Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Sustainable Civil Engineering Structures and Construction Materials: SCESCM 2020 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 215)

Preface
Contents
Structural and Material Engineering
Practical Measurement Method for Dynamic Structural Large Displacement Using a High-Speed Camera
	1 Background
	2 Literature Review
	3 High-Speed and High-Resolution Video
		3.1 High-Speed Video
		3.2 High-Resolution Video
	4 Research Methods
		4.1 Research Procedure
		4.2 Analysis Using Tracker Software
		4.3 Shake Table Calibration
		4.4 Recording Process and Analysis
	5 Results
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
Finite Element Analysis of CRTS III Slab Track Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Ballastless Track Model
		2.1 Soil-Structure Interaction
		2.2 Finite Element Model
		2.3 Parametric Study
	3 Results and Decision
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement with Volcanic Ash on Mechanical Behaviour of Mortar
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Investigation
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Mixture Proportions
		2.3 Specimens
		2.4 Testing Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Normal Consistency and Setting Times
		3.2 Workability
		3.3 Compressive Strength
		3.4 Strength Activity Index (SAI)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Lateral Load–Displacement Behaviors of Reinforced Geopolymer-Concrete Column Using Finite Element Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Previous Studies
		2.1 Durability Geopolymer Concrete
		2.2 Stress–strain Relationship of Geopolymer Concrete
		2.3 The Experiment of Structural Element
	3 Finite Element Model
		3.1 General
		3.2 Stress–strain Relationship
		3.3 Finite Element Model, Boundary Conditions and Loading
	4 Analysis of Results
		4.1 Lateral Load–Displacement
		4.2 Stress–strain of Elements
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimal Sensor Placement for Accelerometer in Single-Pylon Cable-Stayed Bridge
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
	2 Optimal Sensor Placement Technique
		2.1 Effective Independence Method
		2.2 Eigenvalue Component Product
		2.3 Mode Shape Summation Plot Method
		2.4 Effective Independence—Drive Point Residue Method
	3 Methods
		3.1 Finite Element Model
		3.2 Optimal Sensor Placement
	4 Results
		4.1 Validation
		4.2 Accelerometer Position
	5 Conclusion
	References
Seismic Performance of Instant Steel Frame House for Post Earthquake Reconstruction
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Brittle Structure
		1.2 Masonry Wall
		1.3 Built Back Better
		1.4 Instant Steel Frame House
		1.5 RISBA Detailing
	2 Pushover Analysis
		2.1 Performance-Based Design
		2.2 RISBA Modelling
	3 Analysis Result
	4 Conclusion
	References
Nonlinear Numerical Model of Glued-Laminated Petung Bamboo Under Flexural Test Based on ASTM D 143-94
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Statement
	3 Finite Element Method
		3.1 Hooke Law for Orthotropic Material
		3.2 Hill’s 1948 Yield Criterion
		3.3 Associated Flow Rule
	4 Implementation of Finite Element Simulation
		4.1 Abaqus CAE Numerical Model
		4.2 Abaqus CAE Numerical Model
	5 Result and Discussion
		5.1 Non-linear Behavior
		5.2 Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Rapture, and Ultimate Tensile Stress
		5.3 Stress–Strain Distribution
	6 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Simulation Reinforcement of RC T-Beam with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)
	1 Introduction
	2 Parameters and Properties
		2.1 Concrete
		2.2 Steel
		2.3 CFRP
	3 Finite Element Model
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Load–Displacement Curve
		4.2 Bending Moment Capacity
		4.3 Failure Mode
	5 Conclusion
	References
Development Experimental Investigations of Truss Bridge Model for Vibration-Based Structural Health Monitoring
	1 Introduction
	2 Vibrate Mode
		2.1 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
		2.2 Half Power Bandwidth Method for Damping Analysis
	3 Experimental Program
		3.1 Small Scale Bridge Bride for Model Fabrication
		3.2 Vibration Measurement Instruments
		3.3 Simulation of Damage and Test Preparation
		3.4 Data Processing
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Identification Natural Frequency FE Model
		4.2 Natural Frequency of Bridge Model Structures
		4.3 V-B Vibration Mode Measurement
		4.4 V-50% Vibration Mode Measurement
		4.5 Comparison of FE Modeling Results versus Bridge Model
		4.6 The Damping Ratio of the Great Model
		4.7 Evaluation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Parameter Identification of Bouc-Wen Model Using Firefly Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Survey of the Literature
	3 Bouc-Wen Model Representation
	4 Firefly Algorithm (FA)
	5 Fitness Value and Objective Function
	6 Case Studies
		6.1 Circular Hollow Steel Damper (CHSD)
		6.2 Hexagonal Hollow Steel Damper (HHSD)
		6.3 Vertical Steel Pipe Damper
		6.4 Composite Castellated Beam
	7 Conclusions
	References
Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash Bottom Ash (FABA) Geopolymer Hybrid Concrete Using Portland Cement
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Preparation, Casting, and Curing of Test Specimens
		2.3 Testing of Specimens
		2.4 Predicted Tensile and Flexural Strength Equations
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Slump, Density and Compressive Strength
		3.2 Tensile Strength
		3.3 Flexural Strength
		3.4 Shrinkage
	4 Conclusions
	References
Investigation of Confined Masonry Using Non-standard Quality of Concrete and Reinforcement
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Testing Program
		2.1 General
		2.2 Wall Specimens
		2.3 Test Setup
		2.4 Data Collection
	3 Test Results and Discussion
		3.1 Material Properties
		3.2 Cracks Patterns
		3.3 Hysteresis Curves
	4 Conclusions
	References
Prospective of Passive Control Structural Devices for Existing Low-Rise Building at Earthquake-Prone Region of Developing Countries: A Literature Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Earthquakes and Building Dampers in Asia
	3 Energy Dissipation Methods
		3.1 Passive Energy Dissipation
	4 Low-Rise Building with Damper
	5 Summary
	6 Suggestions
	References
