Processes of Emergence of Systems and Systemic Properties: Towards a General Theory of Emergence, Proceedings of the International Conference, Castel Ivano,Italy, 18-20 Ocotber 2007

Contents......Page 18
Dedication......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Program Committee......Page 14
Contributing Authors......Page 16
Opening Lecture......Page 24
1. Introduction - Summary of the presentation......Page 26
2.1. Classical notion of coherence......Page 27
2.2. Quantum notion of coherence......Page 29
2.3. Photon statistics (PS)......Page 32
2.4. The laser threshold......Page 34
2.5. The transient laser......Page 38
3.1. Deterministic chaos......Page 39
3.2.1. a) longitudinal case......Page 43
3.2.2. b) transverse case......Page 44
4.1. Perception and control of chaos......Page 46
4.2. From perception to cognition - Creativity......Page 49
Appendix. Haken theory of laser threshold [28,29,30,34]......Page 54
References......Page 55
Emergence in Architecture......Page 58
1. Introduction......Page 60
3. The variable of time and the built environment......Page 61
4. The bonds and values of time......Page 62
5. Architecture and society......Page 63
6. Built environment and landscape......Page 64
7. The existence flow of a settlement system......Page 65
8. Characters of the urban micro-scale......Page 67
10. Project and design......Page 68
11. Self-regulation, consent, project......Page 69
12. Research......Page 70
References......Page 72
1. Introduction......Page 74
2. Two Attitudes......Page 75
3. Human Activity Systems and Organized Spaces......Page 76
5. Architectural Induction and Experiencing Space......Page 77
6. Framing and Architectural Phenomena......Page 79
7. Arena of Inquiry Influences Architecture......Page 80
8. Architectural Emergence......Page 82
9. Systemics of Architecture, Emergence, and Attitude......Page 84
10. Emergence of Trans-disciplinary Architecture......Page 86
11. Summary and Conclusion......Page 87
References......Page 88
1. Introduction......Page 90
2. From the industrialization of building to interoperability in architecture......Page 91
3.1. Cultural origins of methodological equipment and contextual motivations for evolutionary developments......Page 95
3.2. Technologies for modeling data-flows......Page 96
3.3. Paradigms of experimental application......Page 99
4. Conclusions......Page 100
References......Page 101
1.1. Cultural “things” or cultural “heritage”......Page 102
1.2. A new idea of culture: heritage as open system......Page 104
1.3. From integrated cultural systems to cultural districts......Page 106
2. Emergencies between cultural districts and architectural heritage......Page 108
3. From events to processes: integration of preservation and enhancement process with other territorial structures......Page 110
References......Page 111
1. Introduction......Page 114
2. Possible shared definitions of Architecture......Page 115
3. Specific problems in systemic and implications for Architecture......Page 119
References......Page 123
Processes of Emergence in Economics and Management......Page 124
1. Introduction......Page 126
3. The intrapreneurial process as a superposed organizational layer......Page 127
3.1. Two different but highly interdependent systems......Page 128
3.2.1. Top management......Page 129
4. A recurrent and bothering problem......Page 130
5. New concepts in system modeling: multiple systems (MS) and collective beings (CB)......Page 131
6. Applicability of DYSAM......Page 133
Acknowledgments......Page 134
References......Page 135
1. Introduction......Page 136
2.1. The general structure......Page 139
2.2. Agents’ behavior......Page 140
2.3.1. Parallel connection......Page 141
2.3.2. Sequential connection......Page 142
2.3.3. Reciprocal connection......Page 143
2.4. Norms and coordination mechanisms......Page 145
2.5. The methodology and working of the model......Page 147
3. The effects of task interdependence......Page 149
4. The effects of bounded rationality......Page 151
5. Conclusions......Page 155
References......Page 156
1. Introduction......Page 158
2. Systemics connotations of networked-companies......Page 161
3. Networked-company in the Building Industry......Page 164
4. Conclusions......Page 169
References......Page 170
1. Introduction......Page 172
2. Capitalist markets as open systems......Page 173
3. Knowledge as an open system......Page 176
4. Systemic openness and public policy......Page 179
5. Concluding remarks......Page 182
References......Page 183
1. Introduction......Page 186
2. Motivational factors which influence the emergence of individual innovation and idea generation.......Page 188
3. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the idea generation process......Page 190
4. Work characteristics influencing the emergence of the innovation process......Page 193
5.1. The sample......Page 195
