Proceedings of AWAM International Conference on Civil Engineering 2022―Volume 2: AICCE, Sustainability and Resiliency (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 385)

Editorial
Collaborators
Keynote Speakers
About the Conference
Contents
Highway Engineering
Experimental Study of HMA Absorption According to Aggregate Types and Asphalt Grade
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Objectives and Methodology
	3 Materials Used
		3.1 Virgin Asphalt Cement
		3.2 Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP)
		3.3 Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA)
		3.4 Aggregate Gradation
	4 Experimental Work
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Evaluation of Water Absorption for Mixes with Different Types of Aggregates
		5.2 Evaluation of Asphalt Absorption
		5.3 Effective, Apparent, and Bulk Specific Gravities
	6 Conclusions
	References
Evaluation on the Physical Properties of Asphaltene-Modified Bitumen
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Components of Bitumen
		1.2 Relation Between Asphaltene and Bitumen Physical Properties
	2 Materials and Test Method
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Test Method
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Effect of Asphaltene on Penetration
		3.2 Effect of Asphaltene on Softening Point
		3.3 Effect of Asphaltene on Viscosity
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effects of Beta-Carotene Palm Oil on Asphalt Binder Properties and Coatability Performance
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Preparation of Asphalt Binder Samples
		2.3 Binder’s Properties Test
		2.4 Physicochemical Analysis
		2.5 Binder Coatability Characteristics
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Binder Properties
		3.2 Comparison Between Control Asphalt and CBO Bio-Asphalt Based on FTIR Analysis
		3.3 Service Characteristics of Asphalt Mixtures
	4 Conclusions
	References
Coatability and Bonding Characteristics of Asphalt Binders Modified with Alkylamines-Based and Polyalkylene Glycol-Based Bonding Promoters
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Sample Preparation
		2.3 Physical Properties and Performance Tests
		2.4 Coatability Test
		2.5 Asphalt-Substrate Bonding Performance Tests
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Physical Properties and Performances of Asphalt Binder
		3.2 Coatability Tests
		3.3 Asphalt-Substrate Bonding Performance Test
	4 Conclusions
	References
Mechanical Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt Incorporating Coal Fly Ash Filler
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Material
		2.2 Samples Preparation
		2.3 Tests
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Resilient Modulus
		3.2 Dynamic Creep
		3.3 Wheel Tracking
	4 Conclusion
	References
Characterization of Asphalt Emulsion with Different Percentage of Asphalt Content
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Preparation of Asphalt Emulsion
		2.2 Material Evaluation and Characterization
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Residue by Evaporation of Asphalt Emulsion
		3.2 Softening Point
		3.3 Penetration
		3.4 Penetration Index
		3.5 Ductility
		3.6 Viscosity
		3.7 Solubility
		3.8 Decision Matrix Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Full Extraction Asbuton Bitumen Using Different Organic Solvents for Binder Replacement
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Test Methods
		2.1 Material
		2.2 Test Method
	3 Results
		3.1 Asbuton Bitumen Extraction with Toluene and Turpentine at Variant Temperature
		3.2 Asbuton Bitumen Properties with Turpentine and Toluene Solvent
	4 Conclusion
	References
Determination of Optimum Binder Content of Dry-Mixed Crumb Rubber in Stone Mastic Asphalt Using Sandstone Aggregate
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Design
		2.1 Materials and Sample Preparation
		2.2 Experimental Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Marshall Stability
		3.2 Marshall Flow
		3.3 Volumetric Analysis
		3.4 Binder Drain Down
		3.5 Resilient Modulus
		3.6 Optimum Binder Content (OBC)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Structural Engineering
Non-standard Large-Scale Fire Tests of Structures: A Mini Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Criticisms of the Standard Fire Test