Numerical Modelling of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Columns Under Eccentric Loading
	1 Introduction
	2 FE Modeling
		2.1 General
		2.2 Boundary Conditions
		2.3 Material Modeling of Steel
		2.4 Material Modeling of Concrete
	3 Verification of the FE Model
		3.1 Specimen Parameters of Experimental Data
		3.2 Comparison of Experimental and FE Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Maturity Method to Predict Strength Development of Concrete Made of Portland Cement Composite (PCC)
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Equivalent Age Concept
		2.2 The Relationship Between Strength and Maturity
		2.3 The Relationship Between Strength and Ages
	3 Materials and Experimental Works
		3.1 Materials
		3.2 Experimental Work
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Study on Partial Replacement of Cement with Limonite in Mechanical Strength of Mortar
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Investigation
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Mixture Proportions
		2.3 Specimens
		2.4 Testing Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Normal Consistency and Setting Times
		3.2 Workability
		3.3 Compressive Strength
		3.4 Strength Activity Index (SAI)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development of Numerical Model for Highly-Flowable Strain Hardening Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HF-SHFRC) Columns Subjected to Lateral Displacement Reversals and High Axial Loading Level
	1 Introduction
	2 Constructed Analytical Model
		2.1 Forced-Based Beam-Column Element
		2.2 Fiber Section
		2.3 Material Model
		2.4 Spring in Zero-Length Element
		2.5 Toughness Ratio
		2.6 Shear Strength Prediction Equation
	3 Benchmark Specimens
	4 Benchmark Specimens
		4.1 Specimen S90-0.75
		4.2 Specimen S130-1.0
	5 Comparison Between Experimental and Numerical Model
	6 Conclusions
	References
Mechanical Properties of Eco-Friendly Self-consolidating Concrete Containing Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Calcined Dolomite
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Studies
		2.1 Material Properties
		2.2 Mixture Proportions
		2.3 Specimens Preparation and Testing Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Workability of Freshly Mixed SCC
		3.2 Compressive Strength
		3.3 Splitting Tensile Strength
		3.4 Water Absorption and Volume of Permeable Voids
	4 Conclusions
	References
An Overview of the Development of Replaceable Links in Eccentrically Braced Frame Steel Structures
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background of Seismic Resistant Steel Structures
		1.2 The Need for a Replaceable Link
	2 Development of EBF and Shear Link
		2.1 Early-Stage of EBF Development (1970–1990s)
		2.2 Further Development of EBF and Study of Link Inelastic Behavior (1990–2000s)
		2.3 Research of Replaceable Links in EBF Structure in the Last Decade (2010–Present)
		2.4 Challenges in Adopting Replaceable Link
		2.5 Research of Vertical Links in EBF Structure
	3 Concluding Remarks
	References
The Evaluation of Six Indonesian Hardwood Species According to SNI 7973:2013
	1 Introduction
	2 Background Theory
		2.1 Grading System in SNI 7973-2013
		2.2 Specification of Bending Test and the Determination of Design Values
	3 Research Methods
		3.1 Development of Testing Specimens
		3.2 Development of Testing Specimens
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Moisture Content Examination
		4.2 Elastic Modulus Final Result
		4.3 Elastic Modulus Final Result—Comparison with Other Research Outcomes
		4.4 Actual Bending Strength (Modulus of Rupture—MOR)
		4.5 Comparison Between the Test Result and SNI 7973:2013
		4.6 Comparison Between Test Results and SNI 7973:2013 and PKKI 1961
	5 Conclusion
	References
Image Analysis of the Color Change on Concrete Surface Under the Change of Temperature and Humidity
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminary Experiment
		2.1 Observation of Concrete
		2.2 Observation Results
		2.3 Discussions
	3 Observation of Cracked and Sound Concrete
		3.1 Specimens
		3.2 Experimental Devices for Observation of Concrete
		3.3 Setting Condition
	4 Method of Image Analysis
		4.1 Grayscale Convert
		4.2 Calculate Correlation Coefficient
		4.3 Distribution of Correlation Coefficients
	5 Results and Discussions of Image Analysis
		5.1 Analysis Results
		5.2 Discussions
	6 Conclusion
	References
Dynamic Formation of Spontaneous Corrugation on Sand Surface Due to Repeated Loading of Moving Vehicle
	1 Introduction
	2 Indoor Reproduction Experiment
		2.1 Experimental Setup
		2.2 Experimental Results
		2.3 Effects of Shapes and Surface Materials
	3 Penetration Test
		3.1 Experimental Setup
		3.2 Experimental Results
	4 Numerical Model and Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Assessment and Back Analysis of a Swaying-Jetty in Dumai Indonesia
	1 Background
	2 Existing Jetty Structure Configuration
		2.1 Jetty Configuration
		2.2 Pile Configuration of the Main Jetty
	3 Main Jetty Design
		3.1 Pile Design of the Main Jetty
	4 Geotechnical Assessment of the Main Jetty
		4.1 Actual Soil Condition
		4.2 Comparison of Actual Soil Condition Versus Initial Site Investigation with Respect to Pile Bearing Capacity
		4.3 Seabed Level Evaluation from 2013 to 2016
	5 Structural Assessment
		5.1 Field Instrumentation Using the Accelerometer
		5.2 Finding on Layout Configuration and Actual Structure Stiffness
		5.3 Actual Raking Pile Inclination Versus Design Inclination
	6 Remodeling of the As-Built Main Jetty
		6.1 Structural Parameter for Modelling
		6.2 Soil Parameter for Structural Modelling
	7 Back Analysis Result
		7.1 Discussion on Jetty Structure’s Stiffness
		7.2 Predicted Displacement Due to 50,000 DWT Berthing and Pile Stress Ratio on the Main Jetty
	8 Conclusion
	References
Seismic Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Frame with Unreinforced Masonry Infill Walls in Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the Buildings
	3 Modeling Approaches for RC Frames and URM Infill Walls
		3.1 Verification of the Analytical Model
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
High Temperature Performance of Concrete Incorporating Recycled Glass Powders
	1 Introduction
	2 Background of the Research
	3 Desk Study for the Research
	4 Aim of the Experiment
	5 Recycled Glass Powder (RGP) and Environmental Sustainability
	6 Materials
