristics
	Importance
	Classification of Underutilized Vegetables
	Agro-Techniques for Seed Production of Underutilized Vegetables
	Isolation Distance Required for the Production of Underutilized Vegetables
	Seed Production of Some Underutilized Vegetable Crops
		Amaranth
		Elephant Foot Yam
		Asparagus
		Planting Methods
		Lettuce
		Varieties
		Chinese Cabbage
		Celery
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18: Integrated Pest Management of Underutilized Vegetables
	Introduction
	Important Insect Pest of Underutilized Vegetables
		Abelmoschus moschata
		Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.)
		Sesbania grandiflora pers (Agathi)
		Sechium edule (Chow-Chow)
		Parkia roxburghii (Tree Bean)
		Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (Winged Bean)
		Coccinia grandis
		Sweet Gourd (Momordica cochinchinensis)
		Basella (Basella alba)
		Nelumbo nucifera
	Integrated Pest Management
		Cultural Method of Pest Management
		Physical Control
		Mechanical Control
		Biological Control
		Botanicals Pesticides
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19: Cultivation of Underutilized Vegetables in a Hydroponic and Aeroponic System
	Introduction
	Overview and Concept of Hydroponic and Aeroponic System
		Circulating Methods
		Noncirculating Method
	pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC) Management in a Hydroponic System
	Important Leafy Vegetables Grown Under Hydroponics
	Aeroponic System
	Types of Aeroponic System
	Working
	Different Components of Aeroponics
	Advantages of Hydroponic and Aeroponic System
	Disadvantages of Hydroponic and Aeroponic System
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20: Sustainable Production of Underutilized Vegetables
	Introduction
	Internet of Things
		IoT Pertinent Technologies in Agriculture
		Software-Defined Networks (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV)
	Underutilized Vegetables
	Segments Influenced by IoT
	Smart Vertical Farming
	Conclusion
	References
Index