Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Water Energy Food and Sustainability (ICoWEFS 2022)

Preface
Organization
Keynote Speakers
	Combating Climate Change with Phytoremediation. Is It Possible?
	Some Applications in Hydrogen, Renewable Energy and Bioenergy
	Management of Biomass Parks in Power Generation Plants
	Contents
From Extraction to Reparation: American National Security and Territorial Adaptation in the Climate Crisis
	1 Natural Security at Risk
	2 Addressing Periphery: The Reparation Zone
	3 Mangroves: Socioecological Infrastructure
	4 Periphery Prepared
	References
University Staff's Perceptions on Pedagogy in Agricultural Education in East and Southern Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Descriptive Variables
		3.2 Perception of Knowledge and Interest
		3.3 Pedagogical Trainings
		3.4 Perception of PBL
	4 Conclusions
	References
Watershed Safety Plan – A New Tool for Water Protection
	1 Water Resources and Diffuse Pollution
		1.1 The Need for Diffuse Pollution Control
	2 The Difference Between Point Source Pollution and Diffuse Pollution
	3 Watershed Safety Plan Approach
		3.1 How to Implement WSSP
		3.2 Development of WSSP Approach
	4 Conclusions
	References
Producing Cyanobacteria to Use as Biostimulants
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Cyanobacteria Cultivation
		2.2 Cyanobacterial Growth
		2.3 Exopolysaccharides’ Extraction
		2.4 Germination Assays
		2.5 Statistical analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Cyanobacterial Growth
		3.2 Exopolysaccharides’ Production
		3.3 Biostimulant Assay
	4 Conclusions
	References
Transport Development Challenges of Brownfield Investments in the Name of Sustainability
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Introduction of the Brownfield Development Areas
		1.2 Sustainability Benefits of Brownfield Developments
		1.3 Legal Framework
	2 Case Study
		2.1 Urban Development Tools
		2.2 Analysis of Urban Architecture
		2.3 Transportation Analysis
		2.4 Impact of the Proposed Development on the Transportation
	3 Results
		3.1 Introduction of the New Sustainable Brownfield Development Model
	4 Conclusions
	References
Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in an Aquaponic Greenhouse Supported by IoT
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Objectives and Case Study Features
		1.2 Sustainable Production of Edible Plants
	2 Technologies and Developed Model
		2.1 Details of This Technologies
		2.2 Features of Developed Model
	3 Methodology, Prototype and Results
		3.1 General Consumptions
		3.2 Monitoring and Visualization System
		3.3 Electricity Local Production of Self-consumption Regime
	4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Energy Certification of Existing Residential Buildings: Adaptations to the Energy Transition
	1 Energy Certification of Existing Buildings
		1.1 Evolution of National Legislation on Energy Certification of Buildings
		1.2 The Energy Certification of Existing Buildings
	2 Methodology
	3 Case Study
		3.1 Description of Climate Data and Building Solutions
		3.2 Analysis and Comparison of Energy Performance Results and Energy Certificate
	4 Conclusion
	References
Energy Rehabilitation of Residential Buildings: Proposed Solutions for Bragança City
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Intervention Proposals
		3.1 External Walls
		3.2 Internal Walls
		3.3 Floors and Roofs
		3.4 Windows
		3.5 General Considerations
	4 Conclusions
	References
Using Machine Learning to Identify Solid Biofuels
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Data
		2.2 Data Sampling
		2.3 Classification Models
		2.4 Model Training, Evaluation Metrics
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
The Use of Infrared Thermographic Technique for the Detection of Energy Losses
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Research
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Biolubricant Production from Vegetable Oils Through Double Transesterification: Influence of Fatty Acid Composition and Alcohol on Quality Parameters
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Raw Materials
		2.2 Transesterification Reaction for Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production
		2.3 Biodiesel and Biolubricant Characterization
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Biodiesel Characterization
		3.2 Influence of Fatty Acid Composition on Biolubricants
		3.3 Influence of the Alcohol Used for Biolubricant Production
	4 Conclusions
	References
Comparative Analysis of Inrush Current and Harmonic Generation in the Replacement of Incandescent Lamps by LED Luminaires in Urban Lighting
	1 Introduction
	2 Instrumentation and Methods
