Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing and Communication Systems: I3CS 2020, NEHU, Shillong, India (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 170)

Organizing Committee
	Chief Patron
	Patron
	General Chair
	Organizing Chair and Co-Chair
	Editorial Board
	Program Chairs
	Finance Chair
	Program Committee (Partial List)
	Local Organizing Committee (Partial List)
	Advisory Committee (Partial List)
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Conference
About This Book
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Natural Language Processing
Low Resource Neural Machine Translation from English to Khasi: A Transformer-Based Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Dataset
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Transformer
		4.2 BERT
		4.3 Cross-Lingual Language Model (XLM)
		4.4 Low Resource Machine Translation
	5 Experiment Setups
	6 Results and Discussion
	7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A Step Towards Sentiment Analysis of Assamese News Articles Using Lexical Features
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 System Design
		3.1 Data Collection
		3.2 Pre-processing
		3.3 Feature Extraction
		3.4 Machine Learning Classifier
	4 Experimental Result and Analysis
		4.1 Evaluation Metrics
		4.2 Results
		4.3 Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Efficient Assessment of Formula Representation in Embedded Vector
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Text-Based Approach
		2.2 Tree-Based Approach
		2.3 Vector-Based Approach
		2.4 Neural Network-Based Approach
		2.5 Other Approaches
	3 System Architecture
	4 Data Description
	5 Experimental Results and Analysis
	6 Conclusions and Future Scope
	References
Neural Machine Translation for Low Resource Assamese–English
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Corpus Preparation
	4 System Description
		4.1 Data Preprocessing
		4.2 System Training
		4.3 System Testing
	5 Results and Error Analysis
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Review Comments of Manipuri Online Video: Good, Bad or Ugly
	1 Introduction
	2 Motivation
	3 Dataset Collection
		3.1 Dataset Pre-processing
	4 Approaches of Classification
	5 Analysis of Results
	6 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
Development of English-to-Bengali Neural Machine Translation Systems
	1 Introduction and Motivation
	2 Related Work
	3 Proposed Techniques
	4 Corpus Statistics
	5 Experiment
	6 Results and Analysis
		6.1 Without Text Normalization
		6.2 Result Using Test Normalization
	7 Conclusion
	References
Generation and Evaluation of Hindi Image Captions of Visual Genome
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Image Caption Generation Using CNN and LSTM with Beam Search
	4 Experimental Results and Discussion
		4.1 Dataset
		4.2 Evaluation Metrics
		4.3 Model Performance
	5 Conclusion
	References
Adopting Conditional Random Field (CRF) for Khasi Part-of-Speech Tagging (KPOST)
	1 Introduction
	2 The Literature Review
	3 Probabilistic Part-of-Speech Tagging for Khasi
		3.1 Conditional Random Fields
		3.2 Tagset for Khasi Language
		3.3 Khasi Corpus or Lexicon
	4 Experimental Results Evaluation
		4.1 Results
	5 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
Data Mining Techniques and Their Applications
An Explainable Artificial Intelligence Model for Detecting COVID-19 with Twitter Text Classification: Turkey Case
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Building Classification Model
		2.2 Working on Twitter Feeds
		2.3 Final Results
	3 Evaluation
	4 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Cluster Analysis Using Improved Bio-inspired Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Models Used
		2.1 Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm
		2.2 Optimization Methods Employed
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Overlapping Community Detection in Static and Dynamic Networks: A Qualitative Assessment
	1 Introduction
	2 Overlapping Community Detection Methods
		2.1 Overlapping Community Detection in Static Networks
		2.2 Overlapping Community Detection in Dynamic Networks
	3 Empirical Assessments
		3.1 Assessment Parameters
		3.2 Performance Evaluation: Synthetic Networks
		3.3 Performance Evaluation: Real-World Networks
		3.4 Ranking for Community Detectors
	4 Conclusions
	References
Cluster-Based Deep Contextual Reinforcement Learning for Top-k Recommendations
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 DB Scan Clustering
		3.2 Dueling Bandit Gradient Descent
		3.3 Model Pipeline
	4 Experimentation
		4.1 Dataset
		4.2 Baselines Static Techniques
		4.3 Evaluation Metrics
		4.4 Experimentation Settings
	5 Results and Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Novel Local Consensus Inspired Spatial Fuzzy Method for Classification and Spectral Unmixing of Hyperspectral Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Gated Recurrent Unit: An Effective Tool for Runoff Estimation
