Proceedings of Geotechnical Challenges in Mining, Tunneling and Underground Infrastructures: ICGMTU, 20 December 2021 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 228)

Preface
Contents
Underground Mining and Ground Control
A Review of Soft Computing Techniques in Predicting Overbreak Induced by Tunnel Blasting
	1 Introduction
	2 Overbreak Effective Parameters
		2.1 Geological Factors
		2.2 Blasting Pattern Parameters
		2.3 Geometric Properties of the Tunnel
	3 AI Models Used in Predicting Overbreak Induced by Tunnel Blasting
	4 Conclusions
	References
Review of Roof Skin Instability Challenges with Emphasis on South African Coal Mines
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Problem Definition and Overview
	2 Review
		2.1 Roof Skin Instability Problem
		2.2 Roof Skin Problems, South African Paper
		2.3 Roof Skin Fall Risk Assessment
		2.4 Roof Screening Barriers in Coal Mines
		2.5 Screening Impact on Mining Advance Rate
		2.6 Review of Work Done to Develop a Polymer Product to Replace Mesh
		2.7 Other Polymer Tests
		2.8 Chapter Summary
	3 South African Coal Mines’ Current Approaches and Practices to Manage Roof Skin Problems
		3.1 Roof Skin Support Installation in South African Mines
		3.2 Roof Barring
		3.3 Roof Skin Failure Reporting and Database
	4 Conclusions
	References
Communication Experiment of Wi-Fi Direct for Underground Mine Environment Visualization System
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Measurement of Rock Mass Condition in an Underground Mine
		2.2 Wireless Communication Technology in Underground Mines
		2.3 Monitoring in Underground Mines
		2.4 Visualizing in Mining
	3 Proposed Underground Mine Stress Monitoring System
		3.1 WSNs used in Underground Mine Monitoring System
		3.2 Proposed Stress Monitoring System in Underground Mines
	4 Ad Hoc Wireless Communication (Data Transmission)
		4.1 Evaluation Indices for Ad Hoc Wireless Communication Tests
		4.2 Overview of the Ad Hoc Wireless Communication Test
	5 Communication Test Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Critical Aspects of Longwall Top Coal Caving Method for Application in Indian Geomining Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Geotechnical Principles of LTCC
	3 Top Coal Caving Mechanism
		3.1 Top Coal Failure and Fracturing Process
		3.2 The Caving Process
	4 Main Technical Issue of Top-Coal Caving
		4.1 Hard-Top Coal Management
		4.2 Inflammable Gas Emission and Outburst
		4.3 Spontaneous Heating/Fire
		4.4 Respirable Dust
		4.5 Summary of Risks Associated With the LTCC Method
	5 Implementation of LTCC in China, Australia, Vietnam, and Turkey
	6 Indian Geomining conditions Vis-a-Vis Global Experiences
	7 Discussion and Conclusion
	8 Recommendations
	References
Ultimate Pit Limit Optimization by Computerized and Manual Methods for Dadiin Khar Tolgoi – 2 Coal Mine – A Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Study
		2.1 Resource
		2.2 Generating a block model on Surpac
		2.3 Exportation of the Block Model to Whittle Software
		2.4 Exportation of the Optimal Pit to Surpac
		2.5 Pit Design Using Surpac Software
		2.6 Locating a Pit Limit by Using the Basic Concept of the Hand Method
		2.7 Calculation Part on the Cross-Sectional Slices to Determine Optimal Pit Limit
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Summary Results of Whittle Software
		3.2 Summary Results of Manual Method
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Analysis of Both Results
		4.2 Analysis of Economics
	5 Conclusions
	References
Appropriate Support Design for Incline Lip Opening and Drivages in Fragile Rock Mass Formation: An Empirical and Numerical Based Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Area of Study
