Proceedings of International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Development: ICICTD 2022

Preface
About This Book
Contents
About the Editors
1 Notes on Image Watermarking and Steganography
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Image Watermarking
		1.2 Image Steganography
		1.3 Basic Comparison Between Image Watermarking and Steganography
	2 Related Works of Image Watermarking and Steganography
	3 Design Requirements of Image Watermarking and Steganography
	4 State-of-The-Art Methods for Image Watermarking and Steganography
	5 Applications of Image Watermarking and Steganography
	6 Challenges and Suggestions in Developing Image Watermarking and Steganography Techniques
	7 Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
2 Vehicle Detection Using Deep Learning Method and Adaptive and Dynamic Automated Traffic System via IoT Using Surveillance Camera
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Algorithm
		3.1 Object Detector Training
		3.2 System Architecture
	4 Dynamic and Adaptive Vehicle Detection Using Deep Learning
		4.1 Initializing Deep Learning
		4.2 Detector Training and Evaluation
		4.3 Allocation of Time
	5 Simulation
		5.1 Data Collection
		5.2 Simulation Environment
		5.3 Model Effectiveness
	6 Result and Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
3 Predicting Average Localization Error of Underwater Wireless Sensors via Decision Tree Regression and Gradient Boosted Regression
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Dataset Description
		3.2 Variable Importance
		3.3 Machine Learning Model
	4 Experiment and Analysis
		4.1 Implementation Environment
		4.2 Splitting Dataset
		4.3 Calculation Formula for Output
		4.4 Hyperparameter Tuning
		4.5 Result and Analysis
		4.6 Comparison with the Previous Models
	5 Conclusion
	References
4 Machine Learning Approaches  for Classification and Diameter Prediction of Asteroids
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Description of Dataset
		3.2 Preprocessing of Dataset
		3.3 Feature Analysis
		3.4 Different Models for Asteroids Classification
		3.5 Diameter Prediction Models
	4 Result and Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
5 Detection of the Most Essential Characteristics from Blood Routine Tests to Increase COVID-19 Diagnostic Capacity by Using Machine Learning Algorithms
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Proposed Work
		3.1 Dataset Description
		3.2 Feature Selection
		3.3 Classifiers
	4 Outcome
	5 Conclusions
	References
6 Usability Evaluation of Adaptive Learning System RhapsodeTM Learner
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Usability Questionnaires and SUS for e-Learning
		2.2 Qualitative Usability Evaluations
		2.3 Design Principles
	3 Context
	4 Methods
		4.1 Overview of Data Collection and Analysis Methods
		4.2 SUS Questionnaire
		4.3 Co-discovery with Concurrent Interview
	5 Results
		5.1 SUS Results
		5.2 SUS Validity and Reliability
		5.3 Co-discovery Results
	6 Conclusion and Scope of Future Work
	References
7 A Machine Learning and Deep Learning Approach to Classify Mental Illness with the Collaboration of Natural Language Processing
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Data Analysis
		3.1 Dataset Overview
		3.2 Dataset Formation
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Data Preprocessing
		4.2 Proposed Pipeline
	5 Experimentation
		5.1 Support Vector Machine
		5.2 Logistic Regression
		5.3 Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)
		5.4 Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT)
	6 Result Analysis
	7 Conclusion
	References
8 Data Governance and Digital Transformation in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of the Literature on Data Governance
	3 Importance of Data Governance in Saudi Arabia
	4 Principles of Data Governance in Saudi Arabia
		4.1 Ownership and Accountability
		4.2 Rules and Regulation Standardization
		4.3 Strategic and Valued Company Asset
		4.4 Quality Standards
		4.5 Data Transparency
	5 Data Governance Model
	6 Model Interpretation
	7 Challenges for Data Governance Implementation
		7.1 Technological Challenges
		7.2 Organizational Challenges
		7.3 Legal Challenges
	8 Key Dimensions of Data Governance
		8.1 Cloud Deployment Model
		8.2 Service Delivery Model
		8.3 Service Level Agreement—SLA
		8.4 Organizational
		8.5 Technology
		8.6 Environmental
	9 Conclusion
	References
9 A Waveguide-Fed Hybrid Graphene Plasmonic Nanoantenna for On-Chip Wireless Optical Communication
