Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021): Volume II: Inclusive Design (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 220)

Preface
IEA2021 Acknowledgements
Organization
	IEA2021 Organizing Committee
	IEA2021 Congress Chair
	Technical Program Committee Co-chairs
	Media Outreach
	Developing Countries
	ePosters Coordinator
	Exhibits Coordinator
	Early Career Researcher Program Coordinator
	Media Relations
	Events/Social
	French Language Coordinator
	Communications Coordinator
	EasyChair Platform Technical Liaison
	Scientific Committee of IEA2021
Contents
Part I: Ageing and Work (Edited by Jodi Oakman)
Ageing Factors and Forecasting Tool for Companies
	1 Context and Objectives
	2 Findings
		2.1 Differences Among the Population’s Sites
		2.2 Age and Absenteeism
	3 A Simple Tool for Forecasting
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Are My Employees Able to and Do They Want to Work? The Baseline Investigation in a Follow up Study Regarding Managers’ Attitudes and Measures to Increase Employees’ Employability in an Extended Working Life
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Objective
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Material
		2.2 The Questionnaire
		2.3 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Statements Associated with Whether the Managers Believed That Their Employees Could Not or Would Not Want to Work Until 65 Years of Age or Beyond
		3.2 Measure Activities Associated with Whether the Managers Believed That Their Employees Could Not or Would Not Want to Work Until 65 Years of Age or Beyond
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Management, Measures and Maintenance: Success and Setbacks in Interventions Promoting a Healthy and Sustainable Employability and Working Life for All Ages
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Objective
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Material
		2.2 The Design of the Education Program in the Intervention
		2.3 The Content of the Education Program in the Intervention
	3 Results
		3.1 The Design of the Education Program in the Intervention Project
		3.2 The Content of the Education Program in the Intervention Project
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
The Retention of Airline’s Customer Service Agents Within the Framework of the Digitalization of the Service Relationship
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Framework
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
		4.1 An Aging Incompatible with the Digitalization of Tasks?
		4.2 An Intensification of Work
	5 Discussion
	References
Analyzing the Influence of Work Demands and Work Organization on Workability Based on Age
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Design
		2.2 Methods
		2.3 Population and Sample
		2.4 Procedures
	3 Results
		3.1 Sociodemographic Characterization
		3.2 COPSOQ II Dimensions
		3.3 Work Ability Index
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Hybrid Approach to the Evaluation and Design of Workstations for Manufacturing Industries: A Tuscan Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 User Observation
		2.2 Thinking Aloud
		2.3 Interview
		2.4 Questionnaire
		2.5 Workstation and Work Environment Observation
	3 Results
		3.1 Personal Protective Equipements (PPEs)
	4 Working Area
		4.1 Tools and Aids
		4.2 Positions Assumed by the Operators
		4.3 Temperature, Lighting and Acuostics
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Aging Workers in Industry and Retail Sector – A Holistic Approach for an Age-Related Evaluation and Design of Work
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Setting and Methodology
	3 Findings
		3.1 Qualitative Findings for Age-Management Practice in Industry
		3.2 Quantitative Date Provided by Industry Partners
	4 Conclusion
	References
Part II: Ergonomics for Children and Educational Environments (Edited by Lawrence J. H. Schulze)
Establishment and Discussion of the Design Criteria for Training Chopsticks for Children