	3 Design of Support for Extremely Weak and Fragile Roof Condition
		3.1 Borehole Location and Physico-Mechanical Properties
		3.2 Support Design for Portal
		3.3 Support Design for Lip and Incline Drivage with Weak and Fragile Roof Condition
	4 Design of Support of Drivage with Fair Roof Condition
		4.1 Determination of Rock Load by CMRI Geomechanical Classification System
		4.2 Determination of Rock Load by Bieniawski’s Geomechanical Classification System
		4.3 Determination of Rock Load by Numerical Modeling
		4.4 Comparison and Selection of Rock Loads for Drivages
		4.5 Design of Support for Drivages
	5 Conclusion
	References
Prediction of Rockburst Using Supervised Machine Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Theories of Rockburst
	3 Classification of Rockburst
	4 Machine Learning Techniques
		4.1 Merits of Using Machine Learning in Predicting Rockburst
	5 Methodology
		5.1 Data Sources
		5.2 Empirical Method
		5.3 Supervised Machine Learning Model Building
	6 Results of Empirical Method and Supervised ml
		6.1 Empirical Results
		6.2 Supervised Machine Learning Result
	7 Conclusions
	References
Challenge to Explain the Upward Surface Movement Above Abandoned Coal Mines
	1 Introduction
	2 Measurements of Uplift Based on Radar Interferometry Data
	3 Framework Helping to Understand and Calculate Uplift
	4 Calculations of Uplift Values
	5 Conclusions
	References
Challenges in Drill Equipment Selection vis-à-vis Underground Excavations – A Methodology
	1 Introduction
	2 Excavation Cycle
	3 Rock Drilling
		3.1 Limitations
	4 Drill Equipment Selection
		4.1 Components of a Drill Equipment
		4.2 Drilling Challenges and Developments
	5 Field Investigations
	6 Results and Analysis
	7 Conclusions
	References
Fracture Characterization Using Downhole Camera in Deep Boreholes at Southern Johor Bahru, Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Terminologies for Fracture Characterisation
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Tunneling and Case Studies
Numerical Modelling of Shoring Systems: Case Study
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Sheet Pile Walls
		1.2 Contiguous Pile
		1.3 Micropile
	2 Case Study A: Design of Sheet Piling
		2.1 Results and Discussions: Project A
		2.2 Case Study B: Design of Contiguous piling
		2.3 Results and discussions: Project B
		2.4 Case Study C: Design of Micropile
		2.5 Results and Discussions: Project C
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Ground Vibration Due to Blasting Activity in Large Section Tunnel Close to Pantai Timur Highway LPT 1
	1 Introduction
	2 Engineering Overview
		2.1 Sample Preparation
		2.2 Point Load Test
		2.3 Uniaxial Compression Test
		2.4 Safety
	3 Results
		3.1 ECRL Use Rock Test Result
		3.2 Qvalue
	4 Conclusion
	References
Assessment of Structural Damage Due to Blasting in Hydro Power Tunnel
	1 Introduction
	2 Site Investigations
		2.1 Concrete Structures
		2.2 Tunnel Blast Design
		2.3 Blast Induced Ground Vibration Monitoring
	3 Discussion and Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Tunnel Excavation in Highly Stressed Weak Rockmass Condition
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Geological Features
	4 Heading Excavation and Support
		4.1 Instrumentation to Monitor Rock Mass Response to Excavation
	5 Bench Excavation
	6 Monitoring of Rock Mass Response
	7 Conclusion
	References
Surge Shaft Instrumentation and Monitoring in Himalayan Hydroelectric Projects
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Projects Details
		1.2 Geology at Project Sites
