Proceedings of the International Conference on Radioscience, Equatorial Atmospheric Science and Environment and Humanosphere Science, 2021

Preface
Contents
Contributors
1 Reducing Sugars Production from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) by Combined Dilute Acids-Hydrothermal Pretreatment
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Materials and Methods
		1.2.1 Materials
		1.2.2 Dilute Acids (DA) - Hydrothermal Pretreatment of OPEFB
		1.2.3 Combine Severity Factor (CSF)
		1.2.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
		1.2.5 Reducing Sugar and Brown Compound Analysis
	1.3 Results and Discussion
		1.3.1 The Influence of Acid Concentration on Solid Recovery and Reducing Sugar Yield
		1.3.2 The Influence of Heating Duration on Solid Recovery and Reducing Sugar Yield
		1.3.3 Brown Compound Analysis
		1.3.4 Effects of Combined Severity Factor on Pulp Recovery and Reducing Sugar Yield
	1.4 Conclusion
	References
2 The Decline of Surface Global Solar Radiation at Palembang City of Indonesia Correlated to the Smoke Events in 2019
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Data and Method
	2.3 Results and Discussions
	2.4 Conclusions
	References
3 Atmospheric Response to the Southern Java Upwelling Variability Associated with Positive Indian Ocean Dipole Event
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Data and Methods
		3.2.1 Data
		3.2.2 Methods
	3.3 Results and Discussion
		3.3.1 The Oceanic and Atmospheric Feature of the Southern Coast of Java During Summer Monsoon
		3.3.2 Interannual Variability of Southern Java Upwelling During Positive Indian Ocean Dipole Event and the Atmospheric Response
	3.4 Summary and Conclusions
	References
4 Technological Properties of Formaldehyde Free Adhesives Based on Oxidized Starch Mixed with Different Crosslinkers for Plywood
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Materials and Methods
		4.2.1 Materials
		4.2.2 Preparation of Oxidized Starch Adhesives
		4.2.3 Characterization of Oxidized Starch Adhesives
		4.2.4 Plywood Manufacturing
		4.2.5 Examination of Plywood Properties
	4.3 Results and Discussion
		4.3.1 Characteristics of Oxidized Starch Adhesive
		4.3.2 Oxidized Starch Adhesive Properties
		4.3.3 Performance of Plywood
	4.4 Summary and Conclusions
	References
5 Characteristic of Precipitable Water Vapor in 2017–2019 Over Bandung Estimated by GPS Data
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Data and Method
	5.3 Result and Discussion
	5.4 Conclusions
	References
6 Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves (CCEWs) Triggering Torrential Rainfall Events Over Sumatra, Indonesia
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Data and Methods
	6.3 Results and Discussions
		6.3.1 Climatological Condition
		6.3.2 Waves Activity
		6.3.3 Modulation of Daily Rainfall
		6.3.4 Modulation of Extreme Rainfall
		6.3.5 Wet Days
		6.3.6 Mechanism of Modulation
	6.4 Conclusions
	References
7 Kelvin Wave Activity in the UTLS Over the Maritime Continent from GPS RO Measurements
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Data and Methods
		7.2.1 Data
		7.2.2 Methods
	7.3 Results and Discussions
		7.3.1 Relational Dispersion Analysis of the Kelvin Waves
		7.3.2 Analysis of the Vertical Structure of Temperature
		7.3.3 Analysis of the Vertical Propagation of Kelvin Waves
		7.3.4 Analysis of Phase Speed and Vertical Wavelength of Kelvin Waves in the UTLS
	7.4 Conclusions
	References
8 The Influence of the QBO on the MJO-Related Rainfall Variability over the Maritime Continent
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Data and Methods
		8.2.1 QBO Index
		8.2.2 MJO Index
		8.2.3 Band Pass Filter
		8.2.4 Probability Change of Rainfall Extreme
		8.2.5 Composite of Anomaly
	8.3 Results and Discussion
		8.3.1 Intraseasonal Variations of OLR
		8.3.2 Impacts of QBO on MJO Related Rainfall
		8.3.3 Impacts of QBO on MJO Rainfall Extreme
		8.3.4 Dynamics of QBO-MJO Connections
	8.4 Summary
	References
9 Water Quality Assessment for Detecting Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) Pollution in the Coastal Area of Krakas Beach, North Lombok District, Indonesia
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Materials and Methods
		9.2.1 Research Location and Period
		9.2.2 Research Materials
		9.2.3 Sampling and Analysis
	9.3 Result and Discussion
		9.3.1 Radon (222Rn) Activity
		9.3.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Content Within Lombok Utara Groundwater
		9.3.3 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Content Within SGD in the North Lombok
	9.4 Conclusions
	References
10 The Influence of Boreal Summer Madden–Julian Oscillation on Precipitation Extremes in Indonesia
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Data and Methods
	10.3 Results and Discussion
		10.3.1 MJO Impact on Regional Precipitation Anomalies
