Probiotics for Human Nutrition in Health and Disease

Front cover
Half title
Full title
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Preface
section I - General aspects of probiotics
Chapter 
1 - Probiotics: Concepts, evolution, and applications
	1.1 History and concepts
	1.2 Safety aspects, physiological, and technological characteristics
		1.2.1 Microorganisms and derived products used as probiotics
	1.3 Evolution of probiotic applications in foods
	1.4 Final remarks
	References
Chapter 
2 - Legislation of probiotic foods and supplements
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Legislation in Europe
		2.2.1 Italy
		2.2.2 Czech Republic
		2.2.3 France, Belgium, and Portugal
			2.2.3.1 France
			2.2.3.2 Belgium
			2.2.3.3 Portugal
		2.2.4 Spain
	2.3 Legislation in America
		2.3.1 United States of America
		2.3.2 Canada
		2.3.3 Latin America
			2.3.3.1 Brazil
			2.3.3.2 Argentina
			2.3.3.3 Bolivia
			2.3.3.4 Chile
			2.3.3.5 Colombia
			2.3.3.6 Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
			2.3.3.7 Uruguay
			2.3.3.8 Mexico
			2.3.3.9 Venezuela
	2.4 Legislation in Asia Pacific
		2.4.1 Japan
			2.4.1.1 The “Foods for Specified Health Use” (FOSHU) system
			2.4.1.2 The “Foods with Function Claims” (FFC) system
		2.4.2 China
	2.5 Australia
	2.6 Conclusion
	Authors’ note
	References
Chapter
3 - Authenticity of probiotic foods and supplements: Up-to-date situation and methods to assess it
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Labels of probiotic foods and supplements and implications of incompliance
		3.2.1 What should be written on a label of probiotic foods and supplements?
		3.2.2 What happens if a probiotic food or supplement is not authentic?
	3.3 Characterization and authenticity of probiotics: From culture-dependent methods to multi-omic approaches
		3.3.1 What are the methods available to assess the authenticity of a probiotic product?
		3.3.2 The importance of omics technologies
	3.4 Up-to-date studies assessing the authenticity of probiotic foods and supplements
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter
4 - Indigenous probiotic microorganisms in fermented foods
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Fermented milk and dairy products
		4.2.1 Characterization and selection of indigenous probiotics from fermented milk and dairy products
	4.3 Indigenous probiotics isolated from non-dairy fermented foods
		4.3.1 Fermented vegetables and fruits
			4.3.1.1 Characterization and selection of indigenous probiotics from vegetable and fruit fermentation
			4.3.1.2 Benefits of indigenous probiotics from fermented vegetables and fruits
		4.3.2 Probiotics isolated from fermented fish and fermented meat products
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 
5 - Foods and supplements as probiotic delivery vehicles
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Changes in the nomenclature of the genus Lactobacillus and consequences for the industry
	5.3 Factors influencing the probiotic delivery by food or supplements
	5.4 Evidence from human intervention trials the probiotic delivery by food or supplements
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter
6 - Technology aspects of probiotic production and live biotherapeutics
	6.1 Probiotics and health
	6.2 Challenges of probiotics production
	6.3 Technological strategies for probiotics production
		6.3.1 Production at large scale of dehydrated probiotics
		6.3.2 Storage of dehydrated microorganisms
		6.3.3 Rehydration
		6.3.4 Industrial food processing and composition of food matrices
		6.3.5 Food shelf-life
		6.3.6 Passage through the gastrointestinal tract
	6.4 Probiotics in biotherapeutics
		6.4.1 Immunomodulation by probiotics
		6.4.2 Probiotics and obesity
		6.4.3 Probiotics as antibiotic replacers
		6.4.4 Probiotics in diabetic disease
		6.4.5 Probiotics and cancer
		6.4.6 Probiotics in psychiatric disorders
		6.4.7 Para and postbiotics in biotherapeutics
	6.5 Industrial perspectives of probiotic production
	6.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter
7 - Probiotics and bioactive metabolite production
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Defining the gut microbiome
	7.3 Probiotic bioactive metabolites and their mechanism of action
		7.3.1 Bacteriocins
			7.3.1.1 Types of bacteriocins
			7.3.1.2 Mechanism of action
		7.3.2 Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
			7.3.2.1 Mechanism of action
		7.3.3 Exopolysaccharides (EPS)
			7.3.3.1 Mechanism of action
		7.3.4 Oligosaccharides
		7.3.5 Enzymes
