Proceedings of the 75th RILEM Annual Week 2021: Advances in Sustainable Construction Materials and Structures

Scientific Committee of the Conference by Themes
Preface
Contents
RILEM Publications
Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Freeze Thaw Resistance of Non-ferrous Slag Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Characterization of Raw Materials
		2.3 Concrete Composition, Slump and Air Content
		2.4 Freeze Thaw Experiment
		2.5 Fluorescence Microscopic Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Characterization of Raw Materials
		3.2 Slump, Air Content and Compressive Strength
		3.3 Freeze Thaw Resistance
		3.4 Relative Dynamic Elastic Modulus Versus Relative Tensile Strength Loss
		3.5 Fluorescence Microscopic Analysis—General Observations
	4 Conclusion
	References
Investigating Supplementary Cementing Materials for Alkalis and Pore Fluid Properties
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Water-Soluble and Available Alkalis
		2.2 Pore Solution Expression and Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Water-Soluble and Available Alkalis
		3.2 Pore Solution
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Calcination and Reactivity of Marlstones: A Comparison Between Palygorskite and Smectite Bearing Marlstones
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Materials
		2.1 X-ray Diffraction Analysis
		2.2 Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
		2.3 Materials
		2.4 Calcination and Hydration
	3 Calcination Results
		3.1 X-ray Diffraction Analysis
		3.2 27Al MAS NMR Analysis
		3.3 29Si MAS NMR Analysis
	4 Reactivity Results
		4.1 X-ray Diffraction Analysis
		4.2 29Si MAS NMR Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Effect of the Formulation on the Hydric and Mechanical Properties of Flax Concrete: Comparison with Hemp Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Résults and Discussion
		3.1 SEM Analysis of Flax and Hemp Shives
		3.2 Total Water Porosity
		3.3 Sorption Isotherms
		3.4 Moisture Storage Capacity
		3.5 Moisture Buffer Value (MBV)
		3.6 Compressive Strength
	4 Conclusion
	References
Hydration Characteristics of Cementitious Paste with Low Grade Limestone
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Resistance of Composite Cement Paste with Calcined Diatomite to Chloride Attack
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Summary
	References
Co-activation of Blended Blast Furnace Slag and Fly Ash with Sodium Sulfate and Hydroxide
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Reaction Kinetics and Reaction Products Assemblage
		3.2 Compressive Strength
	4 Conclusions
	References
Going Below 50% Clinker Factor in Limestone Calcined Clay Cements (LC3): A Comparison with Pozzolanic Cements from the South American Market
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Raw Materials
		2.2 Experimental Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Strength Development
	4 Conclusions
	References
Microstructure and Durability Properties of Concretes Based on Oyster Shell Co-products
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 Raw Materials
		2.2 Concrete Formulations
	3 Methods
		3.1 Durability Study
		3.2 Microstructure Characterization
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Durability Properties
		4.2 Microstructure Observations
	5 Conclusion
	References
Correlation Between the Reactivity of Supplementary Cementitious Materials and Their Efficacy to Prevent Alkali-Silica Reaction
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 SCM Reactivity
		3.2 ASR Expansion
		3.3 Correlation Between SCM Reactivity and Expansion
	4 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Water Absorption by Capillarity, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate with Partial Cement Replacement by Metakaolin
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Mixture Proportioning
		2.3 Mixing Procedure
		2.4 Test Methods
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Workability and Physical Properties of RAC
		3.2 Mechanical Behavior of RAC
		3.3 Water Absorption by Capillarity
	4 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation of the Potential of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Improving the Properties of Cement-Composites
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nanomaterials in Cement Concrete
	2 Experimental Investigation
		2.1 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Characterization of the Nanoparticles
		3.2 Sonication of SWCNT/Surfactant Systems
		3.3 Mechanical Testing of Cementite Compounds with Carbon Nanotubes
	4 Conclusions
	References
Simulating the Hydration Process of Low Water to Cement (w/c) Ternary Pastes Incorporating Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP)
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Experimental Autogenous Shrinkage
		2.3 Model of SAP Influence on Autogenous Shrinkage Development in Cement Paste
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Experimental Autogenous Shrinkage
		3.2 Model of SAP Influence on Autogenous Shrinkage Development in Cement Paste
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study of the Pozzolanic Reactivity of Amazonian Metakaolin for Use as a Supplementary Cementitious Material
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Starting Material Characterization
		3.2 Evaluation of Pozzolanic Reactivity