		6.1 Recycled Glass Powder (RGP)
	7 Experimental Procedure
		7.1 Concrete Sample Preparation for Experiment
	8 Result
	9 Discussion
		9.1 Challenges Faced During the Research Experiment
	10 Recommendation
	References
The Effect of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Steel Fiber Addition to the Mechanical Properties of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC)
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Mix Proportion and Specimens
		2.3 Testing
	3 Result and Analysis
		3.1 Flexural Strength Test
		3.2 Compressive Strength Test
		3.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Investigation on Fire Resistance of Concrete Incorporating Recycled Ceramic Fine Aggregate
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Significance
	3 Experimental Program
		3.1 Material Features
		3.2 Morphology of RCFA
		3.3 Mix Proportioning
		3.4 Preparation of Specimen
		3.5 Experimental Procedure
	4 Analysis Via Visual Inspection
		4.1 External Change of Color and Appearance
		4.2 Spalling and Crack Pattern
	5 Result and Discussion
		5.1 Trend of Temperature–Time Curves
		5.2 States of Compressive Strength
		5.3 Elastic Modulus of Different Concretes
		5.4 Failure Patterns of Concrete
		5.5 Weight Loss
		5.6 X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometer Test on RCFA
	6 Conclusions
	References
Image Analysis on the Deformation Behaviors of RC Beams with Simulated Deteriorations Under Moving Wheel Load Fatigue
	1 Introduction
	2 Approach
		2.1 Moving Wheel Load Test
		2.2 Image Capture
		2.3 Image Analysis
		2.4 Calculation of Strain
	3 Results of Image Analysis
		3.1 Specimen D at 60,000 Cycles of Loading
		3.2 Specimen D at 120,000 Cycles of Loading
		3.3 Specimen W at 60,000 Cycles of Loading
		3.4 Specimen W at 100,000 Cycles of Loading
	4 Discussions
		4.1 Diagonal Crack
		4.2 Propagation of Diagonal Crack
		4.3 Local Compressive Strain About Specimen W
	5 Conclusion
	References
Investigation of Catalyzed Biomass Thermoelectric Concrete with Palm Oil Fuel Ash
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Material and Sample Preparation
		2.2 Setup for External Circuit
		2.3 Setup for Conductivity Test
		2.4 Compressive Load Test
	3 Findings and Discussion
		3.1 Slump Test
		3.2 Compressive Strength Test
		3.3 Voltage Test
	4 Conclusion
	References
Examination on the Processes of Structural Performance Evaluation of SRC Deep Beams by FEA with NDT Results
	1 Introduction
	2 The Procedure of Blind Performance Evaluation
	3 The Data from Inspection and Measurement
	4 Prediction of Material Properties and Internal Arrangements
		4.1 Concrete
		4.2 Reinforcing Rebar
		4.3 I-beam
		4.4 Discussion
	5 Analysis of the Predicted Structure
		5.1 FEA
		5.2 Hand Calculation
		5.3 Discussion of Prediction of Behavior on Loading Experiment
	6 Comparison of Prediction and Actual Specimen
		6.1 Arrangement of Internal Structure
		6.2 Load–displacement Curve
		6.3 Procedure of Cracking of Actual Structure and FEA
		6.4 Discussion from Comparison
	7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Development of Time Histories Based on Shallow Crustal Earthquake Sources Considering the New Version of the Indonesian Earthquake Map
	1 Background
	2 Research Method
		2.1 Research Instrument
		2.2 Identification of the Earthquake Fault Source (Shallow Crustal) and Earthquake Source Modeling
		2.3 Determination of Earthquake Source Parameters and Attenuation Function
		2.4 Logic Tree
		2.5 Earthquake Hazard Analysis and Hazard Deaggregation Analysis
		2.6 Ground Motion
		2.7 Analysis of Soil Dynamic Response
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Identification and Earthquake Source Modeling
		3.2 Characteristics of Earthquake Sources
		3.3 Attenuation Function and Logic Tree
		3.4 Results of Earthquake Hazard Analysis
		3.5 Hazard Deaggregation
		3.6 Spectral Matching
		3.7 Analysis of Soil Dynamic Response
	4 Conclusion
	References
Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Beam
	1 Introduction
		1.1 General
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Laboratory Test
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Slump Test
		3.2 Compression Test
		3.3 Flexural Test
		3.4 Tensile Test
	4 Conclusions
	5 Recommendations
	References
Shear Strength Parallel to Grain for Selected Malaysian Tropical Timber According to BS EN408
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Sample Preparation
		2.3 Shear Strength and Failure Modes Evaluation
		2.4 Determination of Density and Moisture Content
	3 Results and discussion
		3.1 Shear Strength Properties
		3.2 Comparison with MS 544: Part 2 and MS 544: Part 3
		3.3 Failure Patterns
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Pineapple Leaf Fibre as Additional Material in Concrete Mixture
	1 Introduction
	2 Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF)
	3 Materials and Mix Design
	4 Experimental setup
	5 Result and Discussion
		5.1 Slump test
		5.2 Compressive strength, fc
		5.3 Splitting Tensile Strength, fct
		5.4 Flexural Strength, fcf
	6 Conclusion
	References
Flexural Behavior of SCC Beams with Different Shear Span to Effective Depth Ratio
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Preparation of SCC Mix
		2.2 Testing for Fresh Properties
		2.3 Testing for Hardened Properties
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Fresh Properties
		3.2 Compression Strength
		3.3 Flexural Behavior of SCC Beam Specimens Containing Eggshell
		3.4 Failure Modes
		3.5 Prediction of Flexural Strength of SCC Beams
	4 Conclusions
	References
Flexural Strength and Ductility of Green Engineered Cementitious Composites Containing High Volumes of Fly Ash
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Method
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Behaviors of Green ECC Under Bending Test
		3.3 Failure Mode of Green ECC Plates
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Experimental Study on the Influence of Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) on Bending Strength of Green Engineered Cementitious Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Details of Test Specimen
		2.2 Mix Constituents and Proportions
		2.3 Mixing Procedures and Test Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Bending Strength
		3.3 Failure Mechanism of ECC Plates