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Analysis of Chopstick Design Studies
		2.2 Analysis of Chopstick Design Studies
	3 Methods
	4 Conclusions
		4.1 Weights and Rankings of the Design Criteria for children’s Training Chopsticks
		4.2 Suggestions for the Design Criteria for children’s Training Chopsticks
	5 Conclusions
	References
Study on the Optimal Time for Intervention to Guide the Development of the Static Tripod Grip in Toddlers
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 The Development of Fine Motor Skills in Toddlers
		2.2 The Development of Spoon Grasp Patterns
		2.3 Toddler Motor Skill Assessment Methods
		2.4 Conclusions
	3 Methods
		3.1 Interview Subjects
		3.2 Semistructured Questionnaire
	4 Results
		4.1 The Optimal Time to Guide Toddlers to Adopt the Static Tripod Grip to Hold a Spoon
		4.2 Recommendations for Motor Skill Assessment Methods for Toddlers
		4.3 Interview Conclusions
	5 Discussion and Recommendations
	References
The FRAM Error Model Within a System Theoretical Work System to Support Conceptually the Development of a Technical Learning System for Learning from Errors
	1 Motivation
	2 Theory
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Applying a Systems Approach to Developing Interventions to Increase Physical Activity Among Primary School Children While Distance Learning During the COVID-19 pandemic- the Stand up Kids Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Designing the Interventions
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Limitations
	5 Conclusion
	References
Investigation on Ergonomic Well-Being for Academician’s Work from Home Arrangements by Using Association Rules Technique
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Statement
	3 Data Sets
	4 Data Pre-processing
	5 Association Rules Algorithms
	6 Results and Discussion
	7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Workload Level Assessment of Online Classes of College Students in Technological Institute if the Philippines Manila Using NASA Task Load Index (NASA TLX)
	1 The Problem and Its Background
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Statement of the Problem
		1.3 Objectives of the Study
		1.4 Scope and Limitations
	2 Review of Related Literature and Study
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Method of Research Used
		3.2 Respondents of the Study
		3.3 Sampling Technique
		3.4 Data Gathering Procedure
		3.5 Research Paradigm
	4 Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
	5 Findings, Recommendations, and Conclusions
		5.1 Summary of Findings
		5.2 Conclusion
		5.3 Recommendation
	References
Investigation on Mental Health Well-Being for Students Learning from Home Arrangements Using Clustering Technique
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Data Sets
	4 Data Pre-processing
	5 Clustering Algorithms
	6 Results and Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
Ergonomics Checkpoints for Educational Environments
	1 Introduction and Background
	2 Method
	3 Results
		3.1 Ergonomic Checkpoint 1
		3.2 Ergonomic Checkpoint 2
		3.3 Ergonomic Checkpoint 3
		3.4 Ergonomic Checkpoint 4
	4 Discussion and Recommendations
	References
Distance Ergonomics Laboratory Using Flipped Classroom and Smartphone Application as Learning Tools – A Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Part III: Ergonomics in Design for All (Edited by Isabella Tiziana Steffan and Ken Sagawa)
Seniors’ Perception of Smart Speakers: Challenges and Opportunities Elicited in the Silver&Home Living Lab
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Smart Speakers
		2.2 Previous Tests of Smart Speakers with Older Adults
	3 Methods
		3.1 Living Lab and Installation
		3.2 Testing Framework
		3.3 Participants
	4 Results
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Social Presence Despite Isolation - Insights into the Relation Between Psychological Distance and Sensory Synchronization in Computer-Mediated Communication