	1 Introduction
	2 Properties of Graphene
		2.1 Conductivity, Surface Impedance, Power Absorption of Graphene
		2.2 Graphene Modeling
	3 Design of a Waveguide-Fed Hybrid Graphene Plasmonic Nanoantenna
	4 Optimization of the Waveguide-Fed Hybrid Graphene Plasmonic Nanoantenna
		4.1 Parametric Analysis Based on Radiator Geometry, Size, and Thickness
		4.2 Parametric Analysis in Terms of Metal, Substrate, and Chemical Potential of Graphene
	5 Analysis of the Optimized Waveguide-Fed Hybrid Graphene Plasmonic Nanoantenna for On-Chip Wireless Optical Communication
		5.1 Details of This Proposed Nanoantenna Structures and Dimensions
		5.2 Simulation Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
10 Effectiveness of Transformer Models on IoT Security Detection in StackOverflow Discussions
	1 Introduction
	2 Background Study
		2.1 Transformers
		2.2 Evaluation Matrices
		2.3 Cross Validation
	3 The IoT Security Dataset
		3.1 IoT Posts Collection
		3.2 Sentence Level Dataset Creation
		3.3 Benchmark Dataset Creation
	4 Opiner Dataset
	5 Methodology
	6 Experimental Results
		6.1 Experiments
		6.2 Result Analysis
	7 Related Work
	8 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
11 Digital Health Inclusion to Achieve Universal Health Coverage in the Era of 4th Industrial Revolution
	1 Introduction
	2 Design and Development of Digital GP Model
		2.1 System Overview
	3 Analysis of Collected Data
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
12 Design of 8 × 8 Microstrip Array Antenna for ISM and K-Band Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Design Procedure of Array Antenna
	3 Results Analysis and Discussions
		3.1 Return Loss
		3.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
		3.3 Radiation Pattern 3D
	4 Comparative Study
	5 Conclusion
	References
13 Spatial-Spectral Kernel Convolutional Neural Network-Based Subspace Detection for the Task of Hyperspectral Image Classification
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Experimental Evaluation
		3.1 Dataset Description
		3.2 Performance Evaluation
	4 Conclusion
	References
14 Sentiment Analysis and Emotion Detection from Khasi Text Data—A Survey
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
		2.1 Opinion Mining Based on Aspects
		2.2 Cross-Domain Sentiment Analysis
		2.3 Evaluating the Effectiveness of MOOCs on Students\' Results
		2.4 Sentiment Analysis on Limited-Resource Language
		2.5 Emotion Detection From Textual Tweets
		2.6 Sentiment Analysis Based on the Attention Model
	3 Challenges of Sentiment Analysis
	4 Challenges Associated with Sentiment Analysis on Khasi Text
	5 Conclusion
	References
15 Classification of Brain Hemorrhage Using Deep Learning from CT Scan Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Data Preprocessing and Augmentation
		3.2 Histogram Equalization (HE)
		3.3 Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE)
		3.4 Proposed CNN Model
		3.5 Hybrid CNN Model
		3.6 Pre-trained Models
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Dataset
		4.2 Brain Hemorrhage Classification
	5 Conclusion
	References
16 An Automated Remote Health Monitoring System in IoT Facilities
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 The Hardware Components
		3.1 Arduino UNO
		3.2 ESP8266-01
		3.3 LCD Display
		3.4 Heart Pulse Rate Sensor
		3.5 Temperature Sensor
		3.6 Power Source
	4 System Design and Implementation
	5 Security of ARHMS Device
	6 Experimental Results
	7 Conclusion
	References
17 Surface Reflectance: A Metric for Untextured Surgical Scene Segmentation
	1 Introduction
	2 Background Study
	3 Cadaver Experiment and Data Collection
	4 Segmentation Methodology
	5 Result and Discussion Conclusion
	6 Conclusion
	References
18 Classification and Segmentation on Multi-regional Brain Tumors Using Volumetric Images of MRI with Customized 3D U-Net Framework
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Methodology
	4 Materials
		4.1 Dataset
		4.2 Preprocessing
	5 Custom 3D U-Net Model
		5.1 Encoder Part
		5.2 Decoder Part
		5.3 Loss Function
	6 Experimental Analysis
		6.1 Experimental Settings
		6.2 Evaluation Metrics
	7 Result Analysis
		7.1 Quantitative Results
		7.2 Qualitative Results
	8 Result Comparison and Discussion
	9 Conclusion
	References
19 Explainable AI and Ensemble Learning for Water Quality Prediction
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Water Quality
		2.2 Existing Works on Water Quality Prediction
		2.3 Ensemble Learning