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Correlation Between Split Tensile and Flexural Strength with Compressive Strength of Crumb Rubber-Rice Husk Ash Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Splitting Tensile Strength
		3.3 Flexural Strength
		3.4 Correlation Coefficient
	4 Conclusion
	References
Finite Element Dynamic Analysis of Double-Span Steel Beam Under an Instantaneous Loss of Support
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Details
	3 Finite Element Modelling Technique
		3.1 Geometrical Modelling
		3.2 Material Modelling
		3.3 Loading Scheme and Analysis Procedure
		3.4 Model Meshing
	4 Verification of the Finite Element Model
		4.1 Preliminary Analysis
		4.2 Sudden Column-Removal Simulation (Non-Linear Dynamic Analysis)
	5 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Replacement Area Ratio on Bearing Capacity Improvement of Peat Soil Columns Stabilized Using MUF-P Polymer Resin
	1 Introduction
	2 Material Properties
	3 Soil Columns Modelling
	4 Load—Settlement Test
		4.1 Construction of Foundation
		4.2 Soil Columns Installation
		4.3 Loading Tests
	5 Results and Analysis
		5.1 Load - Settlement Analyses
		5.2 Improvement of Bearing Capacity Ratio
	6 Conclusions
	References
Ettringite: Influence of Steam Curing and Excessive Sulphate Content
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials and Preparation of Test Specimens
		2.2 Pre-conditioned of Mortar Specimens
		2.3 Testing of Samples
		2.4 Ettringite Precipitation Observations
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Expansion of Mortar
		3.2 Compressive Strength Development
		3.3 Microscopic Observation of Ettringite Formation by Using SEM and EDX
	4 Conclusions
	References
Geoforensic Investigation of Cavity and Settlement for Abutment Bridge Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging
	1 Background of the Problem
	2 Site Geomorphology and Geology
		2.1 Site Geomorphology
		2.2 Site Geomorphology
	3 Geoforensic Investigation and Method of Analysis
		3.1 Field Investigation
	4 Results and Analysis
		4.1 JKR Probe Analysis
		4.2 Electrical Resistivity Imaging
	5 Conclusions and Recommendations
		5.1 Conclusions
		5.2 Recommendation for the Proposed Remediation Works
	References
Strength Predictions of Normal Concrete Beam with Corner Notch
	1 Introduction
	2 Finite Element Modelling
		2.1 Generation of Material and Geometry Properties
		2.2 Testing Series
		2.3 Incorporation of Traction–Separation Relationship
		2.4 Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM)
		2.5 Cohesive Zone Modelling (CZM)
		2.6 Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT)
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Post-processing from XFEM Frameworks
		3.2 Post-processing from CZM Techniques
		3.3 Post-processing from VCCT Techniques
	4 Comparison of Strength Predictions in All Techniques Implemented
	5 Conclusion
	References
Structural Condition Assessment of a Log Bridge Under Heavy Traffic Load (Case Study: 105 Tons Gas Engine Delivery in Central Borneo Project)
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 The Concept of the Log Bridge Structure
		2.2 Structural Design
		2.3 Loading Test Scenario
		2.4 The Idealization of the Superstructure Cross-Section
		2.5 The Deflection and Stress of Upper Structure
		2.6 Abutment Stability
	3 Numerical Modeling
	4 Experimental Studies
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Application of Inserted Steel Pipe as an Alternative Confinement Design in Reinforced Concrete Column Plastic Hinge Regions
	1 Introduction
	2 Concrete Stress–Strain Relationship
	3 Research Methodology
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Stress–Strain Relationship
		4.2 Moment–Curvature Relationship
		4.3 Interaction Diagram
		4.4 Volume Comparison of Confinement Reinforcement
	5 Conclusion
	References
Influence of Solvable Connections on the Life Cycle Assessment of a Facade System
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Study
		2.1 Base Model
		2.2 Variations of the Base Model
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Life Cycle Stages
		3.2 Indicators
	4 Results
		4.1 Service Life
		4.2 Life Cycle Assessment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Seismic Performance Comparison of Pile Supported Slab Viaduct with PHC Pile and RC Bored Pile in South Part of Java Island
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Analysis Method
		2.1 Determination of Pile Section
		2.2 Structural Idealization
		2.3 Concrete and Steel Parameter of the Pile Section
		2.4 Ground Motions Input
		2.5 Structural Performance Investigation Method
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Structural Behavior
		3.2 Seismic Performance of Both Structure
	4 Conclusion and Recommendation
		4.1 Conclusion
		4.2 Recommendation
	References
Finite Element Analysis for Developing Multi-direction Crossing Web Type Shear Panel Damper
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Literature
		2.1 Parameters of Hysteresis Loop
		2.2 Displacement Ductility
		2.3 Low Yield Strength Steel
		2.4 Finite Element Analysis
	3 Research Methods
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Model of Finned Tubular Shear Panel Damper for Multi-direction Seismic Excitation
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Analysis of FTSPD
		2.1 FTSPD Configuration
		2.2 Constraint and Loading Condition
		2.3 The Structural Performance Investigation Method
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Device Behaviour
		3.2 Seismic Device Performance
	4 Conclusion and Recommendation
		4.1 Conclusion
		4.2 Recommendation
	References
Investigation of Fast Connection (Clamped Pocket Mechanics) for Modular Instant Steel House with Finite Element Analysis: Back to Build Post-disaster
	1 Introduction
	2 Structural Performance Requirement
		2.1 Strength, Stiffness, and Rotation Capacity
		2.2 Ductility and Hysteretic Energy
	3 Numerical Analysis
		3.1 Structural and Material Parameters
		3.2 CPM Parameters
		3.3 Loading Set up
		3.4 Numerical Model Parameters
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Pull-Out Test Simulation
		4.2 Lateral Cyclic Loading Test Simulation
		4.3 The CPM Connection Performance
	5 Conclusion
	6 Recommendation
	References
Method Assessment of Bridge Conditions Using Vibration Mode Patterns
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Method