		2.1 Instrumentation
		2.2 Method
	3 Equipment Under Test
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of the Digestate Obtained in Experiences in a Pilot Plant in Extremadura and Study of the Possible Effect Produced as an Organic Fertilizer in Pepper Plants
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experimental Design
		2.2 Analytical Methods
		2.3 Data Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Digestate and Soil Composition
		3.2 Effect of Digestate Application on Crop Growth
		3.3 Plants Composition Evaluation
	4 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of the Mechanical Behaviour of Modified Mortars with Ash Residues from Biomass Gasification with WEEE Plastics
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References
Seasonal Weather Sensitivity of Staple Crop Rice in South India
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Method
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Energetic Sustainable Transition Process Optimization in Terms of LCA Using CLEWs Tools
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Open-Source Energy Modeling System (OSeMOSYS)
		2.2 Energetic Sustainability Across EPBT the Frame of the Lifetime Analysis
		2.3 EPBT Inclusion on the OSeMOSYS Tool
	3 Case Study: Atlantis Power System
		3.1 Modeling Scenarios
	4 Conclusions
	References
Industrial Sustainability in Southwestern Europe: A Case Study of the Possible Implementation of Biorefineries Based on Oil Seed Crops in Extremadura
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Biomass
		3.2 Biodiesel
		3.3 Biolubricant
		3.4 Biorefineries
	4 Conclusions
	References
Characterization and Feasibility of Fruit Tree Pruning for Energy Use
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Biomass Characterization
		2.2 Drying Tests
		2.3 Chipping Tests
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Biomass Characterization
		3.2 Drying Tests
		3.3 Chipping Tests
	4 Conclusions
	References
Design Sustainable Products in a Circular Economy Context
	1 Introduction
		1.1 A Sustainable Design
		1.2 Technologies and Topology Analysis
	2 Methodology and Results
		2.1 Main Methodologic Steps
		2.2 Results and Discussion
	3 Conclusions
	References
Designing a Sustainability Plan for La Salve Brewery
	1 Introduction
	2 La Salve Brewery
	3 Methodology
	4 Evaluation of Scenarios for Sustainable Transition
		4.1 La SAlve’s Current Situation: Business as Usual (BAU))
		4.2 Evaluation of Sustainable Thermal Scenario (SUSTHE)
		4.3 Evaluation of Sustainable Electric Scenarios (SUSELE)
		4.4 Global Zero Energy Scenario (ZERO)
		4.5 Triple ZERO Scenario (ZEROTRP)
		4.6 Scenarios Comparison for Decision Making
	5 Conclusions
	References
Engagement with the Community and Partnerships for Sustainable Food Production and Consumption in Portuguese Higher Education Institutions
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Food: The Portuguese Reality
		2.2 HEIs and Food Chain Sustainability
		2.3 The HEIs Role and the Importance for Partnerships
		2.4 Experiences About Sustainable Practices of Food Provisions in Schools
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
		4.1 External Community and Partnerships
		4.2 Internal Community and Partnerships
	5 Conclusions
	References
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Analyses of Corn Crop Residue
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Sample Collection and Preparation
		2.2 TG Analysis
		2.3 Kinetic Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Thermal Behaviour
		3.2 Kinetic Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Systematic review of the BIM Methodology Applied to the Management and Sustainability of Hospital Centers. The Digital BIM Twin in the Management and Sustainability of Hospital Buildings. Case Study: University Hospital of Jaén
	1 Introduction
		1.1 BIM (Building Information Modeling)
		1.2 BIM Dimensions
		1.3 Digital BIM Twin
		1.4 Change of Technology
	2 Object
	3 Methodology
	4 Case Study
	5 Results
		5.1 Energy Simulation of the BIM Model with Revit Insight
		5.2 Contributions of the BIM Model Obtained
	6 Conclusions
	References
Feasibility Study of the PET Fines Incorporation into Recycling Processes
	1 Introduction
	2 PET Fines from Plastics Recycling
	3 Experimental
		3.1 Material
		3.2 Density
		3.3 Moisture Content
		3.4 Melt Flow Index
		3.5 DSC Analysis
		3.6 FTIR
		3.7 Bending and Tensile Tests
	4 Results Discussion
	5 Summary and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Ink Removal on Plastic Films Printed by Flexography
	1 Introduction
	2 Deinking of Plastic Films
		2.1 Bio-Based Surfactants
		2.2 Ink Removal on Plastic Films Using Bio-Based Deinking Agents