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Method
		3.1 Participants
		3.2 Procedure
	4 Results
		4.1 Correlation of Synchronization and Social Presence
		4.2 Predictors of Experienced Presence and Synchronization
		4.3 Quality of Electronic Communication Software
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Summary of Results
		5.2 Implications
	6 Conclusion
	References
Luminance Contrast Standards, the Boy Who Could, and Visionary Pathfinders
	1 Introduction
	2 Developing Australian Standards and Codes
		2.1 The Boy that Could
		2.2 Luminance Contrast Compliance Benchmarks
		2.3 Evidence Base
	3 Applying Standards in Practice
		3.1 Image Analysis Algorithm
		3.2 Limitations of Calculation Methods
		3.3 Further Research
	4 Conclusions
	References
Research Through Co-design for Connecting Design for All and Policy Ergonomics
	1 Background
		1.1 Problem Statement
		1.2 Research Question and Objective
	2 Methodological Approach
		2.1 RTC as a Modelfor
		2.2 The RTC Model as a Neural Network for the Context of Policy-Making
		2.3 The DfA in the RTC Model
	3 Results
		3.1 Design for All Variables
		3.2 The Polynomial of Diversity
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Highly Legible Font for All
	1 Introduction: A Highly Legible Font
		1.1 Main Features of a Highly Legible Font
		1.2 Some Clarity About Dyslexia
		1.3 EasyReading®: A Highly Legible Font for All
	2 EasyReading® Put to the Test
		2.1 Bachmann et al., 2013–2018
		2.2 Mengoni, Castagna, 2020
		2.3 Galiussi et al., 2020
	3 State of the Art and Future Developments
		3.1 Where We Stand
		3.2 What Lies Ahead?
		3.3 An Enticing Agenda
	References
An Inclusive Design Approach for Designing an Adaptive Climbing Wall for Children with CP
	1 Introduction
	2 ACCEPT - Adaptive Climbing for CErebral Palsy Training
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Phase 1: Clarify Goal
		3.2 Phase 2: Define Opportunity
		3.3 Phase 3: Ideate
		3.4 Phase 4: Prototype
	4 Results and Discussion
	References
Ergonomics Aspects in Workstation Development During the Covid-19 Pandemic
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Framework
		2.1 Design Concept
		2.2 Ergonomics Design
		2.3 Macro Ergonomics
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Results Regarding the Questionnaire Macro Ergonomic Concepts Applied to Representatives, Internal and External Commercial Team
		4.2 Results with Regard to the Questionnaire Related to the Macro Ergonomic Concepts Applied to the Users of the Company Products
		4.3 Results Regarding the Project, Mockup and Final Product
		4.4 Project Development
	5 Final Considerartions
	References
Leef Chair: Application of the Equid Methodology and the Principles of Macro Ergonomics in Product Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Referential
		2.1 Design Concept
		2.2 Ergonomics Conception
		2.3 Macro Ergonomics
		2.4 Ergonomic Design Quality (Equid)
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Sampling
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Results Related to the Macro Ergonomic Concepts Questionnaire Applied to Workers Involved in the Production Process
		4.2 Results Regarding the Application of the Equid Methodology in the Design of the Product
		4.3 Design Based on the Opinion of the End Users
		4.4 Sustainability
		4.5 Outstanding Result
	5 Final Considerations
	References
Opportunities and Challenges of Digital Technologies for Inclusion
	1 Introduction
	2 Digital Technology Impact on Design for Inclusion
	References
6Ws in the Ergonomics Review of Macro and Micro Workplace Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Aims and Methodology
	3 Discussion
		3.1 What Are the Objectives of Ergonomics Review of Workplace Design?
		3.2 Why is Ergonomics Review of Workplace Design Important?
		3.3 Who Should Be Involved in the Ergonomics Review of Workplace Design?
		3.4 When Should an Ergonomics Review of Workplace Design Be Conducted?
		3.5 Where Should Be Included in the Ergonomics Review of Workplace Design?
		3.6 How Should the Ergonomics Review of Workplace Design Be Conducted?
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Effect of Cognitive Styles on the Effectiveness of Visual Search Tasks with Different Familiarity
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Design
		2.2 Participants
		2.3 Apparatus
		2.4 Procedures
	3 Result
		3.1 Reaction Time
		3.2 Number of Fixation Times
	4 Conclusion
	References
Designing the University of Manitoba Technology for Assisted Living Project (TALP): A Collaborative Approach to Supporting Aging in Place
	1 Problem Statement
	2 Objectives
	3 Process
		3.1 Research Facility
		3.2 Building Research Capacity
	4 Conclusion
	References
Developing a Standard One-Fits-All Boarding Assistance System as a Universal Accessibility Solution
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Specify Requirements of Mobility Impaired People
