Problems and perspectives : studies in the modern French language

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Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Publisher\'s Acknowledgements
Part I: Preliminaries
	Section 1 French: standards and variation
		1.1 What is \'French\' ?
		1.2 Parameters of variation
			1.2.1 Written and spoken French
			1.2.2 Register
			1.2.3 Field, domain or discourse type
			1.2.4 Geographical variation
			1.2.5 Age, sex and socio-economic status (SES)
	Section 2 Introduction to the description of French: definitions and metalanguage
		2.1 The Sounds of French
			2.1.1 Syllable structure
			2.1.2 Rhythmic groups
			2.1.3 Consonants
			2.1.4 Vowels
			2.1.5 Semivowels
		2.2 Morphology
		2.3 Syntax
			2.3.1 Syntax and the verb system
			2.3.2 Word order
			2.3.3 Subordination and coordination
			2.3.4 Textual cohesion
		2.4 Lexis
			2.4.1 Derivational processes
			2.4.2 Composition
			2.4.3 Abbreviation
			2.4.4 Semantic change
			2.4.5 Borrowing
	Section 3 Approaches and schools
		3.1 A multiplicity of approaches ...
		3.2 Structuralism
			3.2.1 Phonology
			3.2.2 Morphology
			3.2.3 Syntax
		3.3 Generative grammar
			3.3.1 Introduction
			3.3.2 Generative syntax and its place in the grammar
			3.3.3 Generative phonology
			3.3.4 Autosegmental phonology
			3.3.5 Morphology m generative grammar
		3.4 Other approaches to the analysis of French
			3.4.1 Typological models of change
			3.4.2 Language in use
		3.5 Variationist approaches
		3.6 National French approaches
			3.6.1 Guillaume and the Guiiiaumeans
			3.6.2 L\'Approche pronominale
	Section 4 Choice of topics and approaches
Part II: Issues
	Chapter 1 Word-final consonants
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 The problem in detail
		1.3 Orthographically based accounts of liaison
		1.4 Theoretical accounts of word-final consonants
			1.4.1 The phonemic perspective
			1.4.2 Generative phonology
				1.4.2.1 Abstract generative phonology
				1.4.2.2 Concrete generative phonology
			1.4.3 Non-linear phonology
		1.5 Liaison and syntax
		1.6 Variationist analyses of liaison
	Chapter 2 Nasal vowels
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 The history of nasal vowels
			2.2.1 Textual evidence
			2.2.2 Phonetic explanations
		2.3 Structuralist accounts: the phonemic status of nasal vowels
		2.4 Generative and post-generative accounts of the nasal vowels
			2.4.1 Nasal vowels in abstract generative phonology
				2.4.1.1 Alternating forms
				2.4.1.2 Non-alternating forms
			2.4.2 Nasal vowels in concrete generative phonology
				2.4.2.1 Non-alternating forms
				2.4.2.2 Alternating form
			2.4.3 A non-linear proposal
		2.5 Nasal vowels and liaison
		2.6 Nasal vowels in southern French
	Chapter 3 Schwa: a maverick vowel
		3.1 Introduction: \'Qu\'est-ce que le \"e muet\"?\' (Martinet (1974a))
		3.2 Terminology
		3.3 The phonetic identity of schwa
		3.4 The variable phonological behaviour of schwa
			3.4.1 The data
			3.4.2 Descriptive accounts
		3.5 The phonemic identity of schwa
		3.6 Schwa ~ zero alternation: epenthesis versus deletion
			3.6.1 Schwa ~ zero alternation as deletion
			3.6.2 Schwa ~ zero alternation as epenthesis
			3.6.3 The special case of word-final schwa
		3.7 Non-linear accounts of schwa ~ zero alternation
		3.8 Changing patterns of schwa ~ zero alternation
			3.8.1 Word-initial schwa: stabilization in progress?
			3.8.2 Change in non-initial schwa
	Chapter 4 Verb morphology: conjugation classes and the definiton of regularity
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Preliminaries: segmentation
			4.2.1 Problems of segmentation
			4.2.2 Stem and ending versus stem, infix and ending
		4.3 Classification into verb conjugation classes: desiderata
		4.4 Traditional classifications
		4.5 Stem-based models
		4.6 \'Two-class\' models
		4.7 Defining irregularity
		4.8 Variation and change
	Chapter 5 Aspect in French
		5.1 Introduction: tense versus aspect
		5.2 Aspectual categories and distinctions
		5.3 Lexical versus grammatical aspect
		5.4 Approaches to aspect in French
			5.4.1 Introduction
			5.4.2 Brunot (1922)
			5.4.3 Guillaume (1929, 1964)
			5.4.4 Imbs (1960)
			5.4.5 Reid (1970)
			5.4.6 Martin (1971)
			5.4.7 Wilmet (1991, 1995, 1997)
			5.4.8 General issues
		5.5 Applications of the notion of aspect
			5.5.1 Introduction
			5.5.2 Diachronic phenomena
			5.5.3 Aspectual concepts
			5.5.4 Aspect and discourse-pragmatics
	Chapter 6 Past tenses: complex and changing relationships
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 The passé simple/passé composé relationship: a complex history