		7.3.6 Amino acids
		7.3.7 Vitamins
		7.3.8 Immunomodulatory compounds
	7.4 Food supplementation with probiotic microflora
		7.4.1 Animal origin foods
			7.4.1.1 Meat-based products
			7.4.1.2 Dairy-based products
		7.4.2 Plant origin foods
			7.4.2.1 Soy-based foods
			7.4.2.2 Cereal-based foods
			7.4.2.3 Fruit- and vegetables-based probiotic foods
			7.4.2.4 Chocolate
	7.5 Challenges in the industrial production of probiotics products
	7.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter
8 - Probiotics and human gut microbiota modulation
	8.1 Intestinal microbiota and its functions
	8.2 Fermented foods and the beginning of probiotics
	8.3 Probiotic mechanisms of action
		8.3.1 Antimicrobial activity
		8.3.2 Stabilization of intestinal epithelial barrier and enhancement of barrier function
			8.3.2.1 The mucosal immune system
			8.3.2.2 Influence of the intestinal microbiota on the immune system
			8.3.2.3 Probiotics as a strategy for the immune system modulation
	8.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter
9 - Interplay between probiotics and prebiotics for human nutrition and health
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Probiotics
		9.1.2 Prebiotic
			9.1.2.1 Prebiotic substances and their selection criteria
			9.1.2.2 Novel prebiotic substances and sources
			9.1.2.3 Mechanism of action and health benefits associated with prebiotics
				9.1.2.3.1 Modulation of the gut microbiota
				9.1.2.3.2 Inhibition of colorectal cancer
				9.1.2.3.3 Cardiovascular diseases
				9.1.2.3.4 Mental health
				9.1.2.3.5 Mineral absorption
			9.1.2.4 Effects of prebiotics on the growth/survival and metabolism of probiotics
	9.2 Synbiotic emergent association between probiotics and prebiotics
	9.3 Conclusion and future perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter
10 - Evidence on the risks and safety of probiotics for humans
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The conformity of the product according to current rules and regulations
	10.3 The manufacturers’ and distributors’ claims
	10.4 The scientific evidence
	10.5 Conclusions
	References
section II - Probiotics in human nutrition
Chapter
11 - Probiotics in pregnancy and lactation
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Vaginal microbiota and vaginal infections
	11.3 Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy
	11.4 Premature rupture of membrane and preterm labor
	11.5 Colonization with Group B Streptococcus
	11.6 Allergies
	11.7 Gastrointestinal disorders
		11.7.1 Constipation in pregnancy
		11.7.2 Infantile colic
	11.8 Obesity and metabolic disorders
		11.8.1 Probiotics as preventive or curative treatments in metabolic disorders
	11.9 Human milk microbiota and lactational mastitis
		11.9.1 Lactational mastitis and probiotics
	11.10 Mental health
	11.11 Conclusions
	References
Chapter
12 - Probiotics in Pediatrics
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Probiotics in newborns and infants
		12.2.1 The usefulness of probiotics in perinatology
		12.2.2 Probiotics and prevention of preterm birth
		12.2.3 Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis
		12.2.4 Probiotics and prebiotics in infant milk formulas
	12.3 Digestive pathology
		12.3.1 Acute infectious diarrhea
		12.3.2 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
		12.3.3 Pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders
		12.3.4 Probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
		12.3.5 Short bowel syndrome
		12.3.6 Bacterial overgrowth syndrome
		12.3.7 Celiac disease
		12.3.8 Lactose malabsorption
		12.3.9 Helicobacter pylori infection
		12.3.10 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
		12.3.11 Hepatic encephalopathy
		12.3.12 Liver transplantation
		12.3.13 Cystic fibrosis
		12.3.14 Pancreatitis
	12.4 Non-digestive pathology
		12.4.1 Cow’s milk protein allergy
		12.4.2 Atopic dermatitis
		12.4.3 Prevention of respiratory and otorhinolaryngologic infections
		12.4.4 Prevention of urogenital infections
		12.4.5 Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) infection
		12.4.6 Coronavirus infection
		12.4.7 Dental caries
		12.4.8 Probiotics and vaccines
		12.4.9 Obesity
		12.4.10 Severe malnutrition
		12.4.11 Hypercholesterolemia
		12.4.12 Diabetes mellitus type 1
		12.4.13 Autism spectrum disorders
		12.4.14 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
	12.5 Conclusions
	Abbreviations
	References
Chapter
13 - Probiotics in old age
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Age-related changes in microbiota