		1.3 Support System in Surge Shafts
	2 Instrumentation
	3 Numerical Modelling of Surge Shafts
	4 Results and Conclusions
		4.1 Tala Hydro Project Surge Shaft
		4.2 Larji Hydroelectric Project Surge Shaft
	References
Construction Approch of Longest Railway Tunnel of India
	1 Introduction
	2 Tunnel Alignment
		2.1 Horizontal Alignment
		2.2 Vertical Alignment
	3 Tunnel Cross Section
		3.1 Standard Tunnel Cross Section
		3.2 Particular Tunnel Cross Sections
	4 Water Proffing
	5 Tunnel Drainage
	6 Geology and Geotechnical Investigations
		6.1 Investigation During Planning and Design Stage
		6.2 Investigation During Construction Stage
	7 Design Approach and Methodology
		7.1 Tunnel System and Safety Approach
		7.2 Construction Approach
		7.3 Design Approach
		7.4 Tunnel Support System
		7.5 Construction Methodology
		7.6 Tunnel Excavation
		7.7 Support Installations
	8 Instrumentation and Monitoring
		8.1 Three-Dimensional (3D) Monitoring of Tunnel
		8.2 Extensometers
		8.3 Rock Bolt Axial Force Meter “Measuring Anchor”
		8.4 Strain Meters
		8.5 Pressure Cells
	9 Conclusion
	References
Geoenvironmental Assessment of Soil Slopes Around Leh Manali Highway in Himachal Pradesh, India
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
		2.1 Location
		2.2 Geology and Stratigraphy of the Area
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Mineralogical Analysis
		4.2 Geotechnical Characterization
		4.3 Stability Assessment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Parametric Study of Influence of Groundwater and Joint Spacing on Stability of a High Overburden Tunnel
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Borehole Testing
		3.2 Numerical Simulation
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Stability Analysis of a Rectangular Tunnel in Granitic Rocks at a Depth of 205 m, Bhima Basin, Karnataka
	1 Introduction
	2 General Geology
	3 Rock Mass Quality and Mechanical Property
	4 Numerical Analysis
		4.1 CASE I: Intact Rock with Overburden Load
		4.2 CASE II: Intact Rock and Tectonic (Horizontal) Stress
		4.3 Case III: With Two Facture Joint Sets
	5 Results and Conclusions
	References
Ground Improvement in Fractured Basaltic Terrain Along TBM Drives Near to Arabian Sea – A Case of Mumbai Metro, India
	1 Introduction
	2 Geology of Study Area
		2.1 Geotechnical Investigations
		2.2 Geophysical Investigations
	3 Ground Improvement
	4 Summary of Observations Before TBM Excavation
	5 Summary of Observations During TBM Excavation
	6 Conclusion
	References
Drill and Blast Optimisation at an Underground Copper-Gold Mine
	1 Background
	2 Data Collection
		2.1 Planned Drill Pattern for 4580 ACC-200
		2.2 4580-ESD-001 New 51 mm drill plan—G5.0 × 5.051bit Chainage: 37.3 m
		2.3 Drill Plan E5.0 × 4.51in6downV2
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Underground Structures and Cases Studies
Investigation for Influence of Pressure on Face Stability of Mega Tunnel
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Data Collection
	4 Research Methodology
	5 Data Analysis
	6 Observations
		6.1 Effect of Face Pressure
		6.2 Effect of Earth Pressure
		6.3 Effect of Water Pressure
	7 Discussion and Suggestion
	8 Conclusion
	References
Delineation of Water Seepage Flow Path in the Underground Metro Rail Tunnel Using Cross-Hole GPR Tomography: A Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area and Problem
	3 Geology of the Study Area
	4 Data Acquisition and Analysis
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 3-D Subsurface Attenuation Image
	6 Conclusions
	References
Challenges for Mechanized Tunnelling in Urban Areas in Hanoi Vietnam
	1 Introduction