		3.2 Create Design Solutions and Develop an Assistive Boarding Aid
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions and Suggestions
	References
Inclusion Design and Functionalities of a Personalized Virtual Coach for Wellbeing to Facilitate a Universal Access for Older Adults
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Problem Statement
		1.2 Co-design Process for an Inclusive Design
	2 Methodology
		2.1 E-coaching Activities Survey
		2.2 User Interface Co-design Workshops
		2.3 Translation Interface
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Results of the E-coaching Activities Survey
		3.2 Outcomes of the User Interface Co-design Workshops
	4 Conclusion
	References
Flat Cushion vs Shaped Cushion: Comparison in Terms of Pressure Distribution and Postural Perceived Discomfort
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials for Experiments
		2.2 Participants
		2.3 Experiment Protocol
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Accessibility Performance for a Safe, Fair, and Healthy Use of the Elevator
	1 Introduction
	2 Elevator Accessibility in EU Standards
		2.1 The European Current Standards on Elevator Accessibility
		2.2 The Elevator Accessibility in the Holistic Approach of the EN 17210
	3 Design for All/Human-Centered Design Approaches for Improving Elevator Accessibility, Usability, and Perception
	4 Most Recent Innovations for Accessibility from TK Elevator Product Research Division
		4.1 Sanitization Systems and Air Purification of the Cabin
		4.2 Touch-Less Technology for Facilitated and Safe Use of the Elevator
	5 Discussion and Open Problems
	6 Conclusion
	References
Improving Accessibility and Inclusiveness of Digital Mobility Solutions: A European Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 The INDIMO Project: An Overview
	3 Identification of Needs, Capabilities, Requirements and Barriers: The Methodology
	4 Main Results
		4.1 Identification of Users and Non-users’ Needs
		4.2 User Requirements Towards the Digital Interconnected Transport System
		4.3 Understanding the Process of the Deployment of Digital Mobility Services
	5 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
A Study on the Acceptance Towards Blockchain-Based Access to Biobanks’ Services Using UTAUT2 with ITM and Perceived Risk
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
		2.1 UTAUT and UTAUT2
		2.2 Initial Trust Model
		2.3 Perceived Risk
	3 Hypotheses and Methodology
		3.1 Hypotheses
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Limitations and Future Research
	6 Conclusion
	References
How to Increase Users of Products, Services and Environments - Concept and Methods of Accessible Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Increasing Users: A Basic Concept of Accessible Design
	3 Design Methods for Increasing Users
		3.1 Method 1: Multiple Means of Information Presentation and Operation
		3.2 Method 2: Accommodation to Diverse Human Characteristics and Capabilities
	4 Summary
	References
Ergonomic Design, Evaluation and Application of a 3-Dimensional Simulation of a Clinical Setting for People with Lower Limb Disabilities
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Information Design and Plain Language: An Inclusive Approach for Government Health Campaigns
	1 Problem Statement and Context
	2 Objective and Method of This Study
	3 Preliminary Results
	4 Discussion and Future Steps
	References
“Progetto di Vita” and Design for All: An Integrated Approach in Supporting Collaborative Housing Projects for Persons with Disabilities
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Objective and Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 PdV: A Legislative Framework
		3.2 PdV: A Holistic Approach
		3.3 PdV and Collaborative Housing: A Benchmark Analysis
	4 Discussion/Conclusions
	References
Humane Design for Inclusion
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Problem Context and Definitions
	2 Privileged Design
		2.1 Examples of Privilege in Designed Systems
		2.2 Why Does This Happen?
	3 What Can We Do?
		3.1 Near Term Actions
		3.2 Long-Term Actions
		3.3 Humane Design: The Next Step
	References
Bridging the Gap: An Ergonomically Designed Motorized Tricycle Accessible by Persons with Disability Using Anthropometry and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Statement of the Problem
		1.2 Objectives of the Study
	2 Related Literature
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
		4.1 Selection of Dimensions
		4.2 Analysis Using Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)
	5 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Digital Technologies as Opportunity for Facilitating Social Inclusion and Multicultural Dialogue
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodological Approach
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Type to Be Seen and Type to Be Read