		10.3.2 MJO Impact on Precipitation Extremes
		10.3.3 The Dynamical Links Between the Boreal Summer MJO and Precipitation Extremes
	10.4 Conclusions
	References
11 Smoke Propagation During Fire in Kalimantan and Sumatra in 2015 and 2019
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Data and Method
	11.3 Result and Discussion
		11.3.1 Forest Fire Events
		11.3.2 Smoke Propagation
		11.3.3 The Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) and Visibility
	11.4 Conclusion
	References
12 Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Acetylated Cassava Starch-Chitosan Based Film, With Addition of Sorghum Micro-Fibrillated Cellulose
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Material and Methods
		12.2.1 Material
		12.2.2 Modification of Cassava Starch
		12.2.3 Preparation of Sorghum Micro-Fibrillated Cellulose
		12.2.4 Fabrication of Films
		12.2.5 Characterization of Films
	12.3 Result and Discussion
		12.3.1 Water Contact Angle on Film Surface
		12.3.2 Functional Groups in films
		12.3.3 Film Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
13 Characteristics of Acid Deposition in Urban and Sub-Urban Area
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Data Dan Method
		13.2.1 Location and Data
		13.2.2 Method
	13.3 Results and Discussion
		13.3.1 Wet and Dry Deposition
		13.3.2 Fractional Acidity and Neutralization Factor
		13.3.3 Source Contribution PMF
	13.4 Conclusions
	13.5 Contributor Statements
	References
14 Evaluation of CCAM Seasonal Prediction by GSMaP Satellite Rainfall Data in Indonesia
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Data and Methods
		14.2.1 Data
		14.2.2 Methods
	14.3 Results and Discussion
	14.4 Summary and Conclusions
	References
15 Solar Wind Speed Time-Series Forecasting Based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Neural Network Model
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Data and Methods
		15.2.1 Data
		15.2.2 Methods
	15.3 Results
	15.4 Conclusion
	References
16 On the Mechanism of Anomalously Wet and Cold Weather Over Java in June
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Data and Method
		16.2.1 Data
		16.2.2 Method
	16.3 Results and Discussion
	16.4 Conclusion
	References
17 Outstanding Issues in the Future Rainfall Projection Over Indonesia
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Outstanding Issues in a Multi-Model Ensemble
	17.3 Outstanding Issues in the Downscaling of Rainfall Projections
	17.4 Discussions
	References
18 Atmospheric Residual Layer Height Variations on Clear and Rainy Days Based on High-Resolution Radiosonde and Global Positioning System Radio Occultation Data
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Data and Methods
		18.2.1 Data
		18.2.2 Estimated Residual and Mixed Layer Height
	18.3 Results and Discussion
		18.3.1 Residual Layer Height Estimation
		18.3.2 The Comparison of Radiosonde and GPS-RO Data
		18.3.3 Residual Layer Height Variation on Clear and Rainy Days
		18.3.4 The Relationship Between Residual and Mixed Layer Height Variation
	18.4 Conclusion
	References
19 The Response of Rainfall in Sumatera to Indian Ocean Dipole Phenomenon
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Data Dan Method
		19.2.1 Data
		19.2.2 Method
	19.3 Results and Discussion
		19.3.1 The Major Signal in Rainfall Data
		19.3.2 Rainfall Pattern in Sumatera with PCA
		19.3.3 Linear Relationship Between Rainfall and Indian Ocean Dipole
		19.3.4 Sumatera Island Rainfall Conditions During IOD
	19.4 Conclusions
	19.5 Contributor Statements
	References
20 Analysis and Verification of Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS) Parameters in Land and Forest Fire in West Kalimantan in 2019 and Its Relationship with Hotspots and Rainfall
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Data and Methods
		20.2.1 Data
		20.2.2 Extraction of FDRS in Burned Area
		20.2.3 Number of Hotspots with Radius 2 km from Burned Area
		20.2.4 Extraction and Determination of Parameters to Be Analyzed
	20.3 Results and Discussions
		20.3.1 Hotspot Distribution Patterns in West Kalimantan in 2019 and Their Relationship to Rainfall and Humidity
		20.3.2 FDRS Parameters in Burned Area
		20.3.3 Relationship of FDRS Parameters with Hotspot, Rainfall, and Burned Area
		20.3.4 Relationship of Rainfall and Hotspot to FDRS Parameters
		20.3.5 Relationship of Rainfall, Hotspot, and FDRS Parameters to Burned Area
	20.4 Conclusion
	References
21 Exploring an Extension of Space Situational Awareness in Southeast Asian Region Utilizing EAR Observation Data
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Methodology
	21.3 Result and Discussion
	21.4 Conclusion
	References
22 The Comparison of Z-R Relation Methods on Convective and Stratiform Rain of Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) in East Java Area