	4 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation of the Mechanical and Chemical Performance of Mortar Calcined Sludge at 600 ℃ and Nitrophosphogypsum for Its Application in Construction
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Experimental Methods
		2.1 Mixture Constituents
		2.2 Sample Preparation and Test Methods
		2.3 Mix Proportions
		2.4 Performance of Cement Pastes and Fresh State Mortars
		2.5 Performance of Hardened Mortar
	3 Analysis and Discussion of Results
		3.1 Characterization of Sand
		3.2 Characterization of NPG and SC600
		3.3 Cement Pastes and Fresh Mortar
		3.4 Performance of Hardened Mortar
	4 Conclusions
	References
Supplementary Cementitious Materials Reactivity: From Model Systems to Concrete
	1 Introduction to Reactivity Tests and the Modified R3 Test
	2 Modified R3 Test—Results
	3 Modified R3 Test, Paste, and Concrete Properties
	4 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Studies on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete Made up with Processed GGBS
	1 Theoretical Background
	2 Material
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Workability
		3.2 Mechanical Properties
	4 Analytical Approach
	5 Experimental Results and Discussion
		5.1 Workability, Water Absorption, and Density
		5.2 Compressive Strength
		5.3 Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, and Shear Strength
	6 Analytical Hierarchy Process
	7 Cost Analysis
	8 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Mineral Addition LC2 on Shrinkage Produced in Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology Design
		2.1 Materials and Method
	3 Discussion of Results
		3.1 Influence of the LC2 Addition on Volume Change in Pastes
		3.2 Influence of the LC2 Addition on Volume Change in Concrete
		3.3 Relationship Between Deformations in Pastes and Concretes
	4 Conclusions
	References
Formulation of Expansive Mortars Based on Calcareous-Based Additives and Ternary Cement with Calcined Clay and Limestone
	1 Background Information
	2 Objective
	3 Materials and Methods
	4 Results
		4.1 Consistency
		4.2 Compressive Strength Tests
		4.3 Expansion in the Shrinkage Drain
		4.4 Hydration Kinetics
	5 Conclusions
	Reference Literatura
Data Mining Strategies to Handle State of Art Knowledge on Self-healing Capacity of Cementitious Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data Retrieval
		2.2 Development of Charts
		2.3 ANN Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Optimization Chart
		3.2 ANN Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Carbonation Results in Diverse Cement Pastes with 10% Substitution of Binder by Bentonite
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Durability and Life Cycle Assessment in Urban and Marine Conditions
Expanded Clay as Bacteria Cells Protector in Manufacturing Self-healing Mortar: The Possibility of Adding Less Nutrient to Maintain the Mechanical Properties of Mortar
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Workability of Fresh Mortar
		3.2 Bulk Density and Compressive Strength of Mortar
		3.3 Crack Closure Observation
		3.4 Morphology of the Healing Products
	4 Conclusions
	References
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete with Coarse Natural and Recycled Concrete Aggregates for Household Construction, Case Study in the Hamburg Area
	1 Introduction
	2 Life Cycle Assessment
		2.1 Goal and Scope Definition
		2.2 Life Cycle Inventory
		2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Deformations in Pastes During Capillary Imbibition and Their Implications
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Repair of Concrete in Environments with Chlorides or Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Scaling
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Specimens Preparation and Concrete Composition
		2.2 Crack Creation
		2.3 Repair Products
		2.4 Exposure Conditions
		2.5 Method to Assess the Repair Efficiency
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Chloride Ingress
		3.2 Crack Closure
	4 Conclusion
	References
Influence of Self-healing via Embedded Macrocapsules Filled with Polyurethane on Carbonation of High-Volume Fly Ash Mortar
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Mortar Mix Composition
		2.2 Macrocapsules
		2.3 Prismatic Mortar Specimens
		2.4 Capillary Water Absorption Test
		2.5 Carbonation Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Mortar Characterization
		3.2 Capillary Water Absorption
		3.3 Carbonation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Reliability Analysis for Service Life of Concrete Structures Subject to Various Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Carbonation Depth Modeling
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Monte-Carlo Simulation
		2.2 Kaplan Meier Reliability Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Case Study
	4 Conclusion
	References
Durability Analysis of Ultra High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Structures in Cracked Serviceability Limit State
	1 Introduction
	2 Structural Analysis Method
	3 Constitutive Laws of the Materials
	4 Analysis of the UHDC Elements Implemented in the Pilot
	5 Degradation Mechanisms Implementation
	6 Evolution of Crack Width
	7 Results and Discussion
	8 Conclusions
	References
Investigating the Use of Off-Specification Ashes to Prevent Alkali-Silica Reaction
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Reactivity
		3.2 ASR Expansion