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area and Data Preparation
	3 Experimentation and Result
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Proposal for Predicting Missing  Values in a Spectrum Dataset Using Supervised Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 System Model and Assumptions
	3 Spectrum Dataset Missing Value Problem
		3.1 Cognitive Radio
		3.2 Dataset Creation
	4 Proposed Methodology
		4.1 Discretization
		4.2 Classification
		4.3 Prediction
	5 Analysis and Results
		5.1 Analysis
		5.2 Tool Used: Weka
		5.3 Results
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Clustering-Based Techniques for Big Data Analysis of Gene Expression
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Quantum Clustering
		2.2 Mean Shift Clustering
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Review on Protein Structure Classification along with a Proposed Classifier Using Data Mining Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Hierarchy Tree Structure Model
		2.2 ProteinNet: A Standard Data Set for Machine Learning Models of Protein Structure
		2.3 Random Forest Model
		2.4 NMR Chemical Shifts Model Using Protein Residues
		2.5 Hidden Markov Model Based Classifier
	3 Comparative Analysis
	4 Proposed Model
	5 Conclusion
	References
Statistical Analysis of Emotional Response through Physiological Signals
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Modeling of Emotion
	3 Experimental Protocol
		3.1 Design of Experiments
		3.2 Picture Classification
		3.3 Inclusion Criteria for Experiment
		3.4 Exclusion Criteria for Experiment
		3.5 Signals Captured
		3.6 Instruments and Software Used
		3.7 Pre-processing of Data
	4 Statistical Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Discernment of Human Stress Using Generic Computer-Aided Tasking—A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Review of Digital Tasks
	4 Review of Classifiers
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Design a New Learning based Method for Smart Semantic Data Management System
	1 Introduction
	2 Background Study
		2.1 Semantic Annotation
		2.2 Ontology
		2.3 Resource Description Framework
		2.4 Sparql
		2.5 Protege
	3 Related Works
		3.1 Semantic Annotation for News Feed
		3.2 Method to Improve Quality of Big RDF Data Using Semantic Based and Entity—Resolution Fusion ch20benb:sali:Xin:Mour
		3.3 Framework for Big Data Integration Using Semantic Extract-Transform-Load(ETL) ch20Bansal:Srividya
		3.4 Bolster Architecture for Big Data ch20Nadal:Sergi
	4 Proposed Method
	5 Conclusion
	References
Real-Time Data Analysis using Fog Intelligence
	1 Introduction
	2 Input Dataset
	3 Model Description
		3.1 Artificial Neural Network
		3.2 ANN Model for Different Test Cases
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Application of Machine Learning, Image Processing, and Pattern Recognition Techniques
Health Monitoring of Wind Turbine Blades Through Vibration Signal Using Machine Learning Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
	3 Experimental Procedure
	4 Statistical Analysis
	5 Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Iraqi Food Image Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network Classification Method
	1 Introduction
	2 CNN Model
		2.1 Convolution Layer
		2.2 Pooling Layer
		2.3 Fully Connected Layer
	3 The Proposed Scheme
	4 Experimental Result
	5 Conclusion
	References
Performance Measurement Model for Wind Power Project Using Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System
	1 Introduction
	2 Sustainability Performance Indicators for WPPs
	3 Fuzzy Set Theory
	4 Methodology
	5 Simulation Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Automated Detection of Road Potholes Under Shadowed Condition Using Machine Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Data Base Description
		3.1 Study Area
	4 Experimental Setup
		4.1 Preprocessing
		4.2 k-Nearest-Neighbor
	5 Result Analysis
		5.1 Segmentation
		5.2 Classification
		5.3 Accuracy Assessment
	6 Conclusion and Future Direction
	References
Combination of Cepstral Features and Temporal Learning Approach for Emotion Recognition
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Features Used
		1.2 Classifiers
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Experimental Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Estimation of Tea Leaf Chlorophyll Using MLR, ANN, SVR, and KNN in Natural Light Condition
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Image Acquisition and SPAD Estimation
		2.2 Image Pre-processing and Features Extraction of the Tea Leaf Images
		2.3 Tea Chlorophyll Prediction Using MLR, ANN, SVR and KNN
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Comparison of LR, SVR, and DNN for the Rainfall Forecast of Guwahati, Assam