		2.1 Prototype and Model
		2.2 Dynamic Loading System Prototype and Model Bridge
		2.3 Sensor Accelerometer
		2.4 Experimental Set Up
		2.5 Research Stages
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Dynamic Prototype Bridge Load Response
	4 Conclusion
	References
Quantification of Bacteria Self-healing Efficiency on Concrete Cracks
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Preparation of Bacteria
		2.2 Preparation of Materials and Mix Proportion for Concrete Specimens
		2.3 Preparation of Concrete Specimens
		2.4 Curing and Compressive Strength of Specimens
		2.5 Creation of Cracks
		2.6 Applying Bacteria Broth onto Cracked Specimens
		2.7 Quantification of Healing Efficiency (HE)
		2.8 Examination on Filling Up Materials
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Bacteria Identification and Urease Production
		3.2 Determination of Growth Curve and Colony Forming Unit
		3.3 Compressive Strength
		3.4 Quantification of Healing Efficiency
	4 Conclusions
	References
Feasible Design Tensile Capacity of Post-installed Anchors Based on the New Eurocode 2: Part 4 (2018)
	1 Introduction
	2 Design Methodology of Eurocode 2: Part 4 (2018)
		2.1 Typical Failure Mechanisms of Anchors Subject to Tension Force
		2.2 Design Theories
	3 Methodology Framework to Develop the Design Tool
		3.1 Selecting Parameters
		3.2 Developing the Design Tool
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Mechanical Anchors
		4.2 Bonded Anchors
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Maximum Allowable Peak Ground Acceleration of a Six Storey Building Based on Micro Tremor and Numerical Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Method
		2.1 Devices
		2.2 Site Measurement Procedures
		2.3 Signal Processing and FFT
		2.4 Numerical Modeling
	3 Theoretical Basis
		3.1 Amplification Factor and Storey Drift
		3.2 Vulnerability Index
		3.3 The Maximum Allowable Ground Acceleration
		3.4 Dynamic Magnification Ratio (DMF)
		3.5 Damping Ratio
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Stiffness and Damping Ratio
	5 Prediction of Maximum Allowable Ground Acceleration
		5.1 Strength of Columns
	6 Conclusion
	References
The Bond Strength and Damping Properties of Mortar Joint Using Rubber Tire Crumbs
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Method
		2.1 Materials and Specimen Preparation
		2.2 Test Procedure
		2.3 Bond Strength and Damping Analysis
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Bond Strength and Shear Modulus
		3.2 Damping Ratio and Stiffness
	4 Conclusion
	References
Using Calcium Oxide and Accelerator to Control the Initial Setting Time of Mortar in 3D Concrete Printing
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Study
		2.1 Materials and Mix Design
		2.2 Specimen Preparation and Testing
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Preliminary Study
		3.2 Workability Control
		3.3 Initial Setting Time
		3.4 Compressive Strength
	4 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Simulation of Spalling and Moisture Evaporation in Concrete Tunnel Linings Exposed to Fire
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
	3 FE Modelling Parameters
		3.1 RABT Fire Curve
		3.2 Thermal Properties of Concrete
		3.3 Critical Temperature for Spalling
		3.4 Moisture Evaporation
	4 Thermal FE Analysis Using Abaqus
	5 Discussion of Experimental and Numerical Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Optimization on Geometry Design of Double-Layer Space Trusses
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Configuration of Double-Layer Space Truss
		1.2 Structural Size Conditions
		1.3 Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR)
		1.4 Space Configuration
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR)
		2.2 Material Properties
		2.3 Boundary Conditions
		2.4 Loading Conditions
		2.5 Size Optimization for Double-Layer Space Truss
		2.6 Strength to Weight Ratio
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Optimization of Geometry Design
		3.2 Analysis of Demand Capacity Ratio
		3.3 Vulnerability Index of DLSTs
		3.4 Comparison of Strength to Weight Ratio
	4 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Investigation of Structural Behavior of Timber-Glass Composite Wall Panel
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experimental Set Up
		2.2 Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modelling
	3 Analysis Results and Discussion
		3.1 Non-linear Analysis Result Validation and Comparison
		3.2 Non-linear Analysis Results for Different Aspect Ratios
		3.3 Brittle Cracking Explicit Analysis Result
		3.4 Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	5 Recommendations
	References
Effect of Palm Oil Bottom Ash (POBA) on Concrete Mechanical Properties of Fresh and Hardened Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC)
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Materials Preparation
		2.2 Specimens Design and Casting
		2.3 Concrete Testing
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Workability of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC)
		3.2 Density of UHPC
		3.3 Compressive Strength of UHPC
	4 Analysis of Results
		4.1 Compressive Strength–Slump Relationship
		4.2 Compressive Strength–Concrete Density Relationship
	5 Conclusion
	References
Impacts of Steel LNG Tank Aspect Ratio on Seismic Vulnerability Subjected to Near-Field Earthquakes
	1 Introduction
	2 Details of Adopted Storage Tanks
	3 Fluid–Structure Interaction Effects
	4 Finite Element Model of the Tank-Liquid System
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Free Vibration Analysis
		5.2 Non-linear Dynamic Time-History Analysis
	6 Conclusions
	References
Load–Displacement Behavior of Soil–Pile Interaction Under Lateral Action
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Mohr–Coulomb Model
		2.2 Duncan–Chang Model
		2.3 Static Analysis
		2.4 Soil Deformation Pattern
		2.5 Lateral Soil Pressure
	3 Finite Element Model, Geometric and Material Properties
	4 Load–Displacement Behavior for Different Types of Soil
	5 Parametric Analysis
	6 Effective Stress Formation
		6.1 Mean Effective Stress in Sand and Clay
	7 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Shear Failure of Pile in Clay Due to Soil–Structure Interaction
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Seismic Hazard