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Study Area
	22.3 Data and Method
	22.4 Results and Discussion
		22.4.1 QPE for PAC Products with Rosenfeld Tropical, Fujiwara, and Arida Et Al.’s Z-R Relation Algorithms
		22.4.2 Correlation Comparison of QPE with Z-R Relation Algorithm Rosenfeld Tropical, Fujiwara, and Arida et al.
		22.4.3 RMSE Comparison of QPE with Z-R Relation Algorithm Rosenfeld Tropical, Fujiwara, and Arida et al.
	22.5 Conclusions
	References
23 Ionospheric Observation Using Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) Kototabang for the 26 December 2019 Annular Solar Eclipse Research
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Observation Methods
	23.3 Observation Results
	23.4 Discussion
	23.5 Conclusion
	References
24 Atmospheric Methane Variability During Upwelling Events in the Southern Coast of Java, Indonesia
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Data and Methods
		24.2.1 Data
		24.2.2 Methods
	24.3 Results and Discussion
	24.4 Conclusion
	References
25 Preliminary Study on the Utilization of Sugarcane Trash and Corncob for Xylo-Oligosaccharides and Xylose Production Through Dilute Acid Hydrolysis
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Materials and Methods
		25.2.1 Materials
		25.2.2 Methods
	25.3 Results and Discussion
		25.3.1 Chemical Composition of Biomass
		25.3.2 The pH of Biomass Suspension
		25.3.3 Production of Reducing Sugars from The Hydrolysis
		25.3.4 Production of XOS and Xylose from the Hydrolysis
	25.4 Conclusion
	References
26 Influence of Local Wind Respect to the PM2.5 Dispersion in Bandung Basin
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Data and Method
		26.2.1 The WRFChem Model
		26.2.2 The WRFChem Evaluation
		26.2.3 Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
	26.3 Result and Analysis
		26.3.1 Meteorological Parameters Evaluation
		26.3.2 An Identification of Local Wind in Bandung Basin
		26.3.3 PM2.5 Dispersion in Bandung Basin
	26.4 Conclusion
	References
27 Correlation Between Radiation Measurement on the Field Slopes Using KURAMA-II(Kyoto University RAdiation MApping System) and Environmental Radioactivity in the Soil Depth Direction
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Experimental
		27.2.1 Experimental Setup
	27.3 Results and Discussion
		27.3.1 Concentration of Radiocesium in Sampled Soil
	27.4 Conclusion
	References
28 Chemical Characteristics of Rainwater in Bandung and Koto Tabang
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Study Area
	28.3 Data and Methods
	28.4 Results
		28.4.1 Variation Analysis
		28.4.2 Acidity Analysis
		28.4.3 Sources Identification
	28.5 Discussion
	28.6 Conclusion
	References
29 Evaluation of the Surface Wind Speed, Shear of Wind Speed, Shear of Wind Direction and Richardson Number at Soekarno-Hatta Airport Using Wyoming Radiosonde Data
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Data and Method
	29.3 Results and Discussion
	29.4 Conclusion
	References
30 Interpolation Methods Evaluation on Arbitrary Straight Line of Flight Weather Data
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 Methods
		30.2.1 Bicubic Interpolation
		30.2.2 Nearest Neighbour Interpolation
		30.2.3 MASE
		30.2.4 NRMSE
		30.2.5 Data
	30.3 Result and Analysis
	30.4 Conclusion
	References
31 Performance Analysis of Platinum Wire Temperature Sensor for Radiosonde
	31.1 Introduction
	31.2 Data and Method
	31.3 Results and Discussion
	31.4 Conclusions
	References
32 Feasibility Test of Using Disposable Baby Diaper Waste as Raw Material for Fiberboard
	32.1 Introduction
	32.2 Materials and Methods
		32.2.1 Materials
		32.2.2 Experimental Design
		32.2.3 Production of Fiberboard
		32.2.4 Fiberboard Testing
	32.3 Results and Discussion