	1 Introduction: Display Type and Text Type
	2 How Do We Read?
		2.1 Word Recognition
		2.2 The Reading Process
		2.3 Legibility and Readability
	3 Intrinsic Typographic Factors that Determine Readability
		3.1 Upper and Lower-Case
		3.2 X-Height
		3.3 Serifs
		3.4 Thickness and Contrast
		3.5 Optical Sizes
	4 Conclusion
	References
Usability Evaluations Focused on Children with Down Syndrome: A Systematic Literature Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 Research Question
		3.2 Location and Selection of the Study
		3.3 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
		3.4 Data Collection and Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Revising Recommendations for Evacuating Individuals with Functional Limitations from the Built Environment
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Evacuation Guidelines for Individuals with Functional Limitations
	2 Methods
		2.1 Search Strategy
		2.2 Matrix Development
	3 Results
		3.1 Preliminary Scoping Review Search Results
	4 Preliminary Egress Matrix for Existing Buildings
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
From Accessibility to Inclusion in People Centered Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Design Approaches Centered on Humans
		2.1 From Accessibility to Inclusion in Design Approaches
		2.2 Accessibility/Disability-Related Approaches
		2.3 Value-Related Design Approaches
		2.4 Inclusion-Relates Design Approaches
	3 Human-Centered Design Methods to Design for Inclusion
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Good Lighting and Visual Contrast to Improve Accessibility in the Built Environment-A Literature Study
	1 Visual Accessibility in the Built Environment
	2 Luminance Contrast
	3 Methodologies Currently Used to Assess the Luminous Reflectance Properties of Surfaces and Building Elements
	4 Existing Standards and Recommendations – A Literature Study
	5 Authors’ Proposal
	6 Conclusion
	References
Towards Innovative Bathroom Solutions for All - A Needs Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
	3 Results
		3.1 Work Environment
		3.2 Autonomy and Independency
		3.3 Assistive Devices
		3.4 Other Aspects
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Discussion of Results
		4.2 Discussion of Methods
		4.3 Future Work
	5 Conclusions
	References
Designing Smart Ring for the Health of the Elderly: The CloudIA Project
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Digital Technologies for the Elderly
	2 Needs Study
		2.1 Evaluation Phase
	3 Smart Ring Description
		3.1 Flexible Electronic Board
	4 Conclusion
	References
Passenger Activities, Postures, Dis(Comfort) Perception, and Needs During Train Travel
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Observation Results of the Main Activities Performed by the Train Passengers
		3.2 The Questionnaire on Activities, Postures, Dis(Comfort), and Needs of the Train Passengers
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Part IV: Gender and Work (Edited by Marie Laberge)
Working Conditions in Educational Establishments: Research on Ergonomics and Gender Among Teachers in Pandemic Context
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Agile Development of Prevention Tools in Occupational Health and Safety: A Gender Consideration
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Constituent Elements
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Methods for Considering Sex and Gender During Intervention-Research Studies: What Do Researchers Say?
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Population and Data Collection
		2.2 Data Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Range of Methods Used
		3.2 Difficulties and Strategies in Data Collection and Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
“This Is a Job for Women, Isn’t It?”: The Evolution of a Traditional Gendered Occupational Segmentation in a Portuguese Industrial Cluster
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Cork Industry in Portugal: A Unique Sector
		1.2 Automation from a Gender Lens: An Invisible Issue in Cork Companies?
		1.3 Objectives
	2 Method
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Data Collection and Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Changes in the Work Content Due to Automated Machines
		3.2 The Automation Limitations from the Point of View of the Work Activity
		3.3 “I Am a Woman…, I Knew I’d Choose Stoppers”
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Rules, the Strategies and Gender Regarding Safety
	1 Problem Statement
	2 Objective
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Gender in the Literature of Healthcare Workers Operating in War Settings
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Design and Protocol
		2.2 Eligibility Criteria
		2.3 Literature Search
		2.4 Selection Process
		2.5 Data Abstraction
		2.6 Data Synthesis
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Training M.Sc. Students in Ergonomics to Integrate a Sex/Gender-Sensitive Approach
	1 Theoretical Introduction
		1.1 Problem Statement
		1.2 Objective
	2 Methods
		2.1 The Content of Training
		2.2 Satisfaction and Intention to Use
	3 Results
		3.1 The Content of Training
		3.2 Satisfaction and Intention to Use Sex and Gender in Ergonomic Intervention
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Sex and Gender During Ergonomic Intervention
		4.2 Sex and Gender Approach Are Evaluated as Useful
	5 Conclusions
	References
Considering Sex/Gender in the Design of a Technology-Supported Work Injury Prevention Model Among Adolescents with Learning Difficulties
	1 Introduction
	2 Objective
	3 Methods
	4 Findings
		4.1 School Principals’ Perspectives
		4.2 Teachers’ Perspectives
		4.3 Students’ Perspectives
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Interventions in a Seasonal Work Context: A Scoping Review of Sex and Gender Considerations
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Seasonal Workers and Musculoskeletal Disorders
		3.2 Interventions and Recommendations in a Seasonal Work Context for Preventing MSDs
	4 Conclusion
	References
The “Woke” Ergonomist: How Can We, How Should We Improve Gender Equality as Well as Health?
