Proceedings of AWAM International Conference on Civil Engineering 2022 - Volume 3: AICCE, Sustainability and Resiliency (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 386)

Editorial
Collaborators
Keynote Speakers
About the Conference
Contents
Geotechnical Engineering
Effect of Soil Restraint to Long Slender Pile
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
		2.1 Problem Identification
		2.2 Properties of Soil and Pile
		2.3 Numerical Analysis
		2.4 Buckling Evaluation Using Euler’s Theory
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Physicochemical and Engineering Properties of Coal Bottom and Fly Ash Mixtures Modified with Poly-Vinyl Alcohol and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Specimens Preparation, Grain Size Distribution, Specific Gravity, and pH
		2.2 Morphological, Mineralogical, and Engineering Properties Tests
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Particle Size Distribution, Specific Gravity, and pH Values
		3.2 Mineralogical Composition of BFA Mixtures Modified with PVA and SLS
		3.3 Morphological Surface of BFA Mixtures Modified with PVA and SLS
		3.4 Engineering Properties of BFA Mixtures Modified with PVA and SLS
	4 Conclusion
	References
Correlation Study of Landfill Leachate Concentration and Resistivity Value for Prediction of Landfill Leachate in Shallow Groundwater
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Material
		2.2 Method
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Leachate Characteristics
		3.2 Resistance Values
	4 Conclusion
	References
Centrifuge Modeling of Rockfalls with Different Slope Surface Materials using the MPS Method
	1 Introduction
	2 The Centrifuge Experiment
		2.1 The Condition of Experiment
		2.2 The Results of the Experiment
	3 The MPS Method
		3.1 Radius of Influence
		3.2 The Rockfall Model
		3.3 The Results of Simulation
	4 Conclusions
	References
Bearing Capacity of Deep Foundation Socketed into Granitic Rock
	1 Introduction
	2 Pile Test Method
	3 Pile Test Result
		3.1 Shaft Resistance Capacity
		3.2 End Bearing Capacity
	4 Review on Empirical Models for Shaft Resistance
	5 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Ground Improvement Techniques for Soft Soil
	1 Introduction
	2 Ground Improvement Techniques
		2.1 Soil Removal and Replacement (R&R)
		2.2 Deep Soil Mixing (DSM)
		2.3 Stone Columns
		2.4 Deep Compaction
		2.5 Vacuum Consolidation
		2.6 Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVDs) with Preloading
	3 Conclusion
	References
Slope Stability of Sg Langat Under the Influence of Extreme Rainfall
	1 Introduction
	2 Rainfall
		2.1 Shear Strength for Unsaturated Slope
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Soil Parameter for Slope Model
		3.2 Calculation and Estimation of Missing Rainfall Data
		3.3 Rainfall Data on Every Stations
		3.4 Software Packages in Slope Modeling
	4 Results and Analysis
		4.1 Pore-Water Pressure
		4.2 Factor of Safety
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Review on Simplified Image Analysis Method for Measuring LNAPL Saturation Under Groundwater Table Fluctuation
	1 Introduction
	2 LNAPL Contamination on Subsurface
		2.1 LNAPL Migration Behavior in the Subsurface
		2.2 Effect of Groundwater Fluctuation on the Distribution of LNAPL
	3 Simplified Image Analysis Method for Measuring Groundwater and LNAPL Saturation
		3.1 Design and Advantages of SIAM
		3.2 Measuring Groundwater and LNAPL Saturation Using SIAM
	4 Conclusion
	References
Modeling of Monopile for Onshore Wind Turbines Tower by COMSOL Multiphysics
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Soil Properties
	4 Numerical Analysis
	5 Evaluation Results
		5.1 Soft Clay Cases Study
		5.2 Loose Sand Cases Study
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusions
	References
Review of Natural Fiber Application for Sustainable Ground Improvement
	1 Introduction
	2 Natural Fiber Materials
		2.1 Brief History
		2.2 Characterization and Properties of Natural Fibers
		2.3 Advantage and Disadvantage of Natural Fibers
		2.4 Degradation Mechanism of Natural Fibers
		2.5 Treatment Methods of Natural Fibers
	3 Soil Reinforcement Application
		3.1 Studies on Cellular Reinforcement Under Static Load
		3.2 Studies on Cellular Reinforcement Under Dynamic Load
	4 Conclusion
	References
Physical Properties of Soil and Its Correlation with River Bank Erosion and Soil Erodibility: Sungai Pusu Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Field Works
		2.3 Soil Erodibility Determination
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Quick Review of the Approaches of Landslide Risk Assessment
	1 Introduction
	2 Discussion on Different Approaches, Its Advantages and Disadvantages
		2.1 Basic of Statistical Approach
		2.2 Fundamental of Physical-Based Approach
		2.3 Monitoring-Based Approach
	3 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation of Slope Stability Due to Earthquake and Rainfall Occurrences
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Study Area
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Input Properties for Slope
		2.2 Seepage Analysis
		2.3 Ground Acceleration Analysis
		2.4 Slope Stability Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Single Effect of Rainfall
		3.2 Slope Stability Induced by Earthquake and Rainfall
	4 Conclusion
	References
Sustainable Infrastructure
Comparison of Microstructural Properties of One- and Two-Part Fly Ash Geopolymer Concretes
	1 Introduction