	3 What is the Solution to Predict the Fire Resistance of Concrete Structures?
	4 Non-standard Large-Scale Fire Test of Reinforced Concrete
	5 ACI 216 and IBC 2021 Methods
	6 Conclusion and Research Needs in Structural Fire
	References
Effect of Hollow Bodies on the Strength and Density of Bubble Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Randomly Arranged Hollow Spheres
		2.1 Concrete Compression Experiments
		2.2 Nonlinear Elastoplastic Simulation
	3 Regularly Arranged Hollow Bodies
		3.1 Concrete Compression Experiments
		3.2 Nonlinear Elastoplastic Simulation
	4 Nonlinear Elastoplastic Simulation for Hollow Capsule Model
	5 Conclusions
	Appendix
	References
Thermal Performance of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiments
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Mix Proportion
		2.3 Tests Procedures
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Effect of Natural Fiber on Thermal Performance
		3.3 Effect of Different Thicknesses on Thermal Performance
	4 Conclusion
	References
Performance of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Geopolymer Composites Exposed to Sulphuric Acid
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Programme
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Kenaf Fibres (KF)
		2.3 Mix Proportions
		2.4 Mixing, Casting, and Curing
		2.5 Testing
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Density
		3.2 Air-Cured Compressive Strength
		3.3 Acid Attack
	4 Conclusion
	References
Experimental Evaluation of Bond Properties in Textile-Reinforced Concrete by Digital Image Correlation
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Research
		2.1 Material Description
		2.2 Pullout Test Specimen Details
		2.3 Experimental Setup
		2.4 Local Bond–slip Interface
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Experimental Results
		3.2 Local Bond Stress–slip Model Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Characterization of Spent Bleaching Earth Ash (SBEA) and Assessing Its Use as Partial Cement Replacement in Cement Mortar
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Material Preparation
		2.2 Characterization
		2.3 Mix Design and Compressive Test
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Chemical Properties
		3.2 Morphology
		3.3 Physical Properties
		3.4 Water Requirement/Flow-Ability
		3.5 Pozzolanic Reactivity Assessment Using Strength Activity Index (SAI)
		3.6 Compressive Strength at 3, 7, 28 and 56 Days
		3.7 Flexural Strength at 28 Days
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
An Innovative Shear Connector for Composite Beam with Cold-Formed Steel
	1 Introduction
	2 Push-Out Test
		2.1 Description of the Push-Out Test Specimens
		2.2 Test Setup and Instrumentation
	3 Material Properties
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	References
Approximate Equation for Estimating Global Buckling Load of Single-Layer Cylindrical Space Frames
	1 Introduction
	2 Geometrical Parameters and Analytical Models
	3 Basic Principle
		3.1 Linear Buckling Analysis
		3.2 Regression Analysis
		3.3 Process for Deriving the Equations
	4 Derivation of the Approximate Equations
		4.1 Foundational Approximate Equations
		4.2 Effect Factors
	5 The Effectiveness Analysis
	6 Conclusions
	References
Palm Oil Clinker as Coarse and Fine Aggregates in Lightweight Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Preparation of Materials
		2.2 Concrete Mix Proportion and Test Procedures
		2.3 Preparation of Specimens
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Physical Properties of POC
		3.2 Fresh Properties of LWC
		3.3 Mechanical Properties of LWC
	4 Conclusion
	References
Dynamic Properties and Seismic Performance of 1.5-Layer Space Frames with Lap-Units whilst Considering Vibration of Lower Joints
	1 Introduction
	2 Analytical Methods and Models
		2.1 Geometrical Configuration
		2.2 Ground Motion Inputs
		2.3 Analytical Models
	3 Natural Vibration Properties
	4 Seismic Performances
		4.1 Acceleration and Response Spectrum
		4.2 Peak Acceleration Response
		4.3 Maximum Inter-layer Deformation Angle
	5 Conclusion
	References
Study on the Concrete Strength Development with Power Plant Waste as an Aggregate Replacement
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Work
		2.1 Material
		2.2 Sample Preparation and Mix Proportion Design
		2.3 Experimental Program
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Sieve Analysis
		3.2 Relationship Between Strength Development and Water Absorption
	4 Conclusion
	References
Experimental Study on Column Strengthening Using Pre-tensioned Steel Straps Confinement
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Specimens Detail
		2.2 Laboratory Set-Up