		32.3.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Fiberboard
		32.3.2 Prospects of Utilizing Disposable Baby Diaper Waste as Raw Material for Fiberboard
		32.3.3 Comparison of Increased Value of Disposable Baby Diaper Waste as Fiberboard Raw Material with Current Utilization
	32.4 Conclusion
	References
33 Intraseasonal and Interannual Variability of Cumulonimbus Cloud Over the Maritime Continent
	33.1 Introduction
	33.2 Data and Method
		33.2.1 Data
		33.2.2 Method
	33.3 Results and Discussion
	33.4 Conclusion
	References
34 Impact of Plasma Depletion on the Occurrence of Scintillation in the Minimum Years Phase of Solar Cycle 23
	34.1 Introduction
	34.2 Data and Methods
	34.3 Results and Discussion
		34.3.1 05 February 2008 (Midnight Occurrence)
		34.3.2 26 March 2008 (Post-sunset Occurrence)
		34.3.3 19 December 2008 (Midnight Occurrence)
		34.3.4 17 August 2009 (Post-sunset and Midnight Occurrence)
	34.4 Conclusion
	References
35 Effect of Precipitation Time on the Physicochemical Properties of Modified Sago Starch
	35.1 Introduction
	35.2 Materials and Methods
		35.2.1 Materials
		35.2.2 Methods
	35.3 Result and Discussion
		35.3.1 Preparation of Modified Sago Starch Using Ethanol Precipitation Method
		35.3.2 The Effect of Precipitation Time on the Characteristics of Modified Sago Starch: Size, Morphology, and Composition
		35.3.3 The Effect of Precipitation Time on the Crystallinity of Modified Sago Starch
		35.3.4 The Effect of Precipitation Time on the Hydrophobicity of Modified Sago Starch
	35.4 Conclusion
	References
36 Air Quality in the Bandung Basin of Indonesia as Measured by Passive Sampler
	36.1 Introduction
	36.2 Methods
		36.2.1 Sampling Location
		36.2.2 Sampling and Analysis Methods
	36.3 Result and Discussion
		36.3.1 Monthly Linear Trend
		36.3.2 Seasonal Mean
		36.3.3 Annual Mean
	36.4 Conclusion
	References
37 A Low-Cost and Practical Method for Determining Raindrop Size from Spray Nozzle by Using a Mobile Phone Camera
	37.1 Introduction
	37.2 Materials and Methods
	37.3 Results and Discussion
	37.4 Conclusions
	References
38 Biomonitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air Using Plants: A Review
	38.1 Introduction
	38.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds (PAHs) in the Air
		38.2.1 Source of PAHs Emissions
		38.2.2 Physicochemical Characteristics, Transport, and Fate of PAHs
		38.2.3 The Fate of PAHs in the Environment
		38.2.4 The Health Effects and Environmental Impacts of Atmospheric PAHs
	38.3 Biomonitoring of PAHs
		38.3.1 Atmospheric Deposition of PAHs and PAHs Uptake by Vascular Plants
		38.3.2 Type of Plants Used in Biomonitoring of PAHs
		38.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomonitoring PAHs Using Plants
	38.4 Sampling Campaign
	38.5 Sample Preparation and Sample Extraction
	References
39 Satellite Rainfall Estimation from Himawari-8 Multi Channels Observation Based on AWS Data Trained Machine Learning Methods
	39.1 Introduction
	39.2 Data and Methods
	39.3 Results and Discussion
		39.3.1 Classification Model of Rain Event and Categorical Rainfall
		39.3.2 Generalization for Spatial Area Coverage
		39.3.3 Feature Importance Calculation
	39.4 Conclusion
	References
40 Utilization of Agroindustrial by Product for Bioinsecticide Production
	40.1 Introduction
	40.2 Materials and Methods
		40.2.1 Materials
		40.2.2 Bioinsecticides Production
		40.2.3 Analysis
	40.3 Results and Discussion
		40.3.1 Loss of Fiber Content
		40.3.2 Total Cell Count
		40.3.3 Total Spore Count
		40.3.4 LC50
		40.3.5 Potency
	40.4 Conclusion
	References
41 Spatial Distribution of Nutrient Export from the Catchment Area of Lake Rawapening
	41.1 Introduction
	41.2 Material and Methods
		41.2.1 Study Site
		41.2.2 Data
		41.2.3 Data Analysis
	41.3 Results and Discussion