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Materials
		3.2 Deinking Tests
		3.3 Design of Experiments
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation of the Possibility to Use By-Products of Gasification and Carbonization from Polymeric Residues and Biomass
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Samples
		2.2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 TGA Analysis
		3.2 FTIR Spectroscopy
		3.3 Nitrogen Adsorption at 77K
		3.4 Calorimetric Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Circular Economy of Water: A Review of Scientific Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Analysis and Discussion of Results
	4 Final Considerations
	References
Meso and Macroporosity in Carbonaceous Materials Prepared by Thermal Treatment from Lignocellulosic Wastes
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Sample Preparation
		2.2 Morphology and Texture
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Sample Preparation
		3.2 Elemental Analysis
		3.3 Meso and Macroporous Textures
	4 Conclusions
	References
Green Biomaterials: Applications of Plant-Derived Biofilms
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Alginate-Based Enriched Biofilms
		1.2 Pectin-Based Enriched Biofilms
		1.3 Cellulose-Based Enriched Biofilms
	2 Conclusions
	References
Gasification Potential of Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF) Produced in Portugal
	1 Introduction
	2 Terminology and Classification of SRF
	3 SRF Production
		3.1 SRF Produced from Urban Wastes
		3.2 SRF Production from Industrial Wastes
	4 Physical-Chemical Characterizations of SRF
		4.1 SRF from Urban Wastes
		4.2 SRF From Industrial Wastes
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Preliminary Study of the Effect of White Crowberry Extract in Yogurt Manufacturing
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Collection and Infusion of the White Crowberry Fruits
		2.2 Yogurt Manufacturing
		2.3 Methodology
		2.4 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Manufacturing Process of Yogurt Enriched with an Extract of the White Crowberry Fruits
		3.2 Instrumental Analysis and Sensorial Evaluation of Yogurt Quality
	4 Conclusions
	References
Catalytic Gasification of Coals and Biochars: A Brief Overview
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Exploring Gasification
	2 Coal and Biochar Gasification: Main Limitations and Concerns
	3 Investigating Common Catalyst in Coal and Biochar Gasification
		3.1 Catalyst Classification: Single Component, Composite, and Disposable
	4 Investigating Catalysts for Tar Removal and Syngas Improvement in Coal and Biochar Gasification
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Influence of Fuel Mix on the Devolatilization of RDF Based Coal
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Experimental Setup
		2.2 Test Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Thermal Degradation
		3.2 TGA and DSC
	4 Conclusions
	References
Treatment of Pig Farming Effluents by Coagulation with Alkaline Wastes, Atmospheric Carbonation, and Bioremediation with Microalgae
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Effluent Characterization
		2.2 Precipitation with Alkaline Wastes
		2.3 Bioremediation with Microalgae
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Precipitation with Alkaline Wastes
		3.2 Neutralization
		3.3 Bioremediation with Microalgae
	4 Conclusions
	References
Dry and Hydrothermal Carbonization of Mixtures of Refuse Derived Fuels, Waste Biomass, and Sewage Sludge
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Raw Materials
		2.2 Dry Carbonization Tests
		2.3 Hydrothermal Carbonization Tests
		2.4 Characterization of Raw Wastes, Biochars, and Hydrochars
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Application of a Pine Tree in the Evaluation of Environmental Thermal Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Model
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Design, Thermal Response and Comfort in an Auditorium with Complex Topology
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Model
	3 Numerical Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Towards Sustainable Seaweed Production - Optimising the Culture of Gracilaria Gracilis
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Sample Preparation
		2.2 Culture Methods
		2.3 Growth Measurements
		2.4 Proximate Composition
		2.5 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Relative Growth Rate
		3.2 Proximate Composition
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Role of Public Policies in the Consolidation of Sustainable Tourism Destination: The Destination Analysis of the Historic Villages of Portugal