	2 Method and Materials
		2.1 Fly Ash
		2.2 Alkaline Activator
		2.3 Aggregate
		2.4 Samples and Curing Method
		2.5 Testing Method
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
		3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDX)
		3.4 Microstructure of One-Part Fly Ash Geopolymer Binder
		3.5 Microstructure of Two-Part Fly Ash Geopolymer Binder
	4 Conclusions
	References
Strength Performance of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Containing Manufactured Polypropylene and Ring- Shaped Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste Fibers
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Slump Flow
		3.2 Density
		3.3 Compressive Strength
		3.4 Splitting Tensile
		3.5 Water Absorption
	4 Conclusion
	References
Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Concrete Mortar with Cenosphere
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of Experiment Setup
		2.1 Materials and Method
		2.2 Design Mix
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Splitting Tensile Strength
		3.3 Density
		3.4 Thermal Conductivity
	4 Conclusions
	References
Influence of Moisture Content and Position on the Tensile Strength of Four Air-Dried Bamboo Species
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Procedures
		2.1 Moisture Content Test
		2.2 Tensile Strength Test
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Initial Moisture Content and Tensile Strength
		3.2 Moisture Content Reduction and Tensile Strength Development
		3.3 Mode of Failure
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Aflaj Systems in Sultanate of Oman: Its Traditional-Engineer Construction and Operation
	1 Introduction
	2 Background to the Problem
	3 Construction Idea
		3.1 Water Source Survey
	4 Conclusion
	References
Environmental Benefits of Sustainable Green Buildings (SGBs): A Project Life Cycle Perspective
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Benefits Achieved from SGBs During the Design Stage
		2.2 Benefits Achieved from SGBs During the Construction Stage
		2.3 Benefits Achieved from SGBs During the Operation Stage
		2.4 Benefits Achieved from SGBs During the Maintenance Stage
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Population Definition
	4 Findings and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Light-Rail Transit (LRT) in Penang: LRT’s Route Selection and the Impact Toward Neighborhood in Penang
	1 Introduction
	2 Background of the Issue
	3 Methods
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Criteria in Selecting the Route for Penang LRT Network
		4.2 Impact Toward Neighborhood
	5 Results and Discussion
	Appendix: Alignment Option
	References
The Relation Between Destructive and Non-destructive Test of Concrete Incorporated with Dredged Sediment as Fine Aggregate Replacement
	1 Introduction
	2 Material Selection and Preparation
	3 Mixed Design Proportion
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Slump Test
		4.2 Compressive Strength Test
		4.3 Rebound Hammer Test
		4.4 Correlation Between Rebound Hammer Test and Compressive Strength Test
		4.5 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Test
		4.6 Correlation Between Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Test and Compressive Strength Test
	5 Conclusion
	References
Transportation and Traffic Engineering
Review on the Main Characteristics of Freeway Merging Section
	1 Introduction
	2 Freeway Capacity
	3 Merge Section Influence
	4 Effect of RM
	5 RM System
	6 Gap Metering
	7 Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) Algorithm
	8 Simulation Models
	9 Summary
	10 Conclusion
	References
Cooling Behaviour and Reusability of Hot Mix Asphalt
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Hot Mix Asphalt
		2.2 Cooling Rate
		2.3 Compaction
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Preparation of AC14 Samples
		3.2 Cooling Monitoring
		3.3 Compacted Sample Preparation (Reusability)
		3.4 Marshall Properties Test
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Cooling Behaviour (Day Time)
		4.2 Humidity and Surrounding Temperature
		4.3 Reusability of AC14 Mixture
	5 Conclusion
	References
Road Crashes Among Food Delivery Riders (P-Hailing) During Pandemic in Kuala Lumpur
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
		2.1 Sample of Study and Data Collection
		2.2 The Instrument (Questionnaires)
		2.3 Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Reliability Analysis
		3.2 Validity Analysis
		3.3 Descriptive Statistics
	4 Conclusion
	References
Characterization of Penetration Grade Bitumen Blended with Petroleum Products for Cutback Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Cutback Bitumen
		2.2 Types of Diluents
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Phase I: Preparation of Sample
		3.2 Phase II: Testing and Characteristic Analysis
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Viscosity Test
		4.2 Curing Time
	5 Conclusion
	References
Uncovering the Risky Riding Behaviors Among Young Motorcyclist in Urban Areas
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
	3 Research Methodology
	4 Results
		4.1 Observed Risky Riding Behavior in Urban Areas
		4.2 Demographic Profile of Respondents
		4.3 Descriptive Analysis for All Variables
	5 Discussion
		5.1 The Selected Risk-Riding Behavior
	6 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
How Drivers’ Physiological Response of Blood Pressure on Unsignalized Conventional Roundabout?