	2 General Description of the Projects
		2.1 General Description
		2.2 Geology Conditions Along the Alignment
		2.3 Local Groundwater Conditions
	3 Identified Risks Related to Geotechnical and Groundwater
	4 Neighbouring Buildings
	5 Identified Risks Related to the Resetlement
	6 Conclusions
	References
Estimation of Deformation Modulus of Rock Mass for an Underground Cavern Based on Back Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Layout of the Powerhouse Cavern
	3 Geology
	4 Geomechanical Properties
	5 In-Situ Testing
	6 3-Dimensional Numerical Modelling
		6.1 Excavation Sequence
		6.2 Support System
		6.3 Material Properties
	7 Instrumentation and Comparison of Results
	8 Conclusions
	References
Construction of Underground Pump House Cavern in Medium Stress Condition—A Case Study from India
	1 Introduction
	2 Geological Setting
	3 Rock Mass Classification and Estimation of Support Pressure
	4 Rock Support and Estimation of Support System Capacity
	5 Conclusions
	References
Safety and Stability Monitoring of Underground Structures - Role of Geotechnical Instruments
	1 Introduction
	2 Developments in Instruments and Applications
	3 Instrumentation and Monitoring
		3.1 Short-Term Critical Monitoring (Monitoring During Construction)
		3.2 Broad-Scale Long Term Monitoring (Monitoring During Operational Periods)
		3.3 Instrumentation for Underground Caverns
	4 Case Studies on Cavern Monitoring
		4.1 Underground Powerhouse Cavern at Sardar Sarovar Project
		4.2 Tala Hydroelectric Project, Bhutan
	5 Conclusions
	References
Mining Geotechnics
Numerical Modelling of Mining Induced Seismicity in Deep Closed Mines: A Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Location Details
	3 Onsite Mining-Induced Seismicity Studies
		3.1 Study Area and Sensor Details
		3.2 Methodology
		3.3 Results and Analysis
	4 Numerical Modelling Studies
		4.1 Study Area
		4.2 3D Model
		4.3 Material Properties
		4.4 Methodology
		4.5 Results and Analysis
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Intelligent Techniques for Prediction of Drilling Rate for Percussive Drills in Topically Weathered Limestone
	1 Introduction
	2 Drill Performance
	3 Sensitivity Analysis
	4 What is Multivariate Regression?
	5 Mathematical Equation
	6 Cost Function
	7 Steps of Multivariate Regression Analysis
	8 Advantages of Multivariate Regression
	9 Disadvantages of Multivariate Regression
	10 BBO-ANN
	11 Discussion of Results
	12 Conclusion
	References
Influence of Freeze-thaw Cycles on the Velocity of Elastic Waves in Saturated Rock Specimens
	1 Introduction
	2 Specimen Description
	3 Experimental Procedure
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Influence of Freeze-thaw on P-wave Velocity
		4.2 Influence of Freeze-thaw on S-wave Velocity
	5 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Firing Pattern on Rock Fragmentation in Surface Mine Blast-A Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Blast Mechanism
	3 Effect of Firing Patterns on Fragmentation
	4 Area of Study
	5 Analysis of the Data Generated
	6 Results and Discussion
	7 Conclusions
	References
Investigations into the Influence of Intact Rock and Machine Properties on Exploratory Coring Rate for Aiding Selection of Coring Machine
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Literature Review
	3 Influence of Geology on Drilling Operations
	4 Core Logging
	5 Understanding Compressive Strength and Drillability
	6 Analysis of Machine Variables
	7 Drill Bits
	8 General Requirement for Exploratory Core Drilling Process
	9 Relation of Operational Drilling Parameters on ROP
	10 Field Investigation Overview (Case Study)
	11 Exploratory Data Analysis