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Objectives, Methodology and Techniques
	4 Empirical Study of the Destination Historical Villages of Portugal
		4.1 Network of the Historic Villages of Portugal
		4.2 Results
	5 Final Reflections
	References
A Review on Gaseous Fuels for Dual-Fuel Diesel Engines
	1 Introduction
	2 Dual-Fuel Diesel Engines
	3 Alternative Fuels
		3.1 Biogas
		3.2 Hydrogen
		3.3 Ammonia
		3.4 Syngas
	4 Emissions
		4.1 Additives
		4.2 Exhaust Gas Recirculation
	5 Conclusion and Future Direction of Research
	References
An Effective Solution for Reinforcing 3D Concrete Printable Composites
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Challenges of 3D-Printing Concrete
	2 Reinforcement Strategies for 3D-Printed Concrete
		2.1 Strain Hardening Cementitious Concrete
	3 Using Textile Reinforced Matrix in 3D Printing Method
		3.1 Advantages of Using Textile Reinforcement with 3d Printed Concrete
		3.2 Evaluation of the Use of Textile Reinforcement Within 3d Printed Concrete
	4 Conclusions
	References
Reactant or Product?: Fate of Water During HTC Under Different Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
	3 Discussion of Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Post-treating Biomass Hydrochars to Improve Their Suitability at Soil Amendment
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Hydrochar Preparation
		2.2 Field Incubation Tests
	3 Discussion of Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Antioxidant Activity and Nutritional Composition of Fine Grounds Obtained in the Production of Sour Cherry Liqueur: A By-Product Valorization
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Sample Preparation
		2.2 Nutritional Composition
		2.3 Fatty Acid Profile
		2.4 Extracts Characterization
		2.5 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Nutritional Composition
		3.2 Extracts Characterization
	4 Conclusions
	References
Technological Audit as a Strategy to Improve Products and Services Related to Energy Technologies Applied to Buildings
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Technological Audit
		3.2 Action Plan
	4 Conclusion
	References
Binary and Ternary Mixtures for SI Engines: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Current Status of Liquid Biofuels
	3 Alternative Fuels for SI Engines
	4 Conclusions
	References
Operationalizing the Water, Energy and Food Nexus Through the Law
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Analyzing the Characteristics Promoting a WEF Nexus Approach to Resources Management
		4.2 A Methodology for Mapping the Potential for Existing Regulatory Frameworks to Promote the WEF Nexus Approach to Resource Governance
	5 Conclusion
	Appendix: Articles included in systematic review (n = 39)
	References
Digital Fabrication in Construction Industry in Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Current State of Digital Fabrication in Africa
		2.1 Earthen Materials in Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria
		2.2 African Digital Fabrication Laboratories
		2.3 African Fabbers School
	3 Conclusions
	References
A Model to Evaluate the Sustainability of Buildings Within Urban Environments
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Contextualization
		1.2 Problematic
	2 State-of-the-Art
		2.1 The Concept of Sustainability in the Built Environment
		2.2 The ESA Model for Building (ESA-B)
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
An Optically Approachable Chamber for Determining the Characteristics of Combustion of Process, Hydrogen Mixed and Natural Gases on a Near-Industrial Scale
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental and Measurement Apparatus
		2.1 Exchangeable Burner Systems
		2.2 Calibration Burner
		2.3 Optical Setup
	3 Experiments Results
	4 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Relevant Issues in the Management of Biomass Parks in Power Generation Plants
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Biomass Storage
		1.2 Main Factors Affecting Biomass Storage
	2 Test Campaign in Southern Spain
		2.1 Purpose and Facilities
		2.2 Fieldwork an Data Collection
		2.3 Test Results
	3 Storage Management Model
	4 Conclusions
	References
Combating Climate Change with Phytoremediation. Is It Possible?
	1 Introduction
	2 Energy Balance and Potential Reduction of Greenhouse Gases Emissions
	3 Soil Function Restoration
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Obtaining New Alkali-Activated Binders from Waste of Different Sources
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Raw Materials
		2.2 Manufacture of Pastes
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Mechanical Strength
		3.2 FTIR
		3.3 Thermal Conductivity
	4 Conclusions
	References
Author Index