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Review on Durability Performance of Calcined Clay Binders for Adoption in the Construction Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Durability Performance of Calcined Clay Containing Binders
		2.1 Chloride Ingress
		2.2 Carbonation Resistance
		2.3 Sulphate Ingress
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
Estimating Service Life of Prestressed Concrete Systems Exposed to Chlorides
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Significance
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Effect of Stress on the Chloride Threshold
		4.2 Implications of Using Overestimated Clth for Estimation of Ti
	5 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Relationship Between the Vertical Profile of Marine Aerosol Salinity and the Chloride Accumulation into Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Work
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Climatic Parameters and Marine Aerosol Salinity
		3.2 Simulations of Chloride Penetration into Concrete
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Effect of Size and Preconditioning of Concrete Cores Against Sulfate Attack (Test)
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Normal Test
		3.2 Accelerated Test
	4 Conclusions
	References
CFRP Reinforcement for Historical Buildings at Mexico City: Concrete Frame Structures Around 1940 to 1960
	1 Introduction
	2 Manufacture of Specimens
		2.1 Method
	3 Flexural Test
		3.1 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Role of Oxygen and Humidity in the Reinforcement Corrosion
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Anodic and Cathodic Reaction of the Corrosion Process
		1.2 Micro and Macrocells
	2 Role of Oxygen in the Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
	3 Role of Moisture, Mechanisms of Corrosion Control in Concrete
	4 Comments as Conclusions
	References
Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Partial Immersion and Drying Cycles on Hemp Concrete Properties
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Aging Protocol
		2.3 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Thermal Conductivity
		3.2 Water Absorption Coefficient
		3.3 Moisture Buffer Value
	4 Conclusion
	References
Sustainability and Economic Viability of Self-healing Concrete Containing Super Absorbent Polymers
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Studies
	3 Concrete Repair Techniques
		3.1 Concrete Cover and Reinforcement Substitution
		3.2 Corrosion Initiation
		3.3 Corrosion Propagation
	4 Life Cycle Assessment
		4.1 Impact and Cost Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Self-healing Capabilities of Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Recycled Aggregates
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Mix Design
		2.2 Sorptivity Test
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Environmental Impact of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement Manufacturing: An Indian Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 CSA Cement Production
	3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
		3.1 Goal and Scope of LCA
		3.2 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
		3.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
		3.4 Interpretation
	4 Environmental Impacts of CSA Cement Manufacturing
	5 Comparison with OPC and Blended Cement
	6 Conclusions
	References
Sustainability Assessment of Concrete Pavements with Recycled Concrete Aggregate
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Demolished Recycled Concrete Aggregates (DRCA)
	3 Illustration of the Study of Impacts of DRCA Use in Pavements
	4 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
		4.1 Goal and Scope
		4.2 Inventory Analysis
		4.3 Impact Assessment
	5 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Characterization and Economic Viability of Local Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as Partial Replacement of Portland Cement
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedures
		2.1 Materials and Sample Dimensions
		2.2 Concrete Composition
		2.3 Electrochemical Measurements
		2.4 X-ray Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 X-ray Analysis
		3.2 Corrosion Potential (Ecorr)
		3.3 Corrosion Intensity (Icorr)
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Combined Action of Carbonation and Bending Load on Mortar
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Experimental Procedures
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Test Specimens
		2.3 Pre-conditioning
		2.4 Experimental Processes
	3 Results
		3.1 Mechanical and Structural Characterization of the Samples
		3.2 Physical Characterization of the Samples
		3.3 Carbonation/Load Coupling
	4 Conclusion
	References
Concrete Beams with Steel Reinforcement Subjected to Fractions of Yielding Strength Under Accelerated Corrosion Tests
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Design of Beams and Materials for Construction
		2.2 Evaluation Techniques
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Electrochemical Behaviour of Steel Embedded in Alkali Activated Metakaolin/Limestone Based Mortar
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Methodology
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Mix Proportions
		2.3 Preparation of Mortar Specimens
		2.4 Electrochemical Techniques