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Materials and Equipment
		2.2 Method
		2.3 Research Location
		2.4 Research Limitations
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Difference of Blood Pressure Between Gender Throughout the Route of Roundabout
		3.2 Discussions
	4 Conclusion
	References
Mobility Trend in Malaysia Throughout Restrictive Mobility Policies and National Immunization Programme Due to COVID-19 Pandemic
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Source of Data
		2.2 Categories of Mobility
		2.3 Analysis of Data
	3 Results
		3.1 COVID-19 Situation in Malaysia
		3.2 Retail and Recreation
		3.3 Grocery and Pharmacy
		3.4 Parks
		3.5 Transit Stations
		3.6 Workplace
		3.7 Residential
	4 Conclusion
	References
State-of-the-Art Review of Signalized Roundabouts: Evaluation, Analyses, and Gaps
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
	3 Finding
		3.1 Different Types of Signalized Roundabouts
		3.2 Method of Signalized Roundabouts
		3.3 Signal Control System Strategies
		3.4 Performance and Operational Analysis of Signalized Roundabouts
	4 Gaps and Direction for Future Research
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Gap Acceptance Behaviour of Risky Right-Turning Motorcyclists from Minor Roads at Conventional and Unconventional T-Junctions
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Site Selection
		2.2 Site Survey
		2.3 Data Collection
		2.4 Data Extraction
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Frequency Distribution of Risky Riding Behaviour
		3.2 Number of Risky Riding Behaviour Performed by Each Motorcyclist
		3.3 Comparative Analysis of Forceful Accepted Gap with Normal Accepted Gap
		3.4 Gap Acceptance Behaviour Involving Motorcycle and Car
	4 Conclusion
	References
Intelligent Transport System and Image Processing: Developing Traffic Detection Program Based on Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual 1997 for Rural Road
	1 Background
		1.1 Traffic Volume
		1.2 Road Outside the City
		1.3 Vehicle Classification
		1.4 Image Processing (Image Processing)
		1.5 Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM)
		1.6 Java Programming Language
	2 Research Methods
		2.1 Program Analysis Process
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Results of the Vehicle Detection and Classification Program
		3.2 Manually Counted Results
		3.3 Discussion
	4 Summary
	References
Water Resources Engineering
Assessment of Water Security for a Sustainable Environment: An Indicator-Based Approach Applied in Penang, Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Water Security
		2.1 Indicator-Based Approach
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Study Area
		3.2 Framework for Assessing Water Security
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Land Cover Mapping Based on Open-Source Data and Software: Kelantan Area Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Methodology and Data
	4 Accuracy Assessment
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Energy Consumption of Variable Speed Pumps Under Transient-State Condition in Water Distribution Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology and Analysis Options
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Reliability of Rainwater Harvesting System Using Yield-After-Spillage Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Area and Data
		2.2 Water Balance Model
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Reliability
	4 Conclusion
	References
Multivariate Flood Damage Model: A Case Study of 2013 Kuantan Flood
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Data
		2.3 Flood Damage Influencing Parameters
		2.4 Multivariate Flood Damage Assessment Model
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Multivariate Regression Analysis
		3.2 Important Damage Influencing Parameters
		3.3 Model Performance and Validation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Performance Quantification of Flood Hydrograph Models Based on Catchment Morphometry Derived from 30 m SRTM DEM
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Site
		2.2 Data
		2.3 Methods
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Morphometric Parameters
		3.2 Unit Hydrograph
	4 Conclusion
	References
Determination of Downstream Hydraulics Geometry Parameters
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Measuring of Hydraulic Geometry Parameters
		3.2 Collecting of Water Sample
		3.3 Suspended Sediment Concentration
	4 Results and Analysis
		4.1 Relations of Flow Discharge and Hydraulic Geometry
		4.2 Relations of Sediment Discharge and Hydraulic Geometry
		4.3 Sediment Rating Curve (Q - Qs)
	5 Conclusion
	References
Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis at Dam Spillway Due to Different Upstream Water Levels
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Development of Model and Boundary Condition
		2.2 Numerical Simulation
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Vibration Effect to Kenyir Dam Intake Section During a Spill Event
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 3D Modelling and Structural Boundary Condition