		2.2 Factor Affecting Soil Behavior
		2.3 Shear Behavior of Soil
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Modelling and Material Parameters
		3.2 Convergence Test
		3.3 Dynamics Implicit
		3.4 Boundary Condition
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
RC Beams Strengthened with Near Surface Mounted Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Plate at Short Term Saltwater Exposure
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Near Surface Mounted (NSM)
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Flexural Performance Test
		2.2 CFRP Plate Bonded Specimen and Configuration
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Ultimate Load Capacity
		3.2 Load Versus Displacement
		3.3 Mode of Failure
	4 Conclusion
	References
Assessment on Bonding Strength of Cross Laminated Timber Made from Light Red Meranti Manufactured by Vacuum Press Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Production of CLT Panel
		2.3 Block Shear Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Shear Strength Properties
		3.2 Relationship of Shear Strength Properties and Wood Failure Percentage
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Kenaf Core to the Physical Properties of Cement-Sand Brick for Non-load Bearing Walls
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials Preparation and Properties
		2.2 Mix Design
		2.3 Specimen Preparation
		2.4 Compressive Strength Test
		2.5 Density Test
		2.6 Water Absorption and Porosity Test
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Density
		3.3 Water Absorption and Porosity
	4 Conclusions
	References
Bond Strength of Different Mechanically Rebar-Spliced Embedded in Concrete Under Pull Out Test
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Investigation
		2.1 Materials and Test Specimens
		2.2 Test Plan and Setup
	3 Experimental Results and Observation
		3.1 In-Air Mechanical Coupler
		3.2 Embedded Mechanical Coupler in Concrete
		3.3 Effect of Parameters
	4 Conclusion
	References
Construction Management
Construction Supply Chains for Strategic Materials of Building Contractors in the Greater Bandung Areas
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure and Behaviour of Supply Chain
	3 Strategic Commodities
	4 Research Methodology
		4.1 Data Collection Method
		4.2 Data Analysis Method
	5 Results
		5.1 Supply Chain Structure
		5.2 Conduct of Supply Chain Parties
	6 Conclusions
	References
Social Sustainability in Education: An Insight into the Civil Engineering Curricular
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Sustainable Construction
		2.2 Social Sustainability
		2.3 Education in Sustainability Development (ESD)
	3 Methods
		3.1 Data Collection
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Questionnaire
		4.2 The Understanding of Social Sustainability Among Respondents
		4.3 The Current Status of Social Sustainability in Subjects
		4.4 An Integrated Framework of Social Sustainability Attribute Over the Lesson Plan of Civil Engineering Education
	5 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Development
	References
Legacy of the Games: Portable Architecture Transforming the Host City—The Pre-game, Game and Post-game Phase
	1 Introduction
	2 Goals, Objectives and Research Question
	3 Approach and Methodology
	4 Limitations
	5 Hosting the Games: The Money Involved
	6 Pre-game Planning Phase: Role of the Government and Planning Schemes
		6.1 Delhi—Post Asian Games of 1982, Commonwealth Games 2010
		6.2 London Olympic Games of 2012
		6.3 Rio Olympics of 2016
	7 The Construction Phase
		7.1 Building Typologies
		7.2 Light, Sound and Physical Infrastructure
		7.3 Technological Innovations
	8 Post-game Planning Schemes
		8.1 The Commonwealth Games, Delhi, 2010
		8.2 The Olympic Games, London, 2012
	9 Legacy of the Games
	10 Inference: Success and Failure of Legacy Phase
		10.1 Technological Innovations
	11 Flexibility in Architecture
		11.1 Portability in Architecture
		11.2 Roof Structure
		11.3 Structure and Seats
		11.4 Lights
		11.5 Tracks and Grass
	12 Discussion and Findings
	13 Conclusion
	14 Recommendation for Future Research
	References
Cost Structure Identification for Third-Party Logistics Services in Construction Projects
	1 Introduction
	2 Activity-Based Costing
	3 Research Method
	4 Third-Party Logistics Services for Construction Projects
	5 The Cost Structure of a Third-Party Logistics Provider
	6 Conclusion
	References
Constraint and Fault Tree Analysis in Safety Construction System Integration
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Domino Theory
		2.2 Fault Tree Analysis
		2.3 Assessment
	3 Research Method
		3.1 Research Instrument
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Data Collection Results
		4.2 Constraint Analysis by FTA
	5 Conclusion
	References
Identifying Competency of Housing Construction Personnel in Indonesia
	1 Introduction
	2 Purpose and Objective
	3 Literature Review
		3.1 Experts Executor
		3.2 Construction Executor
		3.3 Housing
		3.4 Building
		3.5 Residential Building
		3.6 Public Facilities and Social Amenities
	4 Research Method
		4.1 Data Collection Method
		4.2 Data Processing Method
		4.3 Description Data
	5 Result and Analysis
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	8 Research Limitation
	References
Experiment to Determine Worker Needs Index in Brick Work with Space Mold Tools
	1 Background
	2 Purpose and Objective
	3 Benefit
	4 Literature Review
		4.1 House Backlog
		4.2 Brick Work
		4.3 Space Mold
		4.4 Construction Worker
		4.5 Productivity
	5 Method
	6 Result and Analysis
	7 Conclusion and Suggestion
	References
Development of Entry Mode Assessment Criteria (EMAC) Model for Malaysian Construction Companies to Sustain in International Operations
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 International Markets for Construction Companies
		2.2 AHP Model
		2.3 Entry Mode Decisions
		2.4 International Entry Decision Model (IEDM)
		2.5 Country Classification
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Research Approach
		3.2 Internal Readiness Test
	4 Analysis and Discussions
		4.1 Internal Readiness Test Based on Strength Factors
		4.2 Internal Readiness Test Based on Location
		4.3 Entry Location Analysis
		4.4 Strength Analysis