		2.5 Half-Cell Potential (Ecorr), Linear Polarization Resistance (Rp), Current Density (icorr)
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Half-Cell Potential (Ecorr)
		3.2 Current Density (Icorr)
		3.3 Correlation Between Corrosion Potential (Ecorr) and Current Density (Icorr)
	4 Conclusions
	References
Additive Manufacturing in Concrete Construction
Additive Manufacturing in Architecture: 3D Printing Solutions for Vaulted Spaces
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Challenges
	2 Research
		2.1 The Importance of the Right Orientation in 3D Printing
	3 The Right Orientation in AM for Architecture
		3.1 Discussion of the Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Understanding the Structural Build-Up Rate of Cementitious Materials for 3D-Printing
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Models
	3 Experimental Protocol
	4 Definition of Athix
	5 Conclusions
	References
Interlayer Bond and Porosity of 3D Printed Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Materials and Mixtures
		2.2 3D Print Experiments
		2.3 Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP)
		2.4 Bond Strength Tests
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Porosity and Critical Pore Diameter
		3.2 Tensile Bond and Compressive Strength
	4 Conclusions
	References
Adhesion Performance of Cement-Based Materials in the Fresh State
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Tack Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 The Influence of Loading Rate
		3.2 The Influence of Substrate Surface Roughness
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Study of Early Age Shear Properties of 3D Printable Cementitious Mixes with Fiber Reinforcements
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Testing Methodology
		2.1 Material
		2.2 Testing Setup and Methodology
	3 Results and Observations
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Influence of Crystalline Admixtures and Bacteria on the Fresh Properties of Self-healing Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Testing Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Novel Compressive Constitutive Model for 3D Printed Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Production and Preparation of Specimens
		2.2 Characterization Tests
	3 Analysis of Results
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Modulus of Elasticity
		3.3 Strain at Maximum Strength
	4 Compressive Constitutive Model
		4.1 Modelling of Compressive Curves
		4.2 Comparison of Experimental and Model Parameters
	5 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Nano-additives and Polymeric Viscosity Modifying Admixtures (VMA) on the Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Printable Concrete Mixtures
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Test Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Time-Based Flowability Assessments
		3.2 Apparent Green Strength Test
	4 Conclusions
	References
Structural Performance and Design
Shrinkage-Cracking Prevention in Large-Scale Concrete Structures by Means of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs)
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Artificial Lightweight Aggregates on Interfacial Transition Zone in Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Methodology
		2.2 Materials
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Durability Design and Quality Control/Assurance During Construction of Concrete Structures
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Significance
	3 Experimental Procedure
		3.1 Durable Concrete Mix Design
		3.2 QC/QA for Compressive Strength (fc)
		3.3 DQC/QA for ρS and RCP Indices
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Concrete’s Compressive Strength (fc)
		4.2 Saturated Electrical Resistivity (ρS)
		4.3 fc vs ρS
		4.4 Statistical Analysis of the Obtained Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Made with Recycled Concrete Aggregates
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Concrete Mix-Design
		2.3 Experimental Program
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Mechanical behavior of RAC
		3.2 Flexural Behavior of RAC Beams
	4 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of Design Constitutive Model for Macro-synthetic Fibre Reinforced Concrete Through Inverse Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
	3 Inverse Analysis
	4 Analysis of Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete at Low Temperatures
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Concrete Mix
		2.2 Test Configuration and Procedure
	3 Experimental Results and Discussions
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Flexural Strength
	4 Conclusions
	References
Finite Element Analysis Characterization of Macro Synthetic Fibre Reinforced Concrete Constitutive Equation
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Results
	3 FE Analysis
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Discussion on the Reliability of prEN1992-1-1:2021 Shear Strength Provisions for Fibre Reinforced Concrete Members Without Shear Reinforcement
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the Design Model and Assessment of the Model Error
		2.1 prEN1992-1-1:2021 Model for the Shear Strength of FRC Members Without Shear Reinforcement
		2.2 Experimental Database for Model Error Assessment
		2.3 Model Error Calculation
	3 Calibration of the FRC Partial Factor γSF
		3.1 Design Set and Reliability-Based Analysis