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 About Dataset
		2.2 Preprocessing of Rainfall Data Dataset
		2.3 Rainfall Prediction Using LR, SVR, and DNN
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Study on Classification Accuracy of Different Features in Identification of Parasite Eggs from Microscopic Images of Fecal Samples
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
	3 Extracted Feature Sets
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Classification Using Different Image Moments
		4.2 Classification Using Pixel Based Features
		4.3 Classification Using Shape and Texture Based Features
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Reconstruction of Contour Lines for Digitization of Contour Map
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References
2D Image Stitching to Generate a Film of Fired Bullets
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Overview of Proposed Work
		3.2 Acquisition of Microscopic Images
		3.3 Image Stitching
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
An Efficient Approach to Remove Specular Reflection from Non-Ideal Eye Image
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Methodology
		2.1 Four-Direction Traverse Approach
		2.2 Eight-Direction Traverse Approach
	3 Experiment Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Dynamic Block Matching Algorithm (BMA) Scheduling Algorithm for Fast and Accurate Motion Estimation
	1 Introduction
	2 Block-Based Motion Estimation (BBME)
	3 Proposed Methodology and Key Parameters
	4 Proposed Algorithm
	5 Experimental Results
		5.1 Comparative Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of Biomedical Image, Data and Signal
BrainTalk—An EEG Motor Imagery BCI for Giving Non-speaking People a Voice: A Position Paper
	1 Introduction
	2 BCI for Generating Speech
	3 BrainTalk—An EEG Based Motor Imagery BCI for Aiding People with LIS
		3.1 Phase 1: Recognition of Motor Imagery Tasks
		3.2 Phase 2: Maintaining Language Dictionary
		3.3 Phase 3: MI BCI for Generating Response to Questions
		3.4 Envisaged Application Through a Scenario
	4 Conclusion
	References
Familiarity Detection from EEG Signals Using Wavelet Transform and LSTM
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 EEG Recording System and Data
		2.2 Subjects
		2.3 Stimuli
		2.4 Procedure
	3 EEG Processing
		3.1 Filtering
		3.2 Independent Component Analysis
		3.3 Model Architecture
	4 Findings and Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Comparative Analysis on Denoising Techniques in Brain MRI  and Cardiac Echo
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Methodologies
		3.1 Median Filtering
		3.2 Max Filtering
		3.3 Bilateral Filter
		3.4 Mean Filter
		3.5 Gaussian Filter
		3.6 Savitzky–Golay (SG) Filter
	4 Result Analysis
		4.1 Dataset
		4.2 Parameters
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A Novel Spatial FCM-Based Method for Brain MRI Image Segmentation in the Presence of Noise and Inhomogeneity
	1 Introduction
	2 Validation Function
	3 Proposed Method
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Melanoma Classification Through Transfer Learning by the Analysis of Skin Lesion Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Dataset Description
		3.2 Dataset Pre-processing
		3.3 CNN Architecture and Its Modification
		3.4 Proposed Work
	4 Experimental Results and Discussion
		4.1 Performance and Observation:
		4.2 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Construction of Reduced PPI Network for Breast and Lung Cancer Using Random Walk with Restart
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Datasets Used
		2.2 Identification of Significant Genes
		2.3 Computational Workflow for Identification of Top Genes in PPI Network
	3 Emperical Results
		3.1 Formulation of DEGs in Breast and Lung Cancer
		3.2 Top Genes in PPI Network
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Analysis of Influence of Yoga-Asana on the Digestive Process Using Electrogastrograms
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Proposed System
		2.2 Analysis Using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study the Cognitive Changes in Cerebral Palsy Children Employing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Neurofeedback Training
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Stimulation Device and Process
		2.3 Methodology
		2.4 Outcome Measures
		2.5 EEG Data Recording
	3 Statistical Analysis
	4 Results
		4.1 Sample Characteristics
		4.2 Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS)
		4.3 EEG Data
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Limelight on Human Gp130 and Its Deleterious Mutations: A Computational Sequence Level Approach for Hepatocellular Carcinomas
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Sequence and Domain Retrieval of Gp130 of Human as Well as Other Different Species