		4.5 Entry Mode Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Development of Automated Web-Based Condition Survey System for Heritage Monuments Using Deep Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Methodology
	4 Faster R-CNN
	5 Dataset Preparation
	6 Experiment
	7 Web-Based Condition Survey System
	8 Conclusion
	References
Developing Indicators of Green Operation and Maintenance of Green Supply Chain Management in Construction Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Project Life Cycle
		2.2 Green Supply Chain Management in Construction
	3 Research Methodology
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Developing Indicators of Green Operation and Maintenance as Part of GSCM in Construction
		4.2 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Proposed Workflow of 3D Modelling Conversion and Enhancement in Quantity Surveying Profession
	1 Introduction
	2 The Workflow of 3D Modelling Conversion and Enhancement
		2.1 Stage 1: Developing a 3D Model
		2.2 Stage 2: 3D Model Conversion
		2.3 Stage 3: 3D Model Enhancement
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Data Collection
	4 Analysis
		4.1 File Conversion and Data Lost Correction in BIM Software
		4.2 3D Model Component Enhancement in BIM Software
		4.3 3D Model Description Enhancement in BIM Software
	5 Conclusion
	References
Industry 4.0 in the Malaysian Construction Industry and Its Adoption Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Industry 4.0 in the Malaysian Context
	3 Industry 4.0 in the Construction Industry
	4 Challenges of Implementing Industry 4.0
	5 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Customers’ Interests in Sustainable Townships and Smart Housing Features in Malaysia
	1 Background of Research
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Sustainable Development
		2.2 Smart Homes
		2.3 Smart Home Features
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Data Analysis
		3.2 Customers’ Profile
	4 Analysis and Discussions
		4.1 Ranking of Customers’ Interest
		4.2 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Technology? Financial Viability or What? Challenges and Benefits of Eco and Reflective Roof in Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Reviewing Quality Control Management of Road Construction Projects
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Quality in Project Management Processes of Road Infrastructure
	4 Quality Control Management of Road Construction Projects
		4.1 Quality Documentations
		4.2 Quality Control
		4.3 Quality Assurance
		4.4 Safety Control
	5 Conclusion
	References
Review of Previous Research Methods in Evaluating BIM Investments in the AEC Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Conceptual Background
		2.1 Benefits of BIM Investment
		2.2 Evaluation of BIM Investment
		2.3 Methods of Previous Research
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Methodology
		3.2 Result
		3.3 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Sustainable Built Environment
Seismic Performance Evaluation of Horseshoe Tunnel on Weathered-Sedimentary Rock Formation
	1 Introduction
	2 Horseshoe Tunnel and Geotechnical Properties
		2.1 Horseshoe Tunnel
		2.2 Geotechnical Properties
	3 Numerical Analysis
		3.1 Static Analysis
		3.2 Dynamic Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Sustainable Construction and Its Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Thematic Review Process
	3 Review Process
		3.1 Thematic Review Process
		3.2 Identify the Main Challenges
	4 Analysis and Result
	5 Conclusion
	References
Removal of Nutrients, Organic Matter and Total Suspended Solids from River Water by Adsorption on Chicken Eggshell
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Preparation of Adsorbent
		2.2 Sampling
		2.3 Adsorption Studies
		2.4 Standard Test Methods
		2.5 Analytical Method
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Adsorption Performance
		3.2 Adsorption Kinetic Studies
		3.3 Adsorption Isotherm
	4 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Effect of Roofing Material on the Quality of Harvested Rainwater
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
	3 Results and Analyses
		3.1 Quantity of Rainwater
		3.2 Quality of Rainwater
	4 Conclusions and Recommendation
	References
Impact of Proposed Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Peshawar on Modal Shares of Private Modes
	1 Introduction
	2 Past Studies of Modal Shift to BRT
	3 Case Study Area
	4 Methodology
	5 Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Design of Groundwater Filter Media Using Activated Carbon for Emergency Purpose
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Production of Activated Carbon
		2.2 Adsorption Measurement
		2.3 Adsorption Isotherm
		2.4 Design Filter
		2.5 Laboratory Test
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Efficiency of Carbon Sources
		3.2 Water Filtration System Design
	4 Conclusion
	References
Prediction of HMA Mixture Performance from Rheological and Rutting Evaluation of Nanopolymer Asphalt Binder
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Materials
		1.2 Preparation of Modified Asphalt Binders
		1.3 Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) Test
		1.4 Resilient Modulus Test
		1.5 Development of Resilient Modulus Model from Rutting, G*/sinδ of Asphalt Binder (MR - G*/sinδ)
	2 Results and Discussions
		2.1 Statistical and ANOVA Analysis
		2.2 Prediction Resilient Modulus Model
		2.3 Justification of the Regression Model Assumptions
		2.4 Normality Test for Residuals
		2.5 Model Validation of MR - G*/sinδ
	3 Conclusions
	References
Study on Nitrogen Removal Capability of Selected Regional Sewage Treatment Plants in Klang Valley, Malaysia
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nitrogen Removal
		1.2 Malaysia Effluent Standard
		1.3 System in Selected Sewage Treatment Plant (Extended Aeration with Anoxic Tank, Sequencing Batch Reactor and Conventional Activated Sludge System)
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Analysis
	4 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Sustainable Use of Plastic Waste on Laterite Soil as Stabilizer
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Literature Review
	2 Experimental Methods
		2.1 Laboratory Works
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Moisture Content Test
		3.2 Particle Size Distribution Test
		3.3 Atterberg Limit Test
		3.4 Standard Proctor Test