		3.2 Calibration of the Partial Factor γSF for the prEN1992-1-1:2021 Model
	4 Conclusions
	References
Analytical Determination of Flexural Resistance of Rein-forced Concrete Beams with Corrosion
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experimental Data Obtained from the Literature
		2.2 Analytical Models to Determinate Flexural Strength of RC Beams
	3 Results and Discusion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of Shear Panel Elements Using Improved Fixed Strut Angle Model Based on Plane-Stress Element
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Significance
	3 Plane Stress Element—Finite Element Formulation
		3.1 Stress-Strain Relationships
		3.2 Material Models
	4 Plane-Stress Element Formulation
	5 Solution Algorithm
	6 Experimental Validation
	7 Conclusions
	References
Non-Portland Cements and Alkali-Activated Cementitious Materials and Eco-concrete
Feasibility Study of One-Part Alkali Activated Material with MSWI Fly Ash
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Physical Appearance
		3.2 Compressive Strength
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of the Limestone Content on the Durability of Alkali-Activated Limestone-Metakaolin Subjected to Acidic and Sulfate Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Water Transport Properties of Hybrid Binder Concrete Containing Activated Copper Slag and Recycled Concrete Aggregate
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Early Age Properties of Paste and Mortar Made with Hybrid Binders Based on Portland Cement, GGBFS and Sodium Sulfate
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
	3 Methods
		3.1 Water Demand, Initial and Final Setting Times
		3.2 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
		3.3 Isothermal Calorimetry
		3.4 Flexural and Compressive Strength
		3.5 Carbon Footprint Calculations
	4 Results
		4.1 Water Demand, Initial and Final Setting Times
		4.2 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
		4.3 Isothermal Calorimetry
		4.4 Flexural and Compressive Strength
		4.5 Carbon Footprint Calculations
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Review and Experimental Investigation of Retarder for Alkali-Activated Cement
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Literature
		2.1 General
		2.2 Nano-ZnO and Zinc Salts
		2.3 Borax
		2.4 Sucrose
		2.5 Phosphates and Phosphoric Acid
		2.6 Other Retarders
	3 Experimental Study
		3.1 Materials
		3.2 Specimen Preparation and Test Methods
		3.3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Sustainable Cements: Hybrid Alkaline Cements Overview
	1 Introduction
	2 The Role of Activator
	3 The Role of Precursors
		3.1 Addition of Limestone Dust
	4 Some Pre-industrial Applications
	5 Conclusions
	References
One Part Blast-Furnace Slag Cements Activated with a Blend of MgO-Na2SO4
	1  Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedures
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Sample Preparation
		2.3 Characterization
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Compressive Strength (CS)
		3.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis
		3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy
	4 Conclusions
	References
Blended Limestone-Portland Cement Binders with Low Amounts of 2 Powdered Sodium Silicates
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Effect of CSS on Portland-Limestone Binders
		2.2 Comparison Between CSS and WGSS
		2.3 CO2 Emissions
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Effect of CSS on Portland-Limestone Binders
		3.2 Comparison Between CSS and WGSS in Mortars with Low W/b
	4 Conclusions
	References
Hydraulic Pastes of Alkali-Activated Waste Glass and Limestone Cement Using in Situ Caustification
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
		2.1 Raw Materials
		2.2 Experimental Procedure
		2.3 Characterization
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
RILEM TC 281-CCC Working Group 6: Carbonation of Alkali Activated Concrete—Preliminary Results of a Literature Survey and Data Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Survey Scope and Data Processing
		2.1 Data Inventory
		2.2 Data Evaluation
	3 Preliminary Results and Discussion
		3.1 Carbonation Under Conditions Approximating Natural Exposure
		3.2 Accelerated Carbonation
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Alkali Binder Based on Waste Glass and Limestone
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
		2.1 Raw Materials
		2.2 First Stage: Taguchi Method
		2.3 Second Stage: Factorial Experimental Design
		2.4 Sample Preparation
		2.5 Characterization
	3 Results
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 X Ray Diffraction (XRD)
		3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		3.4 Thermal Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Cultural Heritage
Materials Characterization and Compressive Strength of Compressed Earth Blocks Reinforced with Oat Straw
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experimental Program and Standards
		2.2 Production of Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs)
		2.3 Tests in Oat Straw
		2.4 Tests of Soils
		2.5 Tests of CEBs
	3 Results
		3.1 Oat Straw and Soils
		3.2 CEBs
	4 Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References
How Different is the Deteriorating Mechanism of Fired Clay Bricks Due to NaCl Salt Compared to the Highly Damaging Na2SO4?