5.2. The measure......Page 196
6. The results......Page 197
7. Discussion......Page 200
References......Page 202
1. Introduction......Page 204
2. Usability assessment: Methods and Tools......Page 205
3. A systemic method......Page 209
4. Conclusions......Page 213
References......Page 215
Emergence......Page 216
1. Introduction......Page 218
2. Macroscopic cellular automata......Page 219
2.1. The Minimization Algorithm of the Differences......Page 220
3. Genetic Algorithms......Page 221
4.1. The Lava Flows Model SCIARA-fv......Page 222
4.1.1. Lava flows computation......Page 224
4.2. The Debris Flows Model SCIDDICA-S4c......Page 225
4.2.2. Computation of the “minimizing” debris outflows......Page 226
4.2.4. Energy loss......Page 227
5.1. SCIARA-fv Calibration......Page 228
5.2. SCIDDICA-S4c Calibration......Page 232
6. Conclusions......Page 235
References......Page 236
1. The knowledge life cycle......Page 238
2. A new framework to support KLC......Page 240
3. Conclusion and future work......Page 247
References......Page 249
1. Introduction and background......Page 252
2. On the philosophical approach......Page 253
2.1. Constructing a description......Page 254
3. Implicit generalization......Page 256
4. Psychological experiments......Page 258
4.1. Gestalt as generalization......Page 259
4.2. Grammatical structure of a common sentence......Page 261
5. Conclusion......Page 262
References......Page 263
1. Introduction......Page 264
2.1. An introduction......Page 265
2.2. Specifying the concept of generalization......Page 266
3. What is the opposite of generalization?......Page 268
4. Outline of some classical approaches used for generalizing......Page 269
5. Generalization for systemic properties......Page 272
6. General Theory of Emergence......Page 273
7. Conclusions......Page 276
References......Page 277
1. Introduction......Page 280
2. Conditional events and their probabilities......Page 281
3. Bayes theorem meaning and its applications......Page 282
4. Conclusions......Page 286
References......Page 287
1. Introduction......Page 288
2. Tuning Error......Page 291
3. Planck’s Quantum-Electromagnetic Length (lPlanckE).......Page 292
4. Planck’s Quantum-Gravitational Length (lPlanckG).......Page 294
5. Change of the Radius R of a heavenly Body when its Mass M changes......Page 296
6. Gravitational Planck’s Constant hg......Page 297
7. Stationary States (stationary Orbits) of the solar System......Page 299
8. Limit Mass of a black hole......Page 300
References......Page 303
Emergence in Social Systems......Page 304
1. Introduction......Page 306
2. The general view......Page 307
3.1. Constructivism......Page 308
3.2. Language......Page 309
4. How to have the language to imagine it?......Page 310
5. Having a language for designing. The entry point.......Page 313
5.2. Distinguishing between the composition of elements and the establishment of systems......Page 314
5.3. Acting on a system......Page 315
5.5. Improvement of parts does not always imply improvement of the system......Page 316
5.6. A problem in a component part is a problem for the entire system......Page 317
References......Page 318
1. Introduction......Page 322
2. Background......Page 324
3. Learning and Knowing......Page 326
4. Complexification and Emergence......Page 328
5. Contextual Inquiry......Page 330
6. Conclusions......Page 333
References......Page 334
Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: Affective Commitment Predictors in a Group of Professionals Maria Santa Ferretti......Page 336
1. Introduction......Page 337
2. Field measures & Targets......Page 340
3. Method......Page 341
3.1. Materials......Page 342
3.3. Analysis of the data......Page 344
4. Results......Page 346
5. Discussion......Page 348
6. Contributions and implications......Page 350
References......Page 351
1. Introduction......Page 354
3. Meaning and method of OC measurement......Page 356
3.1. Measurement variables and instruments......Page 358
4. The organizational climate in a systemic perspective......Page 359
4.1.1. Relationship between meaningful/safety climate and individual outcomes......Page 360
4.1.2. Safety climate as the mediator between job insecurity and safety outcomes......Page 362
4.2. OC survey as an organizational development tool......Page 364
5. Conclusion......Page 366
References......Page 367
1. Introduction......Page 370
2. Method......Page 373
3. Results: rhetorical devices and interpretational repertoires......Page 375
4. Conclusion......Page 382
References......Page 384
Emergence in Artificial Intelligence......Page 386
1. Introduction......Page 388
2. Motivating example......Page 390
3.1.2. TBox and ABox......Page 391
3.1.4. Reasoning......Page 393
3.1.5. Characteristics of DL Semantics......Page 394
3.2. The Example in Relational Databases......Page 395
3.2.1. Characteristics of DB Semantics......Page 397