		2.2 Identification of Mutations in the Human Gp130
		2.3 Estimation of the Deleterious Effect upon Mutation in Human Gp130 Protein
		2.4 Comparison of the Secondary Structure of Human Gp130 with the Mutant Gp130 Proteins
		2.5 Analysis of Molecular Effects of Mutations
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Sequence and Domain Retrieval of Gp130 in Human and Other Species
		3.2 Mutational Analysis of Gp130 Proteins
		3.3 Screening of the Most Deleterious Mutations of Gp130
		3.4 Effect of Deleterious Mutations on Secondary Structure of Gp130 Protein
		3.5 Exploration into the Molecular Effects of the Mutations
	4 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Networks and Communication
RCPDNPT:A Tool to Deploy a Post-disaster Network Under Resource-Constraint Scenarios
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Design Principle and Software Component
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
FoSDN: A Software-Defined Edge Computation for Resource Constraint Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Proposed FoSDN Architecture
	4 Experimental Setup
	5 Result and Discussions
	6 Conclusion
	References
Enabling Indirect Link Discovery Between SDN Switches
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Proposed Indirect Link Discovery Scheme
		3.1 Illustrative Example
		3.2 Packet Format
	4 Algorithmic Description
	5 Emulation Environment and Results Discussion
		5.1 Emulation Environment
		5.2 Topologies Used for the Experimentation
		5.3 Performance Indicators
		5.4 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Scheduling Cloudlets to Improve Response Time Using CloudSim Simulator
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Literature and Related Work
	3 CloudSim Simulator
		3.1 CloudSim Architecture
		3.2 Provisioning Policy
		3.3 Effect of SS and TS Provisioning Policy for VMs and Cloudlets
	4 Objective, Description and Algorithm of the Proposed Work
		4.1 Objective
		4.2 Cloud Parameters
		4.3 Response Time Calculation
		4.4 SJF Algorithm
	5 Simulated Experiments, Analysis and Results
		5.1 Scheduling Cloudlets to VM
		5.2 Experiments Analysis and Results
		5.3 Observation
	6 Conclusion
	References
Design and Development of Time Synchronization System Based on GPS/IRNSS and PTP Protocol
	1 Introduction
	2 PTP and NTP
	3 NMEA Data
		3.1 Hardware Section (FPGA): Coding Language Is VHDL
		3.2 Software Section: Arm System: Coding Language Is C
	4 Rubidium Oscillator Versus Normal Oscillator
	5 Algorithm for Clock Disciplining
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Compact Dual-Band Reconfigurable Filtering Antenna Using PIN Diode
	1 Introduction
	2 Filter Design
		2.1 Resonance Properties of SIR
		2.2 Reconfigurable Filter Design
		2.3 Simulated Results for the Proposed Filter
	3 Antenna Design
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Varactor-Loaded Tunable SIW Filter with Wide Upper Stopband Characteristic
	1 Introduction
	2 Filter Design
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
ASER of RQAM with MRC Receiver over Correlated Rayleigh Fading Channels
	1 Introduction
	2 Channel Model Description
	3 ASER Analysis
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References
Dual Modulation of QPSK and OOK Using Silicon Microring Modulator
	1 Introduction
	2 Device Characterization of Dual Modulation
		2.1 Optical Phase Modulation in MRM
		2.2 Dual Modulation with MRM
	3 Simulation Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Y-Arrangement Seven-Core Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of Y-Arrangement Core
	3 Results and Discussions of 7-Cores Y-Arrangement EDFA
		3.1 Description of Mode Analysis
		3.2 Performance Analysis of Y-Arrangement of MC-EDFA
	4 Conclusion
	References
Symbol Error Rate of L-MRC Receiver in Correlated Non-homogeneous Non-line of Sight Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Correlated η-µ Fading Channel
	3 The MRC Receiver
		3.1 PDF of the Output SNR
		3.2 MGF of the Output SNR
		3.3 SER of the L-MRC Receiver
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Security and Cryptography
Hybrid Framework for Android Malware Detection
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Proposed Methodology
		3.1 Datasets
		3.2 Categorization of Android Apps
		3.3 Approach for the Malware Detection
		3.4 Preprocessing and Analysis
		3.5 Algorithmic Approach for Malware Detection
		3.6 Machine Learning Based Model
	4 Experimental Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
A Publicly Verifiable and Cheating Resistant Secret Sharing Based on Public Key Cryptosystem and Hash Function
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Preliminary Knowledge
		3.1 Shamir\'s (k,n) Threshold Secret-Sharing Technique
		3.2 Public Key Mechanism: RSA Algorithm
		3.3 The Hash Function
	4 The Proposed Scheme
	5 Performance and Security Analysis
		5.1 Proof of Robustness