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Mass Changes
		3.2 Visual Damages
		3.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
		3.4 Porosity
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Soil Characteristics on the Physico-mechanical Properties of Non-stabilized Compressed Earth Blocks
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 Raw Material Characterization
		2.2 Production of CEBs
	3 Test Methods for the Characterization of CEBs
		3.1 Compression Tests
		3.2 Three-Point Bending Tests
		3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy
		3.4 Capillary Absorption Tests
		3.5 Thermal Conductivity Tests
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Compression Response of CEBs
		4.2 Three-Point Bending Response of CEBs
		4.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analyses
		4.4 Capillary Absorption Response
		4.5 Thermal Response of CEBs
	5 Conclusions
	References
Salt Deterioration of Heritage Structures—Correlating the Insights from Field and Lab Studies
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Field Study
		3.1 Background
		3.2 Physicomechanical Properties
		3.3 Mineralogy
		3.4 Pore Structure
	4 Laboratory Weathering Tests
	5 Correlating the Characteristics and Performance Parameters
	6 Conclusions
	References
Durability of Heritage Masonry Structures: Review on the Substrate-Mortar Interaction
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Important Engineering Properties of Masonry
		1.2 Factors Affecting the Performance of Masonry Structures
		1.3 Significance of Research
	2 Selection of Mortars for Masonry Repair
		2.1 Adherence
		2.2 Compressive Strength
		2.3 Tensile Strength
		2.4 Stiffness
		2.5 Porosity
		2.6 Transport Mechanisms
	3 Influence of Mortars in Salt Crystallization
	4 Research Gaps to Be Addressed
	5 Conclusions
	References
Mexico’s Caminos Reales (Royal Roads) Bridges: Location Based on Georeferencing Techniques
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Royal Roads
		1.2 Bridges
	2 Problem Statement
	3 Research Project
		3.1 Remote Location and Georeferencing of Bridges
		3.2 Platform Generation
	4 Conclusions
	References
Towards Green Materials for Cultural Heritage Conservation: Sustainability Evaluation of Products for Stone Consolidation
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Consolidating Treatments
		2.2 Substrates
		2.3 Consolidant Application
		2.4 Goal and Scope of the LCA Study
		2.5 Life Cycle Inventory
		2.6 Impact Assessment
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Determination of Product Consumption
		3.2 Comparison of the Life Cycle Impacts of the Alternative Consolidants
		3.3 Contribution Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Limestone Consolidation: How Much Product is Enough?