3.3. The Example within Artificial Neural Networks......Page 398
4. Résumé and Discussion......Page 402
5. Conclusion and further work......Page 404
References......Page 405
1. Introduction......Page 406
2. Phenomena simulation vs. Galilean models......Page 407
3. Bidimensional Turing machines......Page 411
4. Turing thesis as the core hypothesis of an empirical theory of human computation......Page 421
5. Developing the theory......Page 424
6. Concluding remarks - toward a Galilean approach to cognition......Page 427
References......Page 428
1. Introduction......Page 430
2. The Neural Network Model......Page 435
3. Face Image Preprocessing......Page 436
4. The Experimental Design......Page 437
5.1. Experiment 1......Page 438
5.2. Experiment 2......Page 439
5.3. Experiment 3......Page 440
5.4. Experiment 4......Page 441
5.5. Experiment 5......Page 442
6. Conclusions......Page 443
References......Page 445
1. Introduction......Page 448
2. Anticipatory Neurons......Page 450
3. An Example of Dynamical Evolution of a Single Anticipatory Neuron......Page 451
4. Networks of Anticipatory Neurons......Page 452
5. The -Mirror Architecture: Networks......Page 455
6.1. Reinforcement Learning......Page 457
6.3. Other Learning Algorithms......Page 460
8. Conclusions and Future Work......Page 461
References......Page 462
1. Introduction......Page 464
3. The Models......Page 466
3.1. Pessa, Montesanto and Longobardi’s Model (1996)......Page 467
3.2. Bonfiglio’s Model (1999)......Page 468
3.3. Busemeyer and Stout’s Model......Page 469
4. Simulations......Page 472
6. Conclusions......Page 474
References......Page 475
Emergence in Medicine......Page 476
1. Introduction......Page 478
2. Objective and Hypothesis......Page 481
3.3. Instrument......Page 482
4. Results......Page 484
5. Discussion......Page 489
References......Page 493
1. Introduction......Page 496
2. On the threshold of change......Page 497
3. Searching a new epistemology......Page 498
4. Systemics and humanistic ethics......Page 500
5. Systemics and Medicine......Page 504
References......Page 508
1. Introduction......Page 510
2.1. Definition of PTSD......Page 512
2.2. PTSD’s causes and predictors......Page 513
2.3. Epidemiological data and comorbidity......Page 515
3. Preventive and Treatment Strategies for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder......Page 516
3.3. Experiential psychotherapies......Page 518
4. Conclusions......Page 521
References......Page 522
1. Introduction......Page 526
2. Material and methods......Page 528
3.2. Factor Analysis in the total selected group......Page 531
3.3. Factor Analysis in the affective disorder subgroup......Page 534
3.4. Factor Analysis in the Personality Disorder type B subgroup......Page 537
3.5. Factor Analysis in the remaining subgroup......Page 540
3.6. The Discrimanant Analysis between subgroups......Page 542
4. Discussion......Page 544
5. Conclusion......Page 551
References......Page 553
Models and Systems......Page 554
1. Introduction......Page 556
2. Decomposition of systems......Page 557
3. Complexity and decomposition......Page 558
4. Evaluating complexity......Page 559
4.2. Relational indices......Page 560
5. Simulation......Page 562
6. Conclusions......Page 565
References......Page 567
List of symbols......Page 568
1. Introduction......Page 569
2. Closed form equations of universe......Page 571
3. Equations of future expansion......Page 573
4. Energy and missing mass......Page 575
5. Duration of expansion......Page 576
6. Variation of the speed of light......Page 577
7. Temperature......Page 578
8. Diagrams......Page 579
9. Recapitolatory description of mathematical structure......Page 580
10. Conclusions......Page 581
References......Page 583
1. Introduction......Page 584
2. Measure systems and hierarchical levels......Page 585
3. Recursiveness as expression of contextuality......Page 586
4. A recursive pattern for complex systems......Page 588
5. An elementary recursive function......Page 589
6. More complex recursive patterns......Page 590
7. Conclusions......Page 592
References......Page 593
1. Introduction......Page 594
2. About critical infrastructures......Page 596
3. Modeling infrastructures......Page 597
4. Evaluating infrastructure global properties......Page 599
5. Interactions between infrastructures......Page 600
6. Infrastructure control......Page 601
7. The role of human factor......Page 607
8. Systemic Approach and Emergence......Page 608
9. Conclusions......Page 609
References......Page 610
Theoretical Problems of Systemics......Page 612
1. Introduction......Page 614
2. Complex Emergence......Page 615
3. Downward Causation......Page 619
4. Conclusive Remarks......Page 622
References......Page 623
1. Introduction......Page 626
2. Physical models of change......Page 627
3. Beyond TPT......Page 631
4.1. Importance of individuality......Page 633
4.5. Non-equilibrium dynamics......Page 634