		2.2 Modal and Harmonic Response Analysis
		2.3 Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes
		3.2 Operational Deflection Shapes (ODS)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Study of Incompressible Flow Past a Circular Cylinder at Low Reynolds Number Using COMSOL Multiphysics
	1 Introduction
	2 Turbulence Modelling
		2.1 Spalart–Allmaras Turbulence Model (SA)
		2.2 Menter’s Shear Stress Transport Turbulence Model (SST)
		2.3 Wall Distance
	3 Numerical Set-Ups
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Turbulence Model
		4.2 Wall Treatment
		4.3 Wall Distance Initialization
	5 Conclusion
	References
Comparison of Water Velocity of Physical and Numerical Modelling Analysis on a Downscale Spillway
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Physical Model of Spillway Structure
		1.2 Numerical Modelling for Verification Purpose
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Physical Model Construction and Analysis
		2.2 Comparison of Physical Model Using Numerical Modelling
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Physical Model Analysis
		3.2 Numerical Model Analysis
		3.3 Validation of Physical Model and Numerical Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Water Flow Velocity Analysis on Small-Scale Spillway Using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Construction of 1:40 Scale Physical Model
		2.2 Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Case 1
		3.2 Case 2
		3.3 Case 3
	4 Conclusion
	References
Sustainable Infiltrated Drainage System with Porous Sublayer Modules
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Flowrates Distribution
		3.2 Drain Flow Depth
		3.3 Drain Velocity
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design of Individual On-Site Storage Pond for Supplementary Irrigation During Dry Period in Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Site
		2.2 Water Balance Model
		2.3 Inflow Discharge into the Paddy Field
		2.4 Maximum Return Flow Volume
	3 Pond Sizing and Flow Control Structure
		3.1 Pond Sizing
		3.2 Flow Control Structure
		3.3 Flow Routing
	4 Result
		4.1 Flow Depth Behind the Sluice Gate
		4.2 Result of Analysis
		4.3 Result of Flow Routing
	5 Conclusion
	References
Application of GETFLOWS and HEC-RAS in Assessing Sediment Balance Within River Estuary
	1 Introduction
	2 Source, Transport and Storage of Sediment
		2.1 Estuarine Sediment
		2.2 Sediment Balance
		2.3 Equation Involved in Sediment Balance
	3 GETFLOWS
		3.1 Application of GETFLOWS in Environmental Monitoring (Sediments)
		3.2 Benefits and Drawbacks of GETFLOWS Application
	4 HEC-RAS
		4.1 Application of HEC-RAS in Sediment Modeling
		4.2 Benefits and Drawbacks of HEC-RAS Application
	5 Conclusion
	References
Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics in an Outer Channel of Orbal Biological System
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Geometry Creation
		2.2 Boundary Condition
		2.3 Material Properties
		2.4 Solver Setting
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Volume Fraction of Air and Fluid (Water) Across the Ditch
		3.2 Flow Analysis of the OBS Model
	4 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Modal Analysis and Operational Deflection Shape Analysis for Kenyir Dam Spillway Physical Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Development of Simulation and Physical Models
		2.2 Operational Deflection Shape
		2.3 Experimental Modal Analysis
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Operational Deflection Shape Analysis
		3.2 Experimental Modal Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Implication of Uncertainty in River Gauged Data and the Rating Curve Representations to Flood Quantiles: Case Studies from Stations Across Peninsular Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Exploratory Data Analysis
		3.2 Development of Single Rating Curve with Uncertainty (SRCU)
		3.3 Estimation of Flood Quantile
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Rating Curve
		4.2 Derived Annual Maxima Time Series
		4.3 Flood Quantiles
	5 Conclusion
	References
Hydraulic Properties of Flow Over Different Types of Spillways: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Traditional and Modified Spillway Structures
	3 Remarked Hydraulic Properties of Flow Over Spillway Structures
	4 Conclusion
	5 Future Direction of Research
	References
Comparison of Multi-satellite Rainfall Data in Runoff Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data and Methods
		3.1 Rainfall Satellite Data
		3.2 Ground Base Rainfall and Streamflow Data
		3.3 Effective Rainfall and Direct Runoff
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References
Comparative Study of Radiation-Based Reference Evapotranspiration Models for Tropical Urban Region
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Methodologies for Estimating the Hydraulic Efficiency of Non-surcharged Clean Grate Inlets, Clogged Grate Inlets and Continuous Transversal Grate Inlets
	1 Introduction
	2 Hydraulic Efficiency of Clean Grate Inlets
	3 Hydraulic Efficiency of Clogged Grate Inlets
	4 Hydraulic Efficiency of Transversal Grate Inlets
	5 Conclusion
	References