		41.3.1 The Magnitude of Nutrient Load, Export, and Retention from the Catchment Area of Lake Rawapening
		41.3.2 Spatial Distribution of Nutrient Export from the Catchment Area of Lake Rawapening
	41.4 Conclusions
	References
42 Public Urban Park Quality Assessment Using Fuzzy C Means Classification of Land Surface Temperature and Social Function
	42.1 Introduction
	42.2 Materials and Methods
		42.2.1 Study Area
		42.2.2 Land Surface Temperature (LST)
		42.2.3 Fuzzy C Means (FCM)
		42.2.4 Fuzzy Class Separation Analysis
		42.2.5 Social Function Key Performance Indicator (KPI)
	42.3 Results
		42.3.1 LST
		42.3.2 Fuzzy Class Separation Analysis
		42.3.3 PUP Social Function Quality Assessment
	42.4 Conclusions
	References
43 Zone of Biodiversity Extinction in Coral Reef Ecosystem in Sumatra Island Using Climate Change Scenarios
	43.1 Introduction
	43.2 Data and Methods
		43.2.1 Data
		43.2.2 Methods
	43.3 Results and Discussion
		43.3.1 Sea Surface Temperature Change
		43.3.2 Impact Sea Surface Temperature Rise to Coral Reef Ecosystem
	43.4 Summary and Conclusions
	References
44 Comparison of Cloud Base Height in Kototabang from Ceilometer, Radiosonde and Himawari-8 Observations During 2016–2020
	44.1 Introduction
	44.2 Data and Methodology
	44.3 Results
	44.4 Conclusions
	References
45 Influence of Different Pretreatment Methods and Yeast Strains on Xylitol Production from Sugarcane Trash Hemicellulose Hydrolysate
	45.1 Introduction
	45.2 Materials and Methods
		45.2.1 Biomass Preparation and Composition Analysis
		45.2.2 Sugarcane Trash Hemicellulose Hydrolysates Preparation
		45.2.3 Yeast Strains and Inoculum Preparation
		45.2.4 Fermentation of Sugarcane Trash Hemicellulose Hydrolysate
		45.2.5 Analytical Methods
	45.3 Results and Discussions
		45.3.1 Effect of Different Media on Yeast Strains Growth During Fermentation
		45.3.2 Xylose Consumption and Xylitol Production
	45.4 Conclusions
	References
46 Modulation of Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall Over the Western Maritime Continent Associated with Cold Surge and the Madden–Julian Oscillation
	46.1 Introduction
	46.2 Data and Method
	46.3 Result and Discussion
	46.4 Conclusion
	References
47 Comparative Analysis of Upwelling Characteristics in Northeast and Southwest of Indonesian Seas Area
	47.1 Introduction
	47.2 Data and Methods
		47.2.1 Data
		47.2.2 Methods
	47.3 Results
	47.4 Conclusion
	References
48 Analysis of the Variation of the Upper Citarum Discharge and Its Relationship with La Niña
	48.1 Introduction
	48.2 Data and Method
		48.2.1 Data
		48.2.2 Method
	48.3 Result
		48.3.1 The Rainfall Over Upper Citarum Watershed
		48.3.2 The Discharge of Upper Citarum in the La Niña years
		48.3.3 The Ratio of Rainfall and Discharge Between La Niña and Climatology (Case 2000–2001)
		48.3.4 The Ratio of Rainfall and Discharge Between the Composite of La Niña years and Climatology
	48.4 Conclusion
	References
49 Evolution of Mesoscale Convective Complex and Its Atmospheric Conditions During Heavy Rain in Bandung,  22 February 2018
	49.1 Introduction
	49.2 Data and Method
	49.3 Result and Discussion
		49.3.1 TBB, Rainfall and Surface Wind Data Analysis
		49.3.2 The Environmental Condition During MCC Events
	49.4 Conclusion
	References
50 Flare Potentiality Associated to Different Sunspot Groups During Solar Cycle 24 Observed by BPAA Pasuruan
	50.1 Introduction
	50.2 Data and Methods
		50.2.1 Data
		50.2.2 Methods
	50.3 Results and Discussion
		50.3.1 Correlation of Flare Occurrence and R-Sunspot Number
		50.3.2 Flare Occurrence Correlation with Sunspot that Classified into Zurich
	50.4 Summary and Conclusions
	References
51 Automatic True Color Composites Generation Based on NOAA JPSS Satellites Data
	51.1 Introduction
	51.2 System Design and Implementation
