Medical Imaging for Health Professionals: Technologies and Clinical Applications

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Preface xxi<
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Acknowledgments xxiii<
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1 Introduction to Medical Imaging 2<
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Raymond M. Reilly<
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1.1 Medical Imaging Procedures 2<
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1.2 Radiation Doses from Medical Imaging Procedures 4<
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1.3 Summary 8<
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References 9<
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2 X‐Ray, CT, and Mammography Technology 11<
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Raymond M. Reilly<
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2.1 Introduction 11<
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2.2 X‐Rays 11<
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2.3 Radiography 15<
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2.4 Computed Tomography 16<
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2.5 Mammography 23<
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2.6 Summary 25<
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References 26<
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Additional Reading 26<
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3 Nuclear Medicine Imaging Technology 27<
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Raymond M. Reilly<
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3.1 Introduction 27<
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3.2 Scintillation Detectors 28<
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3.3 The Gamma Camera 31<
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3.4 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 37<
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3.5 Positron Emission Tomography 38<
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3.6 Multimodality Imaging --
SPECT/CT, PET/CT, and PET/MR 41<
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3.7 Summary 42<
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References 42<
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4 Radionuclide Production and Radiopharmaceuticals 46<
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Noor Al‐saden and Raymond M. Reilly<
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4.1 Introduction 46<
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4.2 Production of Radionuclides 47<
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4.3 Radiopharmaceutical Preparation and Supply 57<
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4.4 Radiopharmaceuticals for Cardiac Imaging 58<
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4.5 Radiopharmaceuticals for Tumor Imaging 63<
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4.6 Radiopharmaceuticals for Brain/CNS Imaging 70<
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4.7 Radiopharmaceuticals for Renal Imaging 74<
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4.8 Radiopharmaceuticals for Hepatobiliary Imaging 76<
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4.9 Radiopharmaceuticals for Bone Imaging 77<
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4.10 Radiopharmaceuticals for Lung Imaging 79<
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4.11 Radiopharmaceuticals for Thyroid/Parathyroid Imaging 80<
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4.12 Radiopharmaceuticals for Imaging Infection/Inflammation 83<
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4.14 Summary 85<
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Reference 85<
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Additional Reading 85<
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5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Technology 87<
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Raymond M. Reilly<
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5.1 Introduction 87<
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5.2 Principles of MRI 87<
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5.3 Components of the MRI System 98<
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5.4 MRI Safety Considerations 100<
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5.5 MRI Contrast Agents 102<
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5.6 Summary 104<
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References 105<
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Additional Reading 105<
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6 Ultrasound Imaging Technology 107<
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Raymond M. Reilly<
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6.1 Principles of Ultrasound Imaging 107<
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6.2 Doppler US 111<
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6.3 US Contrast Agents 112<
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6.4 Summary 113<
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References 113<
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Additional Reading 113<
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7 Cardiac Imaging 117<
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Laura Jimenez‐Juan, Shaheeda Ahmed, and Katherine Zukotynski<
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7.1 Introduction 117<
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7.2 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR) 117<
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7.3 Cardiovascular MRI Techniques 118<
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7.4 Echocardiography 129<
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7.5 Nuclear Cardiology 133<
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7.6 Summary 140<
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References 140<
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8 Lung Imaging 146<
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Anastasia Oikonomou<
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8.1 Introduction 146<
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8.2 Chest Radiograph --
Projections 146<
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8.3 Normal Findings in a Chest X‐Ray 148<
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8.4 Normal Findings in a Chest CT 155<
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8.5 Pneumonia 158<
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8.6 Tuberculosis 159<
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8.7 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 163<
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8.8 Pleural Effusion 167<
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8.9 Pneumothorax 169<
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8.10 Pulmonary Embolism 170<
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8.11 Solitary Pulmonary Nodule 172<
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8.12 Lung Cancer 176<
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8.13 Summary 178<
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References 180<
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9 Breast Imaging 186<
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Hemi Dua and Jagbir Khinda<
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9.1 Introduction 186<