		2.4 Explainable Artificial Intelligence
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Dataset Description
		3.2 Proposed Approach
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Feature Importance
		4.2 Model Creation and Comparison
		4.3 Model Interpretation by SHAP
		4.4 Ensemble Modeling
		4.5 Final Model Calibration
	5 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
20 Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Through Eye Movement Tracking Using Deep Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Dataset Collection and Analysis
		3.2 Data Preprocessing
		3.3 Model Architecture
	4 Result Analysis and Discussion
		4.1 Experimental Setup
		4.2 Experimentation
		4.3 Result Analysis
	5 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
21 Real-Time Lightweight Bangla Sign Language Recognition Model Using Pre-trained MobileNetV2 and Conditional DCGAN
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Proposed Method
		3.1 Dataset
		3.2 Choosing Parameters for Conditional DCGAN
		3.3 Conditional DCGAN Architecture
		3.4 Choosing Parameters for Classification Model
		3.5 Classification Model
	4 Experimental Evaluation
		4.1 Experimental Setup
		4.2 Splitting Dataset
		4.3 Dataset Augmentation for Classification Model
		4.4 Training the Conditional DCGAN
		4.5 Training the Classification Model
	5 Result Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
22 A Novel Method of Thresholding  for Brain Tumor Segmentation  and Detection
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 HOFilter
		3.2 Preprocessing
		3.3 Processing
		3.4 Tumor Detection
		3.5 Experimental Outcome
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Datasheet Acquisition
		4.2 Performance Comparison
	5 Conclusion
	6 Limitation and Future Work
	References
23 Developing Wearable Human–Computer Interfacing System Based on EMG and Gyro for Amputees
	1 Introduction
	2 System Design
		2.1 EMG Signal Detection
		2.2 Signal Acquisition Unit
		2.3 Hand Coordination Tracking by Gyroscope
		2.4 Wireless Data Transmission
		2.5 Visual Keyboard
	3 Functionality
	4 Conclusion
	References
24 Implementation of Twisted Edwards Curve-Based Unified Group Operation for ECC Processor
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Background
		2.1 Twisted Edwards Curve
		2.2 Unified Group Operation Theory
	3 Algorithms
	4 Architecture of Hardware
	5 Results of Hardware Simulations and Performance Analyses
	6 Conclusion
	References
25 IoT-Based Smart Office and Parking System with the Implementation of LoRa
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Parking Entry Unit
		2.2 User Identification Unit
		2.3 Smart Office Unit
	3 Parameters for LoRa Transmissions
	4 System Description
	5 Results
		5.1 Transmitter Performance Analysis
		5.2 Receiver Sensitivity Analysis
		5.3 Other Sensors Performance
	6 Conclusions
	References
26 Bandwidth Borrowing Technique for Improving QoS of Cluster-Based PON System
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed BW Borrowing Technique for CP System
	3 Simulation Results
		3.1 GTRR Analysis
		3.2 Buffering Delay Analysis
		3.3 Fairness Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
27 Ensemble of Boosting Algorithms for Parkinson Disease Diagnosis
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodologies
		2.1 Dataset
		2.2 Proposed Framework
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Outlier Rejection
		3.2 Attribute Selection
		3.3 PD Diagnosis
		3.4 State-of-the-Art Comparison
	4 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
28 GLCM and HOG Feature-Based Skin Disease Detection Using Artificial Neural Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Data Acquisition
		2.2 Data Preprocessing
		2.3 Feature Extraction
		2.4 Classification
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
29 Subject Dependent Cognitive Load Level Classification from fNIRS Signal Using Support Vector Machine
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Experimental Paradigm
		2.3 Data Acquisition
		2.4 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
30 Smoke Recognition in Smart Environment Through IoT Air Quality Sensor Data and Multivariate Logistic Regression
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Data Acquisition and Transformation
		2.2 Outlier Detection and Handling
		2.3 Data Standardization
		2.4 Learning and Recognition Using Logistic Regression
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Experiment Setup
		3.2 Recognition Outcomes