		5.2 Comparative Study with Some Existing Schemes
	6 Conclusion
	References
Stand-alone Lightweight Security System for Native Language Using SPI Interface
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Terminology
		2.1 PRESENT Lightweight Cryptography Algorithm
		2.2 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
	3 Proposed Methodology
	4 Experimental Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Design of Power Efficient SEC Orthogonal Latin Square (OLS) Codes
	1 Introduction
	2 Basics of OLS Codes
	3 Proposed Scheme
		3.1 Proposed H-Matrix Construction Process
		3.2 Design of Proposed SEC-OLS Codec
		3.3 Estimation of Logic Gates
	4 ASIC Synthesis Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Game Theoretical Defense Mechanism Against Bandwidth Based DDoS Attacks
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Network Model
		3.1 Network Topology
		3.2 Preliminaries
		3.3 Assumptions
	4 Game Formulation
		4.1 Attack Costs, Benefits and Payoff Functions
		4.2 Baseline Strategy and Nash Equilibrium Analysis
	5 Experimental Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Handoff Authentication Through Diffie-Hellman Approach for Wireless Mesh Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Ticket Types
	4 Proposed Protocol
		4.1 Steps of Proposed Protocol
	5 Experimental Results
		5.1 Performance Metrics
	6 Conclusion
	References
Multivariate Linkable Group Signature Scheme
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminaries
		2.1 MQ Problem
		2.2 IP Problem
		2.3 Multivariate Signature Scheme
	3 Multivariate Linkable Group Signature Scheme
		3.1 Key Generation
		3.2 Group Signature Generation
		3.3 Group Signature Verification
		3.4 Correctness
		3.5 Signer Anonymity
		3.6 Group Leader Traceability
		3.7 Linkability
		3.8 Security Analysis
		3.9 Comparison
	4 Conclusion
	References
Performance Evaluation of Zero Knowledge and HMAC-Based Authentication in Fog-Based Internet of Things
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Fog Network Architecture
		2.2 Existing Authentication Algorithm
	3 Performance Analysis
		3.1 The Experimental Setup
		3.2 Experimental Result
	4 Conclusion
	References
Systems and Computing
Finite Dimensional Representation of Fractional-Order System
	1 Introduction
	2 Approximation Method
	3 Simulation and Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Synthesis of Ternary Reversible Circuits based on Permutation Cycles
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Ternary Quantum Logic
		2.2 Ternary Reversible Gates
	3 Proposed Permutation Based Approach
	4 Experiment Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Ultra Power Efficient Melior Quantum Multiplier with Reduced Ancilla and Garbage Outputs
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Proposed Melior Quantum Multiplier
		3.1 Partial Product Generation
		3.2 Multi Operand Addition
		3.3 Power Efficient Linear Phase FIR Filter Using Melior Quantum Multiplier
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Is There Any Spooky Action at a Distance?
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Basics of Quantum Entanglement
		1.2 Theory and Discussion
	2 Effect of Temperature and Tiny External Magnetic Field on the Intermediate Spins of Superimposed Wave Function
	3 Conclusion
	References
Evolvable Hardware State of the Art
	1 Introduction
	2 Technology Implementation
	3 Evolvable Hardware as a Classifier
	4 Promising Areas and Challenges
	5 Dynamic, Real-Time Evolvable Hardware
	6 Future Platforms for Evolvable Hardware
	7 Explainability
	8 Conclusion
	References
An Effective Comparative Study Among the Different Geometry of Electrodes in Performing the Tasks in Digital Microfluidic Biochips
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
	3 Design Methodology
	4 Constraints for Secure Droplet Routing
		4.1 Fluidic Constraints on Square Electrode Array
		4.2 Fluidic Constraints in an Equilateral Triangular Electrode Array
		4.3 Fluidic Constraints on Hexagonal Electrode Array
	5 Pin Constrained Chip Design
		5.1 Pin Constrained Chip Design in a Square Electrode Array
		5.2 Pin Constrained Chip Design Problem in TEDMB
		5.3 Pin Constrained Chip Design Problem in HDMFB
	6 Experimental Results
	7 Conclusion
	References
A Novel Search Tree-Based 3D Sudoku Solver
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Two-Dimensional Sudoku
		1.2 Three-Dimensional Sudoku
		1.3 Motivation
	2 Proposed Work
		2.1 Physical Storage Structure of the 3D Sudoku Instance
		2.2 Proposed Algorithm
	3 Experimental Results
	4 Conclusion and Future Scopes
	References
Canonical Representation of Causal Parameters and Graph–Theoretic Approach for Identifying At-Risk Students
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Methodology and Evaluation
		3.1 Evaluation of Boolean Expression
	4 Graph–Theoretic Approach
	5 Conclusion
	References
Author Index