	51.3 Results
	51.4 Discussion
	51.5 Conclusions
	References
52 Estimating the Impact of Spatio-temporal Land Cover Changes on Land Surface Temperature and Air Quality Using Satellite Data in Beas Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India
	52.1 Introduction
	52.2 Methods and Materials
		52.2.1 Study Area
		52.2.2 Methodology and Data Used
	52.3 Results and Discussion
		52.3.1 Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Changes of Land Surface Temperature in Beas Basin (Over 20 Years)
		52.3.2 Temporal Change Detection for Eight Major Land Cover Types in Beas Basin (Over 20 Years)
		52.3.3 Monitoring the Impact of Land Cover Changes on Air Quality Parameters (Over 20 years)
		52.3.4 Monitoring the Relationship of Vegetation (NDVI) with LST (Over 20 Years)
		52.3.5 Monitoring the Relationship of Snow Cover (NDSI) with LST (Over 20 Years)
		52.3.6 Monitoring the Relationship of Settlements (NDBI) with LST (Over 20 Years)
		52.3.7 Monitoring the Relationship of Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) with LST (Over 20 Years)
	52.4 Conclusions
	References
53 Assessing the Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities on Air Quality: A Study During the Lockdown in 2nd Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in the Kullu Valley of North-Western Himalaya
	53.1 Introduction
	53.2 Study Site
	53.3 Methodology
		53.3.1 Air Quality Index (AQI)
	53.4 Results and Discussion
		53.4.1 Air Quality During COVID-19 Lockdown
		53.4.2 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
		53.4.3 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
		53.4.4 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
		53.4.5 Particulate Matter Below 10 Μ (PM10)
		53.4.6 Particulate Matter Below 2.5 Μ (PM2.5)
		53.4.7 Analysis of MERRA-2 Data Using ArcGIS10.8
	53.5 Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model
	53.6 Meteorological Parameters
	53.7 Air Quality Index
	53.8 Conclusion
	References
54 Ozone Variability at 10 hPa Altitude in Indonesia Based on MERRA-2 Data
	54.1 Introduction
	54.2 Data and Method
	54.3 Result and Analysis
		54.3.1 FFT and Wavelet Analysis
		54.3.2 Time Series and Composite Analysis
		54.3.3 Spatial and Seasonal Pattern
	54.4 Conclusion
	References
55 Variation of the Wind Profiles in the Tropical Tropopause Layer Associated with QBO-MJO Connection: An Equatorial Atmosphere Radar Observation
	55.1 Introduction
	55.2 Data and Methods
		55.2.1 Radar Tropopause
		55.2.2 Identifying MJO
		55.2.3 Identifying QBO
		55.2.4 OLR and Precipitation
	55.3 Results
		55.3.1 Zonal Wind Oscillation Observed from EAR
		55.3.2 TTL Wind Profile During QBO-MJO Interaction
		55.3.3 Wind Profile Composite
		55.3.4 Impact on the Convective Activities
	55.4 Conclusion
	References
56 Effect of Meteorology Parameters on Air Pollutant Standard Index in the Urban Area (Case Study in Jakarta)
	56.1 Introduction
	56.2 Data and Methods
		56.2.1 Data
		56.2.2 Methods
	56.3 Result and Discussion
		56.3.1 The Correlation Between the Meteorology with Pollutants
	56.4 Summary and Conclusion
	References
57 Atmospheric Conditions Associated with Northerly Surge, Borneo Vortex and Madden Julian Oscillation During the Extreme Rainfall Cases in Early 2021 Over the Western Part of the Maritime Continent
	57.1 Introduction
	57.2 Data and Method
	57.3 Result and Discussion
		57.3.1 Precipitation Condition During Flooding Events
		57.3.2 Cold Surge and CENS
		57.3.3 Borneo Vortexes (BVs)
		57.3.4 Madden–Julian Oscillation
		57.3.5 Discussion
	57.4 Conclusion
	References
58 Analysis of Multi-scale Meteorological Parameter Triggering Seroja Tropical Cyclone and Its Effect on Extreme Rainfall Over Nusa Tenggara Timur
	58.1 Introduction
	58.2 Data and Method
	58.3 Result and Discussion