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials and Consolidation Treatments
		2.2 Characterization
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effectiveness
		3.2 Compatibility
		3.3 Durability
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effects of Steam-Slaking on the Characteristics of Lime from Three Different UK Manufacturers
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Raw Materials
		2.2 Slaking Process
		2.3 Analytical Techniques
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Quicklime Composition
		3.2 SEM Analysis
		3.3 XRD Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
A New Research Strategy in Studying and Improving the Bond Between Concrete and Repair Mortar
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Sample Preparation
		2.2 Automated Laser Measurement (ALM) Method
		2.3 Pull-Off Test
	3 Results
		3.1 Roughness
		3.2 Adhesion
		3.3 Bond Strength Improvement of JH Concrete
		3.4 Conclusions
	References
Ammonium Phosphate for “Green” Conservation of Cultural Heritage: 10 Years of Research in the Laboratory and in the Field
	1 Introduction
	2 Formulations
	3 Effectiveness
		3.1 Protective Ability
		3.2 Consolidating Ability
		3.3 Ability to Arrest Bowing
		3.4 Desulfating Ability
		3.5 Durable Self-cleaning Ability
	4 Compatibility
		4.1 Aesthetical Compatibility
		4.2 Microstructural-Physical Compatibility
		4.3 Thermal Compatibility
	5 Durability
		5.1 Resistance to Chemical Deterioration
		5.2 Resistance to Physical Deterioration
		5.3 Resistance to Biological Deterioration
	6 Sustainability
	7 Comparative Studies
		7.1 Ethyl Silicate
		7.2 Nanolimes
		7.3 Acrylic Resin
	8 Field Studies
		8.1 Rock-Cut Tomb in Cyprus
		8.2 Byzantine Sarcophagus in Ravenna (Italy)
		8.3 Baroque Sculpture in Versailles (France)
	9 Conclusions
	References
Characterization and Physical-Mechanical Properties of Adobes from La Huacana, Mexico
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Conservation of Cultural Heritage Building: Evaluation of Ca[Zn(OH)3]2·2H2O Nanoparticles Coating Behavior Under Salt Crystallization Cycles
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials and Stone Samples Characterization
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
New Sensors for Moisture Monitoring in Historic Walls: Preliminary Results
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Sensorized Ceramic Material
		2.2 Preliminary Tests on the Sensors
		2.3 Calibration of the Sensorized Ceramic
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Preliminary Tests on the Sensors
		3.2 Calibration of the Sensorized Ceramic
	4 Conclusions
	References
Non-Destructive Testing Techniques
Fresh Concrete Curing Monitoring Using Acoustic Emission
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Acoustic Emission Setup
		2.2 Concrete Mix Design
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Comparison of Hits
		3.2 Comparison of AE Parameters
	4 Conclusions
	References
Crack Closure Assessment in Cementitious Mixtures Based on Ultrasound Measurements
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Self-healing Evaluation
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Resistivity of Repair Materials for Concrete Repair Prior to the Application of a Cathodic Protection System
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Repair Mortars
		2.2 Mortar Specimens
		2.3 Resistivity Measurement Methods
		2.4 Environmental Test Conditions and Measurement Times
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Resistivity in Function of Time
		3.2 Influence of Relative Humidity
		3.3 Influence of Measurement Method
	4 Conclusions
	References
Non-destructive Tests for Estimating the Tensile Strength in Concrete with Deep Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Significance
	3 Development of Database
	4 Deep Neural Network Development
		4.1 Analysis Methodology
		4.2 Evaluation Method
	5 Performance Evaluation and Discussions
	6 Conclusions
	References
A Combined Electrical and Electromechanical Impedance Study of Early-Age Strength Gain in Cement Mortars
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Samples Casting and Preparation
		2.2 Test and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Electrical Impedance (EIS) Response of Mortar Samples
		3.2 The Electromechanical Impedance (EMI) Response
		3.3 Relation Between the EIS/EMI and the Mechanical Properties of the Sample
	4 Conclusion
	References
Bituminous Materials, Polymers, Timber, Bamboo, Recycling, Masonry, etc.