		2.3 Loading Protocol
		2.4 Steel Strapping Method
	3 Result and Analysis
		3.1 Load Deformation Curve
		3.2 Energy Dissipation
		3.3 Analysis of Column Cross-Section Curvature
		3.4 Analysis of Longitudinal Reinforcing Bar Strains
		3.5 Analysis of Steel Straps Strains
	4 Conclusion
	References
Experimental Report on Compression Loading Test of Tempered Glass Panels
	1 Introduction
	2 The Experimental Setup and Specimens
		2.1 Preliminary Test Setup
		2.2 Specimens Description
	3 Experimental Results
		3.1 Stress–Strain and Displacement Relationship
		3.2 The Buckling Theory Justification
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Experimental Study of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joint Using Pre-tensioned Stiffened Steel Angles
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Materials Properties
		3.2 Retrofitting Scheme
		3.3 Experimental Test
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 General Observations
		4.2 Load–Displacement Hysteretic Response and Envelope Curve
		4.3 Ductility
		4.4 Energy Dissipation Capacity
		4.5 Stiffness Degradation
		4.6 Strain Measurement
		4.7 Joint Shear Distortion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Compressive Strength of Light-Transmitting Concrete (LTC) Incorporated with Optical Fibre
	1 Introduction
	2 Background of Problem
	3 Literature Review
	4 Materials and Methods
		4.1 Construction Materials
		4.2 Fabrication of LTC
		4.3 Compression Test, UPV and Microstructure Analysis
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 Fresh Properties of SCC
		5.2 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)
		5.3 Compressive Strength of LTC
		5.4 Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis (SEM)
	6 Conclusion
	References
Development of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System to Predict Concrete Compressive Strength
	1 Introduction
	2 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)
	3 Development of ANFIS Model
	4 Conclusion
	References
Investigation on Mechanical Properties of High Strength Ductile Engineered Geopolymer Composites (EGC)
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Programme
		2.1 Materials and Processing
		2.2 Testing Procedures
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Bond Behaviour
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Chevron, Single and Cross Bracing in Optimized Planar Steel Braced Frames on the Mitigating Progressive Collapse
	1 Introduction
	2 Investigated Structures
	3 Progressive Collapse Analysis Methodology
		3.1 Column Removal Scenarios
		3.2 Modeling
		3.3 Linear Analysis Method
	4 Optimization
		4.1 The Symbiotic Organism Search Algorithm (SOS)
		4.2 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSO)
		4.3 Selecting the Proper Algorithm
		4.4 Optimization Problem Formulation
		4.5 Grouping
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Structural Analytical Models
		5.2 Conventional Frames in Comparison with Optimized Frames
		5.3 Comparison of Weight and Displacement
	6 Conclusion
	References
Natural Localized Corrosion of Steel Bar in 44-Years Old Cracked RC Beam Structures Exposed to Marine Tidal Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Detail of Structure
	3 Investigation Method
		3.1 Visual Observation of Defective Appearance
		3.2 Half-Cell Potential
		3.3 Corrosion Current Density
		3.4 Actual Steel bar Corrosion
	4 Results
		4.1 Visual Observation of Defective Appearance
		4.2 Half-Cell Potential
		4.3 Corrosion Rate
		4.4 Actual Steel Bar Condition in Middle Tensile Part
	5 Conclusions
	References
Influence of Waste Crumb Rubber as a Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregates on Concrete Properties
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Raw Concrete Materials Characteristics
		2.2 Mix Design
		2.3 Testing Sample
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Fresh Concrete Properties
		3.2 Hardened Concrete Properties
	4 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Analysis of Arch Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams with Various Cross Sections
	1 Introduction
	2 Model Information
		2.1 Geometry
		2.2 Finite Element Analysis
		2.3 Material Properties
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Load and Displacement Relationship
		3.2 Elastic Stiffness
		3.3 Ductility
		3.4 Damage Pattern
	4 Conclusion
	References
Experimental Investigation on the Behaviour of Modified Connections at the Overhang Roof Under Uplift Pressure
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Materials of Prototype
		2.2 Surface Loading Test Set up
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Corrugated Roof Cladding with Modified Connection Using Metal Strap