		58.3.1 TBB and Precipitation Analysis
		58.3.2 Atmospheric Condition Analysis
		58.3.3 Interannual and Interseasonal Variability Analysis
	58.4 Conclusions
	References
59 Estimating Rainfall Data Using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Data: A Study Case in Pesawaran Meteorology and Geophysics Agency
	59.1 Introduction
	59.2 Methods
	59.3 Results and Discussions
	59.4 Conclusions
	References
60 GSMaP Seasonal Rainfall Verification Over Western Java
	60.1 Introduction
	60.2 Data and Method
	60.3 Results
		60.3.1 Spatio-Seasonal Rainfall Over Western Java
		60.3.2 Correlation of Rainfall Intensity Between GSMaP and Rain Gauge
	60.4 Conclusion
	References
61 Prediction of Extreme Rainfall of September 9, 2020 in Padang City Based on Clouds Brightness Temperature Difference from Himawari-8 Satellite Data
	61.1 Introduction
	61.2 Data and Method
		61.2.1 Data and Software
		61.2.2 Case Selection
		61.2.3 Hydrometeor Type
		61.2.4 Evaluation Between BTD and IMERG
	61.3 Result and Discussion
		61.3.1 Distribution of Rainfall from IMERG Data on September 9–10, 2020
		61.3.2 Cloud Top Temperature Analysis
		61.3.3 BTD1, BTD2 and BTD3 Analysis
		61.3.4 Convective Cloud Analysis
		61.3.5 Statistical Evaluation
	61.4 Conclusion
	References
62 Simulation of Solar Flare Mechanism Based on Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics State by Disrupting the Stability of Magnetic Field Due to the Plasma Momentum Injection
	62.1 Introduction
		62.1.1 Magnetohydrostatics
		62.1.2 Magnetohydrodynamics
		62.1.3 Finite Difference Method
	62.2 Data and Methods
	62.3 Result and Analysis
	62.4 Conclusion
	References
63 Diurnal Variation of Fine Particulate Matter in Indonesia Based on Reanalysis Data
	63.1 Introduction
	63.2 Methodology
		63.2.1 Data
		63.2.2 Methods
	63.3 Result and Discussion
		63.3.1 Analysis Data from Ground Observation
		63.3.2 Diurnal Variations of PM2.5 Over Central Jakarta
		63.3.3 Diurnal Variations Over Indonesia
	63.4 Conclusion
	References
64 Weather Prediction System Using Thomas-Fiering Model to Determine Initial Planting Recommendations in Bandung City
	64.1 Introduction
	64.2 Data and Method
		64.2.1 Planning
		64.2.2 Design
		64.2.3 Coding
		64.2.4 Testing
	64.3 Result and Discussion
		64.3.1 Thomas-Fiering Predictions and Oldeman Classification
		64.3.2 Thomas-Fiering Evaluation
	64.4 Conclusion
	References
65 Correlation Investigation Between Aerosols Properties, Meteorological, and Environmental Variables During Summer Monsoon in Riau Province, Indonesia
	65.1 Introduction
	65.2 Data and Methods
		65.2.1 Data
		65.2.2 Methods
	65.3 Results and Discussion
	65.4 Conclusion
	References
66 Simulation and Evaluation of Particulate Matter (PM): A Case Study of Haze During September 2019 in Palangkaraya City, Indonesia
	66.1 Introduction
	66.2 Data and Methods
	66.3 Results and Discussion
	66.4 Conclusion
	References
67 Determination of Priority Locus of Handling Stunting and Regional-Based Stunting Management Strategies in Serang City
	67.1 Introduction
	67.2 Data and Method
	67.3 Result and Discussions
		67.3.1 Quantitative Analysis
		67.3.2 Qualitative Analysis (Interviews, FGDs, Deliberation)
		67.3.3 Regional-Based Management Strategy
	67.4 Conclusion
	References
68 Palu Koro Fault Zone Microzonation and Its Relation to Potential Hazard
	68.1 Introduction
	68.2 Data and Method
	68.3 Results and Discussions
	68.4 Conclusions
	References
69 Utilizing the Global Positioning System (GPS) Data from Sumatran GPS Array (SuGAr) to Measure Seismic Deformation Related to the Mw7.6 Padang Earthquake 2009
	69.1 Introduction
	69.2 Data and Methods
		69.2.1 Data
		69.2.2 Procedure
	69.3 Results
		69.3.1 Time Series of Direction Shift of Receiver's Location
		69.3.2 GLOBK Processing