			6.2.1 The development of the compound tenses
			6.2.2 \'Functional multiplicity\' in the Old French period
			6.2.3 Developments in Middle French, and Early Modern analyses
		6.3 The passé composé/passé simple in Modern French: changing relationships
			6.3.1 Introduction
			6.3.2 Two \'textual\' models
			6.3.3 Passé simple/passé composé alternation
			6.3.4 The PS as story marker?
			6.3.5 The PC: a semantic hybrid?
		6.4 The Imperfect
			6.4.1 Diachronic perspectives
			6.4.2 Developments in Modern French
				6.4.2.1 Analysis of the imperfect
				6.4.2.2 Discourse-pragmatic developments
		6.5 Past in the past: plus-que-parfait, passé antérieur and passé surcomposé
			6.5.1 Diachronic perspectives
			6.5.2 Developments in Modern French
				6.5.2.1 The pluperfect
				6.5.2.2 The past anterior
				6.5.2.3 The passé surcomposé
	Chapter 7 Mood and modality: the French subjunctive
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Explaining the use of the subjunctive
			7.2.1 The French subjunctive: several \'values\' or a unified account?
			7.2.2 Formal or mechanical approaches
			7.2.3 Other approaches
		7.3 Problematic cases
			7.3.1 Noun clauses
			7.3.2 Adjectival clauses
		7.4 The vitality of the subjunctive
			7.4.1 The history of the subjunctive
			7.4.2 The vitality of the subjunctive in Modern French
			7.4.3 The-vitality of the subjunctive and variation
				7.4.3.1 Written and spoken French
				7.4.3.2 SES and register
				7.4.3.3 Geographic variation
			7.4.4 The imperfect subjunctive
			7.4.5 Alternative markers of modality
	Chapter 8 Pronominal verbs
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Pronominal verbs and voice
			8.2.1 How many voices for French?
			8.2.2 Guillaume
			8.2.3 Generative approaches to voice
		8.3 The classification of pronominal verbs
			8.3.1 Fourfold schemes
				8.3.1.1 Danereau\'s tradition
				8.3.1.2 Subcategorizing the pronominaux subjectifs
			8.3.2 Problems with differentiating the categories
			8.3.3 Alternative classifications
			8.3.4 Unified explanations
		8.4 The pronominal passive
			8.4.1 Constraints on the usage of the pronominal passive
			8.4.2 Limits on the usage of the \'true\' passive
				8.4.2.1 Syntactic constraints
				8.4.2.2 Lexical constraints
				8.4.2.3 Semantic constraints
				8.4.2.4 Aspectual questions
			8.4.3 Reasons for selecting the \'true\' passive
			8.4.4 Other alternatives to the passive
	Chapter 9 Declarative word order: French as an SVO language
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Historical analyses
			9.2.1 The data
			9.2.2 Traditional analyses
			9.2.3 Typological approaches
			9.2.4 Marchello-Nizia (1995): the role of the object
			9.2.5 Examples
		9.3 Modern French as an SVO language
			9.3.1 The data: statistics and corpora
			9.3.2 A fixed excention
			9.3.3 Detachment
				9.3.3.1 The data
				9.3.3.2 Problematic issues
				9.3.3.3 Discourse function
				9.3.3.4 Stylistic factors
				9.3.3.5 Sociolingmstic factors
				9.3.3.6 Theoretical implications and further questions
			9.3.4 Inversion
			9.3.5 Cleft constructions
			9.3.6 Binary constructions
			9.3.7 Other constructions
		9.4 Conclusions
	Chapter 10 Relations between clauses: subordination, coordination, parataxis
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Relations within the sentence: questions of definition
			10.2.1 Introduction
			10.2.2 Defining subordination
			10.2.3 Subordinating and coordinating conjunctions, and coordinating adverbs
		10.3 Spoken French: a case study of the relative du français populaire
		10.4 Relations within discourse: parataxis, coordination and subordination as degrees of progression in lingustic sophistication?
			10.4.1 Language acquisition
			10.4.2 Social groups
			10.4.3 Medium/discourse type
	Chapter 11 Negation
		11.1 Introduction
			11.1.1 The nature of the component elements
		11.2 Scope
			11.2.1 Scope and context
			11.2.2 Negative raising?
		11.3 Ne ... que and expletive ne
			11.3.1 Ne. .. que
			11.3.2 Expletive ne
				11.3.2.1 Usage of expletive ne
				11.3.2.2 The value and currency of expletive ne
				11.3.2.3 Ne alone to mark negation
		11.4 The loss of ne and the marking of negation by pas alone
			11.4.1 The historical background
			11.4.2 Factors influencing the use or non-use of ne in contemporary French
				11.4.2.1 Syntactic factors
				11.4.2.2 Phonetic factors
				11.4.2.3 Semantic factors
				11.4.2.4 Frequently used expressions
				11.4.2.5 Stylistic factors
				11.4.2.6 Demographic factors: region, SES, and age
			11.4.3 Other examples of the rise of pas
	Chapter 12 Neologisms: internal versus external factors
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Definitional questions and statistics
			12.2.1 What is a borrowing?
			12.2.2 Types of borrowing
			12.2.3 Statistical considerations
		12.3 The linguistic integration of borrowings
			12.3.1 Phonological integration
				12.3.1.1 The issues
				12.3.1.2 The implications
			12.3.2 Morpho-syntactic integration
			12.3.3 Semantic integration
		12.4 \'Hybrids\' and pseudo-anglicism
		12.5 The status of Latin (and Greek) material
		12.6 Attitudes towards borrowing
	Chapter 13 \'Internal\' processes of word creation in French
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Definitional issues
			13.2.1 Neologisms
			13.2.2 Suffixes and prefixes
			13.2.3 Prefixes and compounds - problematic distinctions
			13.2.4 Identifying compounds
			13.2.5 Recomposés
			13.2.6 Compounds versus free combinations
			13.2.7 Compounds and phrases
		13.3 Productivity
			13.3.1 Variation
			13.3.2 Language change
			13.3.3 Linguistic constraints
		13.4 Neologisms and linguistic theory
		13.5 The impact of internal lexical creation on French
			13.5.1 Semantic complexities
			13.5.2 Morphosyntactic complexities: compounds and abbreviations
			13.5.3 Phonological complexities
References
Index of Concepts
Index of Names