Probiotics and Child Gastrointestinal Health: Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Public Health Volume 19 (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1449)

Contents
Shaping Microbiota During the First 1000 Days of Life
	1 Perinatal Microbial Environment and Its Relevance for Human Health
	2 Preconception Microbial Environment: Reproductive Microbiota
	3 Women Microbiota During Pregnancy: What Is Known?
		3.1 Vaginal Microbiota
		3.2 Gut Microbiota
		3.3 Oral Microbiota
	4 Early Microbiota and Microbial Metabolites Exposition: Where Are We Now?
	5 Maternal-Neonatal Vertical Transmission: What Is the Scientific Evidence?
		5.1 Vertical Transmission of Specific Bifidobacterium Members
		5.2 The Dark Side: Antibiotic Resistance Genes Transfer
	6 Neonatal Microbiota Establishment and Assembly: What Is Known?
		6.1 First Pass Neonatal Microbiota: Who Are the Pioneers?
		6.2 What Are the Factors that Contribute to Infant Microbiota Evolution from Birth to the First Years of Life?
	7 Tools to Modulate the Maternal-Infant Microbiota During Early Life: From Conception to 2 Years of Life
		7.1 Impact of Probiotics on Fertility
		7.2 Probiotics During Gestation
		7.3 Probiotics During the Postnatal Period: From Birth to Two Years of Life
		7.4 Prebiotics and Other -Biotics During Gestation and Lactation
	8 Conclusions
	References
Necrotizing Enterocolitis and the Preterm Infant Microbiome
	1 Introduction
	2 The Human Microbiome
	3 Basics of the Infant Microbiome
	4 Preterm Bacterial Colonization Patterns
	5 The Microbiome and NEC
	6 Administration of Probiotics to At-Risk Infants to Prevent NEC
	7 Risks of Administering Probiotics to Premature Infants
	8 Alternatives for Altering the Infant Microbiome
	9 Gut-Brain-Axis
	10 Immunity Connection
	11 Conclusions and Future Focus
	References
Can Postbiotics Represent a New Strategy for NEC?
	1 Introduction
	2 Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Its Implications
	3 Possible Approaches for NEC Prevention
	4 Postbiotics Effects on Intestinal Barrier Function and Homeostasis
	5 Postbiotics Effects in Shaping the Microbiota
	6 Postbiotics Enhance the Intestinal Barrier
	7 Immuno-Modulation Activity of Postbiotics
	8 Conclusions
	References
Preventing and Treating Colic: An Update
	1 Introduction
	2 Etiology
		2.1 Role of Microbiota
	3 Probiotics As a Preventive and Therapeutic Strategy
		3.1 Limosibacterium Reuteri DSM 17938 and Other Lactobacillus Species
		3.2 Bifidobacterium Species
		3.3 Probiotic Mixture
		3.4 Prevention Strategy
	4 Conclusion
	References
Targeting Food Allergy with Probiotics
	1 Introduction
	2 Main Preclinical Evidence on the Probiotics Efficacy in Food Allergy
	3 Main Clinical Evidence on the Probiotics Efficacy in Food Allergy
		3.1 Probiotics for FA treatment
		3.2 Multi-Strain Formulations for FA
		3.3 Probiotics to Improve the Outcomes of Oral Immunotherapy
	4 Conclusions
	References
Probiotics to Prevent Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Potential Role of the Human Microbiome in CIDs
		1.2 Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
		1.3 Role of the Microbiome in CeD and IBD
			1.3.1 Celiac Disease
			1.3.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		1.4 Possible Interventions of Probiotics to Manipulate the Microbiome and Challenges for Their Implementation
		1.5 Use of Probiotics for the Prevention and/or Treatment of CeD and IBD
			1.5.1 Celiac Disease
			1.5.2 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
		1.6 Prospective Longitudinal Studies as an Ideal Approach to Identify Targets for Disease Prevention through Probiotics: The C...
	2 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
	References
Nutritional Interventions, Probiotics, Synbiotics and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Steatotic Liver Disease
	1 Introduction
	2 Nutrition, Microbiota and Pediatric MASLD: A Complex Interaction
	3 The gut-Liver Axis
	4 Microbiota Composition, Obesity and MASLD
	5 Metabolic Implications of the Gut Microbiota in MASLD
	6 Immune Mediated Effect of the gut Microbiota
	7 Microbiota in Nutritional and Lifestyle Interventions
	8 Interventions Targeting Microbiota in Pediatric MASLD
	9 Conclusions
	References
Probiotics in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
	1 Introduction
	2 Gut Microbiota in IBD
	3 Probiotic Treatment of Pediatric IBD
	4 CROHN´S Disease
		4.1 Induction of Remission
		4.2 Maintenance of Remission
	5 Ulcerative Colitis
		5.1 Inducing Remission
		5.2 Maintaining Remission
	6 Conclusions
	References
		Uncategorized References
Acute Infectious Diarrhea
	1 Introduction
	2 Models of Infectious Diarrhea and Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics
	3 Prevention of Infectious Diarrhea
		3.1 Children in Hospital Settings
		3.2 Children in Day-Care Centers
	4 Treatment of Infectious Diarrhea
		4.1 Evidence in Low-Income Settings
	5 Treatment of Covid-Associated Diarrhea
	6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Probiotics in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
	1 Introduction
	2 Infantile Colic
		2.1 Treatment of Infantile Colic with a Focus on Probiotics
	3 Functional Abdominal Pain and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		3.1 Treatment of FAP/IBS with a Focus on Probiotics
	4 Constipation
		4.1 Treatment of Functional Constipation with Emphasis on Probiotics
	5 Conclusion
	References
Clostridioides difficile Infections: Prevention and Treatment Strategies
	1 Introduction
	2 Prevention
	3 Treatment
	4 Conclusion
	References
Current Regulatory Issues for the Use of Probiotics
	1 Introduction
	2 Global Regulatory Landscape
	3 Development of Harmonized Probiotics Guidelines Within Codex Alimentarius
	4 Labelling Regulations
	5 Safety
	6 Conclusion
	References