	13.3 The role of probiotics and their indication in old age: What is being prescribed?
	13.4 Constipation
	13.5 Diarrhea
	13.6 Other gastrointestinal diseases
	13.7 Immunity markers
	13.8 Cold and other infections
	13.9 Bone health
	13.10 Alzheimer’s disease
	13.11 Parkinson’s disease
	13.12 Other psychiatric disorders
	13.13 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 
14 - Probiotics in sports and physical exercise
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Morphofunctional considerations of the gastrointestinal tract
	14.3 Gastrointestinal tract and exercise
	14.4 Microbiota, chronic diseases, and exercise
	14.5 Gut microbiota changes in athletes
	14.6 Exercise, dysbiosis, and intestinal permeability
	14.7 Nutritional strategies for athletes
	14.8 Supplementation with probiotics for athletes
	14.9 Final considerations
	References
Chapter 
15 - Probiotics and gut-brain axis modulation
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Overview of the enteric nervous system
	15.3 Microbial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract
	15.4 Influence of microbiota on the development of the enteric nervous system and central nervous system
		15.4.1 Mechanisms of interference of the gut microbiota on the central nervous system development
	15.5 Use of probiotics as therapeutics in gut-brain axis modulation
	15.6 Probiotics and neurologic diseases
		15.6.1 Autism spectrum disorder
		15.6.2 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
		15.6.3 Major depressive disorder (MDD)
		15.6.4 Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
		15.6.5 Anorexia nervosa (AN)
		15.6.6 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
		15.6.7 Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
		15.6.8 Parkinson’s disease (PD)
	15.7 Conclusion
	References
SECTION III - Probiotics in human health promotion and disease treatment
Chapter
16 - Probiotics for oral health and disease treatment
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Probiotics in caries management
	16.3 Periodontal diseases and probiotics
	16.4 Probiotics and candidiasis
	16.5 Unsolved issues
	16.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter
17 - Probiotics for gastrointestinal health and disease treatment
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Probiotics for treatment of upper gastrointestinal tract diseases
		17.2.1 Mucositis
		17.2.2 Gastroesophageal reflux disease and functional dyspepsia
		17.2.3 Gastritis and ulcer
	17.3 Probiotics for treatment of lower gastrointestinal tract diseases
		17.3.1 Chronic constipation
		17.3.2 Crohn's diseases
		17.3.3 Ulcerative colitis
		17.3.4 Irritable bowel syndrome
	17.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 
18 - Probiotics in gastrointestinal surgery
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Changes in microbiota induced by surgical stress
	18.3 Therapeutic peptides with a probiotic or synthetic origin
	18.4 Probiotics in gastrointestinal tract surgeries
	18.5 Specific surgeries
		18.5.1 Bariatric and metabolic surgery
		18.5.2 Gastrectomy
		18.5.3 Intestinal resection
		18.5.4 Resection of colorectal liver metastases
	18.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter
19 - Probiotics for obesity and metabolic syndrome prevention and treatment
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Gut microbiota and its relationship with obesity and metabolic syndrome
	19.3 Metabolic endotoxemia and insulin resistance
		19.3.1 Food intake and extraction of energy from food
	19.4 Adipose tissue and lipid profile
	19.5 Conclusions and perspectives
	Abbreviations
	References
Chapter
20 - Probiotics for diabetes mellitus: prevention and treatment
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 General mechanisms of action of probiotics in diabetes
	20.3 Examples of results of the probiotics use in diabetes
		20.3.1 Type 1 diabetes
		20.3.2 Type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes
	20.4 Gestational diabetes
	20.5 Other specific types of diabetes
	20.6 Probiotics as adjuvants in pharmacological treatments
	20.7 Probiotics as adjuvants in lifestyle treatments
	20.8 Next-generation probiotics
	20.9 Discussion
	20.10 Conclusions
	References
Chapter
21 - Probiotic for dyslipidemia prevention and treatment
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Evidence of probiotic therapy on dyslipidemias in children and adolescents
	21.3 Evidence of probiotic therapy on dyslipidemia in pregnant women
	21.4 Evidence of probiotic therapy on prevention and treatment of dyslipidemias
	21.5 Evidence of probiotic therapy on elderly
	21.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter
22 - Probiotics for urinary tract disease prevention and treatment
	22.1 Urinary tract infections and related microorganisms
	22.2 Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of bacterial diseases of the urinary tract
	22.3 Clinical trials applied to the use of probiotics in bacterial urinary infections
	22.4 Probiotic in the treatment and prevention of fungal diseases of the urinary tract
		22.4.1 Probiotic bacteria with anti-Candida potential
		22.4.2 Probiotic yeasts with anti-Candida potential
	22.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter
23 - The role of probiotics in people with cancer
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 The role of probiotics in cancer prevention and therapy
	23.3 Gastrointestinal symptoms and infection
	23.4 Mucositis
	23.5 Evidence
	23.6 Safety of probiotics
	23.7 The use of probiotics in children diagnosed with cancer
	23.8 Other considerations
		23.8.1 The microbioma and its impact on cancer therapy
		23.8.2 The use of antibiotics as a supportive care strategy
	23.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter
24 - Probiotics for immune disease prevention and treatment
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Microbiota formation and immune system structuring
	24.3 Interaction between immune cells and probiotics
		24.3.1 Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
		24.3.2 Phagocytic cells
		24.3.3 Dendritic cells
		24.3.4 Microfold cells (M)
		24.3.5 Paneth cells
		24.3.6 Goblet cells
		24.3.7 B and T lymphocytes
	24.4 Interaction between MAMP and probiotics
	24.5 Probiotics and the modulation of inflammatory cytokines
	24.6 Autoimmune diseases and probiotics
		24.6.1 Crohn’s disease
		24.6.2 Celiac disease
		24.6.3 Type 1 diabetes mellitus
		24.6.4 Rheumatoid arthritis
		24.6.5 Infertility
		24.6.6 Myasthenia gravis
		24.6.7 Sjogren’s syndrome
	24.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 
25 - Probiotics for liver disease prevention and treatment
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Probiotics for treatment of NAFL
	25.3 Probiotics in the treatment of NASH
	25.4 Probiotics in the treatment of cirrhosis
	25.5 Probiotics in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
	25.6 Probiotics in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy
	25.7 Conclusions
	References
Index
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