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9.2 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer 186<
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9.3 Guidelines for Breast Cancer Screening 187<
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9.4 Breast Anatomy 189<
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9.5 Imaging Techniques 191<
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9.6 Mammography 191<
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9.7 Ultrasound Imaging 197<
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9.8 Breast MRI 198<
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9.9 PEM and Breast‐Specific Gamma Camera Imaging 202<
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9.10 Contrast‐Enhanced Spectral Mammography 202<
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9.11 The ABCs of Breast Imaging --
Image Interpretation 203<
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9.12 BI‐RADS Assessment Categories 209<
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9.13 Image‐Guided Breast Intervention 209<
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9.14 Extramammary Staging 219<
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9.15 Breast Lymphoscintigraphy 220<
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9.16 Summary 220<
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References 220<
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10 Endocrine Gland Imaging 225<
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Katerina Mastrocostas, Kim May Lam, Shereen Ezzat, and Sangeet Ghai<
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10.1 Introduction 225<
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10.2 The Thyroid Gland 225<
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10.3 Thyroid Hormone Diseases 227<
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10.4 Thyroid Cancer 240<
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10.5 The Parathyroid Glands 244<
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10.6 The Adrenal Glands 249<
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10.7 Mass Lesions of the Adrenal Cortex 250<
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10.8 Mass Lesions of the Adrenal Medulla 253<
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10.9 Other Neuroendocrine Diseases 255<
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10.10 Summary 259<
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Additional Reading 260<
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11 Abdominal Imaging 264<
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Vivek Singh and Chirag Patel<
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11.1 Introduction 264<
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11.2 Surgical Sieve 265<
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11.3 Peritoneum/Mesentery 265<
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11.4 Acute Peritoneal Pathologies 266<
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11.5 Gastrointestinal Tract 270<
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11.6 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 279<
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11.7 Colorectal Adenocarcinoma 282<
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11.8 Hepatic System 287<
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11.9 Diffuse Hepatic Disease 289<
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11.10 Focal Hepatic Disease 292<
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11.11 Biliary Tract 300<
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11.12 Gallbladder 301<
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11.13 Bile Ducts 304<
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11.14 Pancreas 306<
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11.15 Spleen/Lymph Nodes 313<
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11.16 Summary 316<
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Reference 317<
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Additional Reading 317<
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12 Genitourinary Tract Imaging 320<
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Sarah Johnson<
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12.1 Introduction 320<
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12.2 GU System Imaging Modalities 321<
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12.3 Evaluation of the Kidneys and Collecting Systems 328<
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12.4 Bladder and Urethra 343<
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12.5 Testicles 345<
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12.6 Prostate 348<
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12.7 Female Genitourinary Tract 350<
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12.8 Pediatric Genitourinary Tract 360<
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12.9 Summary 364<
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References 364<
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13 Imaging of the Head, Neck, Spine, and Brain 371<
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Laila Alshafai, Eugene Yu, and Sylvain Houle<
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13.1 Introduction 371<
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13.2 Imaging the Skull and Brain 372<
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13.4 Imaging the Head and Neck 390<
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13.5 PET and SPECT Neuroimaging 396<
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13.6 Summary 401<
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References 401<
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14 Musculoskeletal Imaging 404<
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Rakesh Mohankumar and Ali Naraghi<
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14.1 Introduction 404<
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14.2 Plain Radiography (X‐rays) 404<
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14.3 Computed Tomography 408<
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14.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 411<
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14.5 Ultrasound 413<
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14.6 Applications of Musculoskeletal Imaging 415<
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14.7 Summary 435<
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Additional Reading 435<
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15 Molecular Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography 439<
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Ur Metser, Noam Tau, and Amit Singnurkar<
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15.1 Introduction 439<
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15.2 PET Probes Including 18F‐FDG 440<
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15.3 18F‐FDG PET in Oncology 442<
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15.4 18F‐FDG PET in Non‐Oncology Indications 453<
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15.5 Overview of Other PET Radiopharmaceuticals 460<
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15.6 Multimodal Imaging --
PET/CT Versus PET/MR 468<
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15.7 Summary 470<
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References 470<
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Index 485<
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