	1 Problem Statement
	2 Context
		2.1 Authors’ Context
		2.2 General Context
	3 Methods
	4 Results
	5 Discusssion
	References
Facilitators and Obstacles to Sex/Gender-Conscious Intervention-Research on Occupational Health: Researchers and Partners Perspectives
	1 Problem Statement
	2 Objective
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	References
Laying the Foundations to Build Ergonomic Indicators for Feminized Work in the Informal Sector
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Methodologic Foundation
		2.2 Recollection Technics
		2.3 Analysis and Treatment of Data
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Upper and Lower Limb Work Injuries: A Question of Sex or Gender?
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
Dynamic Workstation Exposure: Does Sex Affect Response?
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Study Limitation
	6 Conclusions
	References
Part V: Human Factors and Sustainable Development (Edited by Andrew Thatcher)
Eco-Drivers and Eco-Automation: A Case Study with Hybrid Electric Vehicle Drivers
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Present Research
	2 Method
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Scales and Measures
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Implications and Conclusion
	References
Scaling Micronarrative with Machine Learning to Model Human and Environmental Wellbeing in Macro, Meso and Micro Systems
	1 Problem Statement
		1.1 Human Wellbeing in a Planet Wide Environmental Sustainability Context
		1.2 Human Wellbeing in a Local Sustainability Context
	2 Objectives
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Designing Sustainable Situations
	1 Ergonomics and Sustainable Development
		1.1 Applying Ergonomics to Energy Management: Understanding the Mechanisms of Energy Consumption
	2 Designing Sustainable Situations
		2.1 Designing Context-Aware Systems to Make Daily Life Easier and to Save Energy
		2.2 Designing Reflective Systems and Resources for Energy Commitment
	3 Conclusion: What Ergonomics Can Contribute to Sustainable Development
	References
Weaving the Net: Integrating Ergonomics and Sustainability in a Web-Based Co-creation Platform
	1 Introduction
	2 Why an Ergonomics/sustainability Co-creation Platform
	3 Method
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Emerging Ergonomic Associations: Achievements, Obstacles, and Lessons Learned
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Sample
		2.2 Data Collection Tool
	3 Results
		3.1 What Are the Achievements of the Ergonomic Associations Recently Formed (the Past Twenty Years) in Developing Countries?
		3.2 What Are the Obstacles to Carrying Out Their Normal Activity?
		3.3 What Are the Lessons Learned from These Years on the Job?
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	Appendix A
	References
Comparing Two Modalities of Urban Solid Waste Collection: Insights from Activity Analysis and Physiological Measurement
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Qualitative Analysis of Activity in Manual Collection
		3.2 Qualitative Analysis of Activity in Container Collection
		3.3 Lactate Level Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Buyer Networking in Supplier HSEQ Development – A Macroergonomics Analysis in a CSR Framework
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Process
	3 Results
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
		4.1 Limitations
	References
Identifying Sustainability Attributes of Products/Services with Ergoecology
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Literature Review
		2.2 Applied Surveys
		2.3 Data Analysis
		2.4 Ethics
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Comprehensive Overview on ‘Eco-concepts’ Use from Ergoecology Vision
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Search Equations
		2.2 Selection of Papers
		2.3 Reading and Reviewing Papers
		2.4 Conglomerates Generation
	3 Results
		3.1 Conglomerate 1
		3.2 Conglomerate 2
		3.3 Conglomerate 3
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Supporting Interaction with CO2 as a Resource with Individual Carbon Footprint Trackers as Everyday Assistants
	1 Introduction
	2 Psychological Challenges for CO2 Tracker Design
		2.1 A Control Loop Model of Individual CO2 Regulation
	3 User Perspective on CO2 Tracker Applications
		3.1 Method
	4 Thematic Analysis
	5 Results
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
The Ergonomics of Recycling Mattresses in Australia
	1 The Problem
	2 Context
	3 Actions
	4 Outcomes
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Ergonomics Role in Sustainable Development: A Review Article for Updates the Recent Knowledge
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Work Process and Restrictions Related to Activities Carried Out in a Waste Sorting Cooperative
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Techniques
	3 Results
		3.1 Variability Associated with Volume, Condition and Type of Material
		3.2 Risk of Accidents and Discomforts in the Workplace
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Facilities and Process
		4.2 Materials’ Classification
	5 Conclusion
	References
Uncovering Sustainable System-of-Systems Elements in the Design of a Greywater Treatment System for Urban Informal Settlements
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Informal Settlements Context
		1.2 Sustainable System-of-Systems (SSoS) Framework
		1.3 Problem Statement
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Nested Hierarchy
		3.2 Competing Goals
		3.3 Natural Lifespan of Systems
		3.4 Complex Adaptive Systems
	4 Discussion
	References
Part VI: Slips, Trips and Falls (Edited by Richard Bowman)
How Might Slip Resistance Standards Become More Evidence Based?