	12 Technological Trends
	13 Conclusions
	References
Operators Skill Evaluation with Virtual Reality Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 Multitasking Talents
	3 Onboarding
	4 Simulations
	5 Recent Development of VR for Quarry Operators Training
		5.1 Advantages of VR
	6 Conclusion
	References
Excavation Assessment on Granitic Area at Ulu Kinta, Perak, Malaysia for an Earthwork Project
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Issues on Confirmation of Hard Mass and Rock Mass
	2 Site Location
		2.1 Geology of the Site Area
		2.2 Methodology
	3 Field Work
		3.1 Field Mapping
		3.2 Geophysical Investigation -Resistivity Method
		3.3 Geophysical Investigation -Seismic Refraction Method
		3.4 Drilling Method
		3.5 Material Strength
		3.6 Trial Excavation and Direct Assessment
	4 Laboratory Works
		4.1 Moisture Content
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Field Mapping
		5.2 Seismic Refraction Result
	6 Conclusion
	References
Tackling the Asian Sand Crisis–A Case Study in Applying GAIN™ Best Practices in Viet Nam’s Mekong Delta
	1 Background on the Mekong Delta
	2 Sustainable Mining Initiative in the VMD
	3 Lessons Learnt from the Case Studies
	4 Some Observations Relating to the Mekong Delta
	5 Recommendations and Conclusion
	References
Impact of Enhanced Production from the Opencast Coal Mines on Ambient Particulate Emissions
	1 Introduction
	2 Field Investigations
	3 Materials and Methods
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Comprehensive Review of Rockmass Classification Systems for Assessing Blastability
	1 Introduction
	2 Rockmass Classification Systems
	3 Rockmass and blastability
	4 Conclusions
	References
Empirical and Numerical Evaluation of a Cut Slope Near Rishikesh, India
	1 Introduction
	2 Geological Framework
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Kinematic Analysis
		3.2 Q-Slope
		3.3 Slope Mass Rating
		3.4 Finite Element Analysis:
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Recent Developments in Machine Learning and Flyrock Prediction
	1 Introduction
	2 Empirical Flyrock Estimation
	3 Deep Learning Models for Flyrock
		3.1 ANN, ELM, ORLEM, MLR, ANN-PSO, ANN-HS, & ANN-ADHS
		3.2 ANFIS-GOA, ANFIS-CA, ICA-Linear, ICA-Power and ICA-Quadratic
		3.3 ABC-ANN, FA-ANN, GA-ANN
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Ore Grade Estimation
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods for Ore Grade Estimation
		2.1 Ordinary Kriging (OK) Method
		2.2 Inverse-Distance Weighted (IDW) Method
		2.3 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM)
		2.4 Neural Network Model for Ore Grade Estimation
		2.5 Support Vector Machine Regression (SVR)
	3 Tabular Evaluation
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Robots in Mining
	1 Introduction
	2 Robotic Process Automation (RPA) for Mining Industry
	3 Energy Saving Automation Technologies
	4 Mining Robots Usage in Hazardous Site
	5 Mining Companies Are Accelerating Robotic Automation
		5.1 Application of Geospatial Technology
	6 Conclusion
	References
Utilizing a Bagging Model Based on Decision Trees and k-nearest Neighbors for Predicting Slope Stability in Open Pit Mines
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Extra Trees Ensemble: A Machine Learning Model for Predicting Blast-Induced Ground Vibration Based on the Bagging and Sibling of Random Forest Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Extra Trees Ensemble
	3 Dataset
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Managing Slope Stability Hazards in Volcanically Active Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Aggregate Geology [5]