		3.2 Corrugated Roof Cladding with Modified Connection Using PVC Pipes
		3.3 Comparison of the Corrugated Cladding with Modified Connection
		3.4 Trapezoidal Cladding with Modified Connection Using Metal Strap
		3.5 Trapezoidal Cladding with Modified Connection Using PVC Pipes
		3.6 Comparison of the Trapezoidal Cladding with Modified Connection
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development of Floating Platform for Water Quality Monitoring
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Design of Floater Setup
		3.2 Operational System of Floater
		3.3 Floating Stability Testing
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Grillage Analysis of a Simply Supported Bridge Under Varying Skewing Angles and Span Lengths
	1 Introduction
	2 Investigation Approach: Grillage Method
	3 Load-Resisting Mechanism of Non-skewed and Skewed Bridges
	4 Parametric Study
		4.1 Effect of Span Length
		4.2 Effect of Skew Angle
	5 Conclusion
	References
Investigation of Waste Clay Brick Powder as Supplementary Cementitious Material in Self-compacting Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Mix Proportions
		2.3 Test Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Self-compacting Concrete Using Eggshell Ash and Rice Husk Ash as Partial Cement Replacement
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Materials Selection
		2.2 Fresh Concrete Test
		2.3 Hardened Concrete Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Sieve Analysis
		3.2 Slump Values
		3.3 T500 Slump Flow
		3.4 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
		3.5 Rebound Hammer
		3.6 Compressive Strength
		3.7 Correlation Between Compressive Strength and UPV
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Pressure Coefficient on a Rural House Due to the Neighboring Building’s Arrangement Using Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Test
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data Collection
		2.2 Experimental Study
		2.3 Determination of Pressure Coefficient
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Pressure Coefficient Distribution
		3.2 Flow Visualization
	4 Conclusion
	References
Compressive Strength Development and Homogeneity of Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash and Used Engine Oil as Chemical Admixture
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Material Selection and Mix Proportion
		2.2 Slump Test
		2.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Test
		2.4 Compression Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA) and Used Engine Oil (UEO) on Fresh Concrete Workability
		3.2 Effect of Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA) and Used Engine Oil (UEO) on Non-destructive Test of Hardened Concrete
		3.3 Effect of Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA) and Used Engine Oil (UEO) on Destructive Test of Hardened Concrete
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Incorporating Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Properties of High-Performance Fine-Grained Cement Mortar
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Mix Proportions and Samples Preparation
		2.3 Experimental Procedures
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Influence of SCMs on Flowability of HPM
		3.2 Influence of SCMs on Compressive Strength of HPM
		3.3 Influence of SCMs on Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity of HPM
		3.4 Influence of SCMs on Porosity of HPM
		3.5 Influence of SCMs on Absorption of HPM
	4 Conclusions
	References
Feasibility Evaluation on Potential High Volume of FA-Based Binder as Early Strength at Ambient Cured
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Material and Specimen Preparation
		2.2 Test Procedures
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Setting Time
		3.2 Flowability
		3.3 Compressive Strength
	4 Conclusion
	References
Mechanical and Leaching Properties of Solidified Clinical Waste Incinerator Fly Ash Mortar
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 Sampling of CWIFA
		2.2 Characterizations
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Compressive and Flexural Strength
		3.2 Rapid Chloride Permeability
		3.3 Leaching Test
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Compressive and Flexural Strength
		4.2 Rapid Chloride Permeability
		4.3 Leaching Behaviour of the Mortar
	5 Conclusions
	References
GPR Assessment Method of Reinforced Concrete Structures: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Ground Penetrating Radar
	3 Assessment of RC Structures Using GPR
		3.1 Localization and Estimation of Rebars
		3.2 Corrosion Detection
		3.3 Localization and Assessment of Voids
	4 Limitations and Prospectives
	References