	1 Responsible Slip Resistance Design
	2 An Inconvenient Reality
	3 Australia, the Lucky Country
	4 Imperfect Fruits Can Be Highly Nutritious
	5 Closing Thoughts
	References
Determining the Risk of Slipping with Slip-Resistant Footwear
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Importance of Footwear for Fall Prevention
		1.2 Measuring Footwear Slip Resistance on Ice and Snow
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Alternative Measures for Determining the Risk of Tripping
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Alternative Analysis of MFC
		3.2 Novel Approaches to Calculating the Risk of Tripping
		3.3 Overall Model
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Test Conditions on COF Measurements on Ice Surfaces Using SATRA STM603 Whole Shoe Tester
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Effect of Ice Conditions
		2.2 Effect of Consecutive Runs, Session and Laboratory
	3 Results
		3.1 Effect of Ice Conditions
		3.2 Effect of Consecutive Runs, Session and Laboratory
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Effect of Ice Conditions
		4.2 Effect of Consecutive Runs, Session and Laboratory
	5 Conclusion
	References
Minimum Toe Clearance Estimation Using a Novel Wearable System
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 System Design
		2.2 Experiment Setup
		2.3 Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Limitations and Future Work
	4 Conclusion
	References
Can Tribometers and Testing Protocols Affect Slip Resistance Values and Opinions?
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 Test 1
		3.2 Test 2
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Misuse of Regulations, Standards and Acceptable Practice in Ambulation-Safety Analysis
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Definitions
		1.2 Temporal Relevance
	2 Examples
		2.1 Was There a Lack of Proper Illumination? Does the Alleged Violation of a Regulation per se Lead to an Unsafe Condition?
		2.2 Were the Church Steps Inherently Dangerous? Can We Hold Steps Built in the 1860s to a Regulation Promulgated in the 1960s?
		2.3 Was the Staircase Slippery? Does the Interpretation of a Code Provision Make Sense in the Context of Current Ergonomic Knowledge?
	References
Why, How, and How Effectively Do USA and Canadian Building Codes Address Two Leading Fall Sites in Homes?
	1 Main Message of this Chapter
		1.1 Key Questions
	2 The Problem
		2.1 History
	3 Context
	4 Actions
	5 Outcomes
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Combining Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Treatments on Slip Resistance for Wet Flat Glass Flooring
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Estimation of Perceived Hand Force During Static Horizontal Pushing Tasks Using the Zero-Moment Point-Based Balance Control Model
	1 Introduction
	2 ZMP-Based Balance Model
		2.1 Modeling of Upright Posture Under Hand Reaction Forces
		2.2 Application to Static Horizontal Pushing Tasks
	3 Experimental Methods
		3.1 Participants
		3.2 Experimental Apparatus
		3.3 Measurement and Analysis
		3.4 Statistical Analysis
	4 Results
		4.1 Effects of Experimental Factors
		4.2 Estimated Displacement of the ZMP During Horizontal Pushing
		4.3 Relationship Between Estimated and Measured Forces
	5 Discussion
	References
Do Stairs with Visual Cues Lead to Fewer Missteps?