		3.5 Unconfined Compressive Strength Test
	4 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Exploration of Palm Kernel Use in Construction: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Generation of Palm Kernel Shell
	3 Sustainability and Environmental Effects of Palm Kernel Shell
	4 Palm Kernel Shell as Sustainable Construction Material
		4.1 Palm Kernel Shell as Aggregates for Construction Works
		4.2 The Use of Palm Kernel Shell and Ash for Concrete Production
		4.3 Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Lightweight Concrete Containing Waste Oil Palm Shell Aggregate
		4.4 Development of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shells Based Particle Board
		4.5 The Feasibility of Palm Kernel Shell as Replacement for Coarse Aggregate in Lightweight Concrete
		4.6 Development of Palm Kernel Shell Lightweight Masonry Mortar
		4.7 The Effect of Palm Kernel Powder on Compressive Strength and Absorption of Portland Cement Mortar
		4.8 Use of Palm Kernel Shells as a Partial Replacement of Chippings in Terrazzo Floor Finish
		4.9 Assessment of Manufactured Sand in Concrete Produced with Palm Kernel Shells as Coarse Aggregate
		4.10 The Effect of Palm Kernel Powder on Compressive Strength and Absorption of Portland Cement Mortar
		4.11 Investigation of the Properties of Self-compacting Concrete with Palm Kernel Shell Ash as Mineral Additives
		4.12 Compressive Strength of Concrete with Palm Kernel Shell as a Partial Replacement for Coarse Aggregate
	5 Future Exploitation of Palm Kernel Shell
	References
Evaluation of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates with Epoxy-Based E-Waste (EBEW)
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Specimen Preparation
		2.2 Physical Properties Test
		2.3 Mechanical Properties of Concrete
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Physical Properties
		3.2 Mechanical Properties
	4 Conclusion
	5 Recommendation
	References
The Potential of Plastic Waste as Building Material
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Research Background
	2 Issue
	3 Challenges
		3.1 Increasing of Plastic Waste
		3.2 High Recycling Cost
		3.3 Sustainability Challenges
	4 Research Objective
	5 Need for Study
	6 Research Methodology
		6.1 Methods for Collecting and Analysing Literature
		6.2 Data Collection and Data Sources for Future Research
		6.3 Research Framework
	7 Literature Review
		7.1 Overview of Plastic Bottle Bricks
		7.2 Sustainable Development
		7.3 Sustainable Material
		7.4 Plastic Bottle Bricks as Building Material
	8 Key Findings on Literature Review Related to Objective 1
		8.1 Sand Filled Plastic Bottle Bricks
		8.2 Plastic Filled Plastic Bottle Bricks
		8.3 Polli-Bricks
		8.4 Summary: The Reliability of Plastic Bottle Bricks
	9 International Example
		9.1 EcoARK Pavilion, Taiwan
	10 Economic Perception
		10.1 Construction Cost
	11 Conclusion
	12 Future Prospect
	References
Identification Characteristic of Energy Efficient Timber House
	1 Introduction
	2 Design and Construction of Timber House
	3 Characteristic of Energy Efficient Timber House
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Effect of Dominant Rainfall Duration on the Planning of Dimensions of Infiltration Well and the Reduction of Surface Runoff
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 The Problem, Objectives and Benefits
	2 Previous Research
		2.1 Reduction of Drainage Channel Dimension Due to the Existence of Recapan Wells in Maguwoharjo Drainage Network–Wedomartani, Sleman (Purnomo, SN, 2013)
		2.2 Diameter Effect on the Number of Infiltration Wells (Case Study on Commercial Buildings on JL Kaliurang Km 12–13) (Astuti and Prasojo)
		2.3 Planning of Infiltration Wells for Groundwater Conservation in a Residential Area (Case Study in Housing RT. II, III, and IV Perumnas East Circumference of Bengkulu) (Iriani et al. 2013)
		2.4 The Study on Preventing Surface Run off by Using an Infiltration Well (Case Study in the Region of Perumnas Made Lamongan Regency) (Saleh 2011)
	3 Theory
		3.1 Infiltration Well
		3.2 Hydrological Cycles
		3.3 Area Rainfall
		3.4 Frequency Analysis
		3.5 Rational Formula
		3.6 Rainfall Intensity
	4 Methodology
	5 Data Analysis
		5.1 Data
		5.2 Discharge of Surface Runoff Without Infiltration Wells
		5.3 Discharge of Surface Runoff with Infiltration Wells
		5.4 Reduction of Surface Runoff
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusions and Suggestions
		7.1 Conclusions
		7.2 Suggestion
	References
Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Design Modified with Hydrate Lime
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Stripping Failure in Malaysia
	2 Hydrated Lime as Stripping Agent
	3 Experimental Work
		3.1 Materials
		3.2 Marshall Stability Test
		3.3 The Boiling Water Test (ASTM D 3625)
		3.4 Lottman Test
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Marshall Stability Test
		4.2 Optimum Binder
		4.3 Volumetric Properties
		4.4 Modified Lottmen Test
	5 Conclusion
	References
Effectiveness of Waste Glass as Filler in Hot Mix Asphalt
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Hot Mix Asphalt
		2.2 Aggregates
		2.3 Asphalt Binder
		2.4 Mineral Filler
		2.5 Gradation Specification for Asphaltic Concrete
		2.6 Waste Material
		2.7 Properties of HMA
		2.8 Waste Glass
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Sieve Analysis
		3.2 Crushing and Sieve Waste Glass
		3.3 Calculation for Binder Content
		3.4 Gradation Selection
		3.5 Preparation of Compacted Specimen
		3.6 Determination of Bulk Specific Gravity of the Specimen
		3.7 Marshall Stability and Flow Test
		3.8 Evaluating of Stripping Performance Using Modified Lottman Test
		3.9 Preparation for AASHTO T-283 Test
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Sieve Analysis and Aggregate Distribution
		4.2 Aggregate Bulk Specific Gravity
		4.3 Theoretical Maximum Density
		4.4 Optimum Binder Content
		4.5 Volumetric Properties
		4.6 Stripping Performance
		4.7 Modified Lottman Test
	5 Conclusion
	References
Evaluating the Impact of Junction Type on Emissions Level
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Studies on Vehicles Emissions
		2.2 Using Simulation for Vehicle Emission Studies
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 General
		4.2 Emission Level at Different Percentage of Volumes
	5 Conclusions
	References