		3.3 Performance Comparison
	4 Conclusion
	References
31 Learning from Learned Network: An Introspective Model for Arthroscopic Scene Segmentation
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Cadaver Experiment and Data Collection
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Model
		4.2 Training
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
32 A Multigene Genetic Programming Approach for Soil Classification and Crop Recommendation
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Multigene Symbolic Regression Using GP
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Data Collection
		4.2 Data Preprocessing
		4.3 Feature Selection
		4.4 Inputs and Tuning Parameters of MGGP
		4.5 Discovery of Mathematical Model
	5 Performance Analysis
		5.1 Comparison with Other Existing Methods
		5.2 Crop Recommendation
	6 Conclusion
	References
33 Soft Error Tolerant Memristor-Based Memory
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 the Proposed Methodology
		3.1 Encoding
		3.2 Decoding
		3.3 Error Correction
		3.4 Data Correction
	4 Experimental Analysis
		4.1 Experimental Setup
		4.2 Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
34 Efficient Malaria Cell Image Classification Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Proposed Methodology
		3.1 Cell Image Dataset of Malaria Infection
		3.2 Data Processing and Normalization
		3.3 Proposed Model Architecture
	4 Results and Analysis
		4.1 Model Outcomes
		4.2 Data Processing and Normalization
		4.3 Performance Comparison of the Proposed Model with State of Art
		4.4 Graphical User Interface (GUI) Design
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
35 Detection of Acute Myeloid Leukemia from Peripheral Blood Smear Images Using Transfer Learning in Modified CNN Architectures
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Dataset
		2.2 Proposed Architecture
		2.3 Pre-processing
		2.4 Transfer Learning with CNN Models
		2.5 Hyperparameters and Empirical Architectures
		2.6 Evaluation Criterion
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
36 Automatic Bone Mineral Density Estimation from Digital X-ray Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Method
	3 Simulation Experiments
		3.1 Pre-processing Results
		3.2 Post-processing Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
37 Machine Learning Algorithms for the Prediction of Prostate Cancer
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Datasets Descriptions
		2.2 Data Preprocessing
		2.3 Prediction Techniques
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
38 Detection of Ventricular Fibrillation from ECG Signal Using Hybrid Scalogram-Based Convolutional Neural Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data Collection
		2.2 Proposed Approach
		2.3 Evaluation Metrics
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
39 Lung Cancer Detection Using Ensemble Technique of CNN
	1 Introduction
	2 Goals
	3 Related Work
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Data Collection
		4.2 Data Preprocessing
		4.3 Construction of CNN Model
		4.4 Load Pre-trained Models
		4.5 Evaluate Performance of the CNN Models
		4.6 Build an Ensemble Model
	5 Analyze and Compare All the Models\' Performance Results
	6 Deployment of Web Application
	7 Conclusion
	References
40 Identification of the Similarity of Bangla Words Using Different Word Embedding Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Data Collection
		3.2 Word, Emoticons and Punctuation Remove
		3.3 Data Preprocessing
		3.4 Building Models
	4 Result Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
41 Energy Consumption Optimization of Zigbee Communication:  An Experimental Approach  with XBee S2C Module
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Relevant Literature
	3 Experimental Setup
	4 Energy Consumption Optimization by Analyzing (PTrans) Levels with Corresponding PDR
		4.1 Variation of Current and Energy Consumption with Various PTrans Levels
		4.2 PDR Performances at Different PTrans
		4.3 Evaluation of PTrans Levels for Energy Optimization
	5 Conclusion
	References
42 PredXGBR: A Machine Learning Based Short-Term Electrical Load Forecasting Architecture
	1 Introduction
	2 Contemporary Research and Authors Contributions
	3 Model Design
	4 Data Preparation and Feature Extraction
	5 Result Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
43 Sn Doped GexSi1 - xOy Films for Uncooled Infrared Detections
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Author Index