Using Neutron Tomography to Study the Internal Curing by Superabsorbent Polymers in Cementitious Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials and Mixing Procedure
		2.2 Neutron Tomography Measurements
		2.3 Autogenous Shrinkage and Internal Relative Humidity Measurements
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Modular Lightweight Wastewater Treatment Plants Made of Textile Reinforced Concrete—Means to Reliable Wastewater Treatment in Rural Areas
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Wastewater Management in India
	2 Development of a Modular TRC Wastewater Treatment Plant
		2.1 Methodology
		2.2 Results and Discussions
	3 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Influence of Textile Orientation on the Quasi-static and Repeated Loading Behavior of Textile Reinforced Cementitious (TRC) Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Matrix Material
		2.2 Textile Reinforcement
		2.3 TRC Geometry and Manufacturing Process
		2.4 Experimental Setup and Loading Conditions
	3 Experimental Results and Discussions
		3.1 Quasi-static Experimental Results (Uncracked)
		3.2 Repeated Loading Experimental Results
		3.3 Residual Quasi-static Experimental Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Compressive Behaviour of Alkali Stabilized Quarry Sludge Blocks
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Raw Materials
		2.2 Characterization and Mix Design
		2.3 Mechanical Simulation Background
		2.4 Block Fabrication and Tests
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Physical Characterization
		3.2 Compressive Strength Test
		3.3 Efflorescences
	4 Conclusions
	5 Future Work
	References
Properties of Concrete with Thermo-mechanically Beneficiated Fine Recycled Aggregates
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Programme
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Concrete Mixing Procedure
		2.3 Testing Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Mechanical Properties
		3.2 Durability Properties
	4 Conclusions
	References
Bond-Behavior of Bamboo Strips and Bamboo/Wood Bio-Concretes
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Production and Treatment of Bamboo Strips
		2.2 Bio-Aggregates
		2.3 Bio-Concretes Production
		2.4 Uniaxial Compression Test
		2.5 Splitting Test
		2.6 Pull-Out Test
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Bulk Density and Compressive Strength
		3.2 Splitting Tests
		3.3 Pull Out
	4 Conclusions
	References
Controlled Microencapsulation of Rejuvenators by Jet Vibration to Promote Self-healing in Bituminous Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Synthesis and Characterisation of the O/W Emulsions
		2.3 Synthesis and Characterisation of the Biopolymeric Microcapsules
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Evaluation of the Physical Stability of the O/W Emulsions
		3.2 Effect of the Oil Content on the Morphological and Physical-Mechanical Properties of the Biocapsules
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Novel Spore-Based System with Rejuvenator Controlled Release for the Self-healing of Bituminous Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Experimental Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Chemical Conditioning of the Spores to Produce Spore-based Microcarriers
		2.3 Experimental Characterization of the Spores
		2.4 Obtention of the Spore-based System of Microcapsules
		2.5 Characterization of the Spore Microcapsules
		2.6 In-Vitro Self-healing Efficiency of the Spore Microcapsules
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Extraction and Characterization of the Spore-based Microcarriers from Natural Spores
		3.2 Encapsulation of Cooking Oil into the Spore-based System of Microcapsules and the Controlled Release
		3.3 Self-healing Efficiency of the Spore Microcapsules
	4 Conclusions
	References
Permanent Deformation Characteristics of Hot Recycled Blends of Three Different RAP Sources
	1 Introduction
	2 Objective
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Materials
		3.2 Methodology
	4 Results and Analysis
		4.1 Variation of G*/sinδ with RAP Content at 64 ℃
		4.2 Variation of ZSV with RAP Content at 60 ℃
		4.3 Relationship Between ZSV and G*/sinδ at 60 ℃
		4.4 Modelling of PGH Versus ZSV
		4.5 Mixing and Compaction Temperatures of Recycled Binders
	5 Conclusions and Future Scope
	References
Influence of Treated Mixed Recycled Aggregates in Concrete Properties
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 Recycled Aggregates
		2.2 Treated Recycled Aggregates
	3 Mix Proportions and Test Procedure
		3.1 Mix Proportions
		3.2 Test Procedure
	4 Results
		4.1 Mechanical Properties
		4.2 Physical Properties
		4.3 Durability Properties
	5 Conclusions
	References
Use of Corncob Granules as Sand Replacement in the Production of Cement Mortars
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 Cement and Sand
		2.2 Corncob Granules
	3 Methods
		3.1 Corncob Granules Characterisation Tests
		3.2 Cement Mortar
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Corncob Granules Versus Sand
		4.2 Mortars Flexural Strength
		4.3 Compressive Strength
		4.4 Mineralogical Composition
	5 Conclusions
	References
Properties of High-Performance Concrete with Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate for Precast Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Concrete Mixes and Specimen Preparations
		2.3 Test
	3 Experimental Results and Discussion
		3.1 Physical Properties of Fresh and Hardened Concrete
		3.2 Mechanical Properties of Concrete
		3.3 Durability of Concrete
	4 Conclusions
	References
Artificial Rocks Made from Dredged Sands of the Magdalen Islands (Canada): Preliminary Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials Characterizations
		2.2 Experimental Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Mortar Optimization
		3.2 Mortar Mix Design Optimization
		3.3 Durability Study on Concrete
	4 Conclusion
	References