	3 New Zealand Quarry Industry
	4 Slope Stability Hazards in New Zealand Quarries
		4.1 Planar Failure
		4.2 Wedge Failure
		4.3 Toppling Failure
		4.4 Circular Failure
	5 Monitoring for Slope Instability
	6 Controls for Ground Failure
		6.1 Catch Bund
		6.2 Exclusion Zones
		6.3 Design of Benches and Faces
		6.4 Ground Control Management Plans (GCMP)
	7 Conclusion
	Appendix 1. Inspection checklist
	References
Management Strategy for Indian Housing Development Waste
	1 Introduction
		1.1 What is Consturuction and Demolition (C&D) Waste?
		1.2 Justification of Study
		1.3 Government of India Initiation for C&D Waste
	2 Related Works
	3 Proposed Solution
		3.1 Infrastructure Required to Setup Plants for Production of Recycled Materials and Ready Mix Concrete (Dry Processing Unit –Greater than 60 TPH Capacity)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development of Architecture of Autonomous Hydraulic Rock Breaker for Limestone Mines
	1 Introduction
	2 Objective of the Study
	3 Methodology
	4 Hydraulic Rock Breaker
	5 Global Technological Advancement
	6 Recommendations and Conclusion
	References
Application of Slope Mass Rating and Kinematic Analysis Along Road Cut Slopes in the Himalayan Terrain
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Slope Stability Appraisal Along NH-5
		3.1 Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
		3.2 Kinematic Analysis
		3.3 Slope Mass Rating (SMR) and its Extensions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of Joint Parameters to Understand it’s Effect on Rock Blasting
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Modelling of Natural Rock Block Using 3DEC
	3 Results
		3.1 Relationship Between Powder Factor and Q
		3.2 Relation Between Excavation Volume and Q
		3.3 Blast Fragments Shape Analysis
		3.4 Natural Block Shape Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Sand Bed Thickness on the Response of Concrete Block Pavement: A Numerical Investigation
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Description of Concrete Block Pavements
	3 Experimental Validation
	4 Numerical Studies
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 Evaluation of Natural Frequency Modes and Finding Equivalent Damping Coefficient Values
		5.2 Vibration Response of Case Profile 1-CBP with 20 mm Thick Sand Bed
		5.3 Vibration Response of Case Profile 2-CBP with 10 mm Thick Sand Bed
		5.4 Vibration Response of Case Profile 3-CBP with 70 mm Thick Sand Bed
		5.5 Comparative Study - Effect of Increasing Sand Bed Thickness on Pavement Dynamic Response
	6 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Petrographic Properties on the Strength Parameters of Indian Metamorphic Rocks
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area and Geological Setting
	3 Material and Methods
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Physico-Mechanical Properties of Rocks
		4.2 Influence of Mineralogical Composition on Rock Engineering Properties
	5 Conclusions
	References
Appropriate Geotechnical Engineering Helps Improve Mineral Reserves
	1 Introduction
	2 Mineral Resources
	3 Mineral Reserves
	4 Data Collection Protocols
	5 Geotechnical Inputs for Mine Design
	6 Stability Monitoring and Mine Operations
	7 Conclusions
	References
Design and Evaluation of Stability of Slope Geometry of an Iron Ore Mine - A Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Geology of the Area
		2.1 Iron Ore Body
	3 Physico-Mechanical Properties
		3.1 Triaxial Testing
	4 Slope Analysis
		4.1 Analysis of Existing Bench Parameters
		4.2 Analysis of Modified Bench Parameters
		4.3 Analysis of Existing Dumps
		4.4 Analysis of Modified Dumps
		4.5 Modified Dump Section DD’
		4.6 Modified Dump Section EE’
		4.7 Modified Dump Section FF’
	5 Conclusions
	References
Intelligent Technique for Prediction of Blast Fragmentation Due to the Blasting in Tropically Weathered Limestone
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Blastability Index Lilly (1986)
		2.2 Weathering Index (WI)
		2.3 Data Collection
		2.4 Artificial Neural Network
		2.5 Particle Swarm Optimization (Pso)
		2.6 Pso-Ann
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Assessment Parameters of Rock Masses for Excavation in Relation to Moisture Content
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Influence of Moisture Content
	2 Study Area
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Geological Field Mapping and Site Observation
		4.2 Joint Spacing and Block Size
		4.3 Excavation Production
		4.4 Effect of Moisture on Excavation Production
	5 Conclusion
	References
Geotechnical Challenges in World Record Making Mine Rescue
	1 Mine Disasters
	2 Mahabir Crisis
	3 History of Mining at Mahabir
	4 Rescue Possibilities
	5 Mine Water Studies
	6 Crash Scheduling
	7 Delay of Alternatives
	8 Record Success
	9 Conclusions
	References