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Experimental Options
	4 Results
		4.1 Research Examples
		4.2 Discussion
	5 Some Practical Considerations
	6 Do These Alternatives Have a Place in Future Guidance?
	7 Next Steps for an Experimental Approach to Contrasting Nosings
	References
Part VII: Visual Ergonomics (Edited by Marino Menozzi)
Pragmatic Needs-Oriented Evaluation of Visibility, Impressions, Aesthetics and Eye Movement for Platform Display Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Platform Displays and Business Context
	3 Multi-dimensional Evaluation Scheme Developed
		3.1 Needs Given by a Company
		3.2 Evaluation Scheme
	4 Experiment
	5 Result
		5.1 First Dimension: Perceived Visibility
		5.2 Second Dimension: Perceived Visual Aesthetics
		5.3 Third Dimension: Gaze Behavior
	6 Discussion
	References
Preferences of People with Vision Impairment with Respect to Visibility of Elements in the Built Environment
	1 Which Visual Characteristics of the Built Environment Are of Relevance?
	2 Contrast
	3 Colour Considerations
	4 Conclusions
	References
Applied Visual Ergonomics - A Compelling Consideration for the New Normal
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 Change in Working Hours
		3.2 Screen Time and Eye Health
		3.3 Eye Symptoms
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Limitation and Future Work
	5 Conclusion
	References
Visual Symptoms and Risk Assessment Using Visual Ergonomics Risk Assessment Method (VERAM)
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Subjective Strain and Visual Ability
		2.2 Risk Assessment
	3 Results
		3.1 Subjective Strain and Visual Function
		3.2 Risk Assessments
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Effects of the Use of a Widescreen Display on Information Retrieval
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiment
		2.1 Subjects
		2.2 Environment
		2.3 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Retrieval Time of a Character
		3.2 Subjective Evaluation
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Dynamic Signs: Appropriate Contrast and Speed for Older Adults and Low Vision
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
	3 Results
		3.1 Effects of Contrast and Speed
		3.2 Effects of Image Types
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Visual Ergonomics in a Virtual World: Examples of Lighting Assessments Conducted in Cyberspace
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of the Assessments
	3 Example 1: Reflected Glare on Computer Displays in a Large Office
		3.1 Problem
		3.2 Virtual Assessment
		3.3 Outcomes
	4 Example 2: Headaches from Lighting in a Home-Based Office
		4.1 Problem
		4.2 Virtual Assessment
		4.3 Outcomes
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Virtual Assessments Can Be Successful
		5.2 Quantifying Lighting Parameters
		5.3 Financial Advantages
		5.4 Overcoming Challenges
	6 Conclusion
	References
Error Rate as Mediators of the Relationships Among 2D/3D TV Environment, Eye Gaze Accuracy, and Symptoms
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Apparatus and Stimuli
		2.3 Procedures
		2.4 Independent and Dependent Variables
		2.5 Structural Equation Modelling
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Dynamic Signs: Field Test to Install Signs Around the Stairs
	1 Problem Statement
	2 Objective
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Event Facility Where Field Tests Were Conducted
		3.2 Signs Presented in the Facility
		3.3 Behavioral Observation Survey of Facility Users Moving Between Floors
		3.4 Signs Referenced by Test Subjects and Survey of Gaze Time Towards Signs
	4 Results
		4.1 Behavioral Observation Survey of Facility Users Moving Between Floors
		4.2 Signs Referenced by Test Subjects and Survey of Gaze Time Towards Signs
	5 Conclusions
	References
The Influence of Guiding Information Propagated from the Elbow on Foot Proprioception Among Severely Visually Impaired People
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
Data Visualization for Interdisciplinary Medical Research (Pilot Study)
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Medical Data Visualization Studies
		1.2 Research Material Multiple Sclerosis
		1.3 Visualizations
	2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Dynamic Signs: Multiple Attributes Determining Visibility
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Apparatus
		2.3 Stimulus
		2.4 Procedures
		2.5 Analysis
		2.6 Accuracy Rate
		2.7 Response Time
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Correction to: Flat Cushion vs Shaped Cushion: Comparison in Terms of Pressure Distribution and Postural Perceived Discomfort
	Correction to: Chapter “Flat Cushion vs Shaped Cushion: Comparison in Terms of Pressure Distribution and Postural Perceived Discomfort” in: N. L. Black et al. (Eds.): Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021), LNNS 220, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74605-6_31
Author Index