		69.3.3 Monitoring of Deformation Due to the 2009 Padang Earthquake (Mw = 7.6)
	69.4 Conclusion
	References
70 The Characteristic of Solar Flare and CMEs that Caused SPE During 24th Solar Cycle
	70.1 Introduction
	70.2 Data
	70.3 Results and Discussion
		70.3.1 CME
		70.3.2 Flare
	70.4 Conclusion
	References
71 Continuum Study on Uranus at the Millimeter/Submillimeter Wavelength with ALMA Data
	71.1 Introduction
	71.2 ALMA Radio Interferometer
		71.2.1 Radio Interferometry and Aperture Synthesis
		71.2.2 ALMA Data Selection
	71.3 Data Processing
		71.3.1 Data Reduction with CASA
		71.3.2 Deconvolution Cleaning and TB Conversion
	71.4 Results and Analysis
		71.4.1 Continuum Imaging Results
		71.4.2 Uranus Continuum Models
	71.5 Discussion and Summary
	Appendix
	References
72 Spatial Modeling of Tidal Flood Due to the Fishpond to Tidal Waves in Bengkalis, Indonesia
	72.1 Introduction
	72.2 Materials and Methods
		72.2.1 Land Surface Roughness Design and Cost Distance Analysis
		72.2.2 Damage of Mangrove Forests and Fish Pond Status in Bengkalis Regency
		72.2.3 Analytical Methods
	72.3 Results and Discussions
		72.3.1 Spatial Modeling Tidal Flood Map in Coastal Bengkalis
	72.4 Conclusions
	References
73 Indo-Australian Plate Velocity Measurement During Interseismic Phase in 2010–2014 Using Sumatran GPS Array (SuGAr) Data
	73.1 Introduction
	73.2 Data and Processing
		73.2.1 Observation Data
		73.2.2 Data Processing
	73.3 Result
		73.3.1 Seismic Cycle
		73.3.2 Velocity of the SuGAr Station During an Interseismic Phase in 2010–2014
	73.4 Conclusion
	References
74 Deformation Analysis During the Pre-, Co- and Post-Seismis Phases Associated with the 2019 Mw6.0 Mentawai Earthquake Using Satellite Geodetic Technology from Sumatran GPS Array (SuGAr) Data
	74.1 Introduction
	74.2 Data and Methods
	74.3 Result
	74.4 Conclusion
	References
75 Assessing Potential Human and Economic Loss of Tsunami Impact in Cilacap City, Indonesia a Geospatial Approach
	75.1 Introduction
	75.2 Data and Methodology
		75.2.1 Data
		75.2.2 Methodology
	75.3 Result and Discussion
		75.3.1 Tsunami Hazard Analysis
		75.3.2 Tsunami Risk Analysis
	75.4 Conclusion
	References
76 Effects of El-Nino and La-Nina on the Velocity Potential at 200 hPa over Maritime Continent
	76.1 Introduction
		76.1.1 Background
	76.2 Data and Method
		76.2.1 Data
		76.2.2 Procedure
	76.3 Result and Discussion
	76.4 Conclusion
	References
77 Soil Tillage System and Water Management Effect on Soil Physical Properties and Yield in Rainfed Paddy Field
	77.1 Introduction
	77.2 Materials and Methods
		77.2.1 Experimental Site Condition
		77.2.2 Experimental Design, Treatment, and Cultivation Details
		77.2.3 Statistical Analysis
	77.3 Result and Discussion
	77.4 Conclusion
	References
78 Geochemical Weathering Indices of Volcanic Soil After the Eruption from Mount Sinabung in 2020
	78.1 Introduction
	78.2 Materials and Methods
		78.2.1 Soil Sampling and Analysis
		78.2.2 Chemical Weathering Indices
		78.2.3 Geochemical Data Analysis
	78.3 Result and Discussion
		78.3.1 Total Elemental Oxide
		78.3.2 Weathering Indices
	78.4 Conclusion
	References
79 2D and 3D Subsurface Geological Model of Baribis Fault Zone Using the Gravity Method
	79.1 Introduction
	79.2 Method
	79.3 Results and Discussion
	79.4 Conclusion
	References
80 Risk Management of Spaceport in Indonesia: Vulnerability Level of Biak Spaceport
	80.1 Introduction
		80.1.1 Background
	80.2 Theory
		80.2.1 Vulnerability of Spaceport
		80.2.2 Safety Management System
		80.2.3 AHP and GIS
	80.3 Research Methodes
		80.3.1 Location
		80.3.2 Data
		80.3.3 Methodes
	80.4 Result and Analysis
		80.4.1 International Practices for Spacepor Management
		80.4.2 Criteria Weights
		80.4.3 Vulnerability
		80.4.4 Strategy
	80.5 Conclusion
	References