4.7. Multi-level hierarchical structure......Page 635
5. Bridging the gap between physics and biology?......Page 636
6. Conclusions......Page 643
References......Page 644
1. Introduction......Page 648
2.1. Structured Interactions......Page 650
3.1. Phase transitions......Page 652
3.2. Organization / Self-organization......Page 653
5. Processes of establishing Acquired Properties (AP)......Page 655
5.1. Acquiring new properties......Page 657
5.2. How to keep acquired properties......Page 658
6. Appendix: The acquired mind......Page 659
7. Conclusions......Page 660
References......Page 661
1. Introduction......Page 664
2. Surface reaction models......Page 666
3. One type of replicator per cell......Page 667
5. Interacting replicators......Page 668
Acknowledgments......Page 670
References......Page 671
1. Introduction......Page 672
2. Random Boolean networks......Page 674
3. Avalanches in gene expression data......Page 675
4. Interactions among random Boolean networks......Page 676
5. Conclusions......Page 678
References......Page 679
1. Introduction......Page 682
2. Derivation of the canonic system equations of the two-body relativistic problem......Page 687
3. Linearized system equations......Page 690
4. A necessary condition for relativistic stability......Page 691
Bibliography......Page 693
Appendix. Eigenvalue analysis and necessary condition for stability......Page 694
1. Introduction......Page 696
2. Recall of the stability conditions for the non-relativistic case......Page 697
3. The stable orbit with minimum potential energy in equilibrium......Page 699
4. Application of the Lyapunov method......Page 700
5. Conclusion......Page 704
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 705
The Formation of Coherent Domains in the Process of Symmetry Breaking Phase Transitions Emilio Del Giudice, Giuseppe Vitiello......Page 708
1. References......Page 717
Cognitive Science......Page 718
1. Introduction......Page 720
2. Constructivism vs. cognitivism and connectionism......Page 723
3. The mind-body problem......Page 725
4. The codification dispute......Page 727
5. Knowledge transfer......Page 730
6. Conclusions......Page 731
References......Page 732
1. The multidimensionality of human communication......Page 736
2. It’s not true that all is communication......Page 737
3. The problem of requirement of intentionality......Page 738
4. The circularity of the inferences......Page 740
References......Page 743
1. Introduction......Page 746
2.1. “Musica est scientia bene modulandi … et bene movendi”......Page 748
2.2. The importance of number five......Page 749
2.3. A blanket that is too short......Page 752
3.1. The first move on the chessboard......Page 755
3.2. The game of changes......Page 757
3.3.1. Rhythmic variations  rhythmic system......Page 758
3.4. Variations and complex systems of musical organization......Page 759
3.5. Counterpoint......Page 760
3.6. Harmony......Page 762
3.7. Toccatas and Preludes......Page 763
4. Conclusions......Page 765
References......Page 766
1. Introduction......Page 768
2. Figural Effects in the Watercolor Illusion......Page 770
2.1.2. Stimuli......Page 772
2.1.3. Procedure......Page 773
2.1.4. Results......Page 774
2.2. Experiment 2: Watercolor Illusion vs. Relative Orientation......Page 775
2.2.3. Results......Page 776
2.3. Experiment 3: Watercolor illusion vs. Prägnanz......Page 777
2.3.2. Stimuli......Page 778
2.3.3. Results......Page 779
2.4. Experiment 4: Camouflage and Disambiguation......Page 780
2.4.3. Results......Page 781
3. The FACADE neural model of 3D vision and figure-ground segregation......Page 784
References......Page 787
1. Grouping discontinuities......Page 788
2. Grouping continuities......Page 791
3. Ungrouping continuities......Page 792
4. Continuities (real, illusory and/or virtual) with discontinuities along them......Page 793
5. Conclusions......Page 797
References......Page 798
1. Introduction......Page 800
2.2. Materials and Procedure......Page 804
3. Results......Page 806
References......Page 808
1. Introduction......Page 810
2. Innovative behavior......Page 813
3. Support For Innovation......Page 814
4. Conflict and Iwb......Page 816
5.1. The Sample......Page 818
5.2. The measures......Page 819
6. The results......Page 820
7. Discussion and Conclusions......Page 822
References......Page 824
1. System theory and didactics: The constructivist approach to maths education......Page 826
2. Role variables and contextual variables in didactic systems......Page 828
3. Managing contextual variables: Towards a full-blooded systemic perspective on maths education......Page 830
4. An example from our research......Page 832
4.2. Second stage: Individual solution......Page 834
4.3. Third stage: Group discussion......Page 835
4.4. Extending the problem text......Page 836
Acknowledgments......Page 837
References......Page 838