Pro CSS for High Traffic Websites

Cover
	Contents at a Glance
	Contents
	Foreword
	About the Authors
	About the Technical Reviewer
	Acknowledgments
	Preface
Background Information
	Who Is This Book For?
	What Will I Learn?
	Why Is This Book Different From Others?
	Separation of Concerns
		Data
		Presentation
		Behavior
		Front-End Development Is Full of Exceptions
The Value of Process
	The Team
	Getting Too Big for Your Boots
	High Staff Churn Rate
	Consistency Is More Important than Quality
	Tools
		Wikis
		Bug Reporting
		Task Management
		Bug Tracking and Task Management
		Source Control
		Diff Tools
		Resolving Conflicts
	Backup
		Online Backup
		Desktop Backup
	Prototyping
	Development Methodologies
		Waterfall Development
		Agile Development
	Summary
CSS Style Guide
	CSS Style Guides
	CSS Formatting
		Singleversus Multiline
		Indenting
		Tabs versus Spaces
		Colons and Semicolons
	Commenting and CSS Metadata
		Existing Standards: CSSDOC
		File Info
		Table of Contents
		Sectioning
		Color Palettes
		Folder Paths
		Measurements
		Document Hacks and Bug Fixes
		Using a Template
	Class and ID Naming
		Semantics
		Accepted Characters
		Conventions
		Case
	Namespacing
		Reusable Classes
		CSS Namespaces Module
	Summary
Fundamentals
	The Cascade: Origin, Importance, and Inheritance
		Origin and Importance
		Inheritance
		Inheritance and the Universal Selector
	Specificity
		Calculating Specificity
		The !important Declaration
		Namespacing and Specificity
		Using Your Tools
	Encoding
	Localization
	Browser-Specific CSS
		Hacks and Filters
		CSS Expressions
		Vendor-Specific Extensions
		Media Queries
		Conditional Comments
	When and How to Use Hacks
		“Safe” Hacks
		The Real World
	Server-Side User Agent Detection
	Some Examples of Browser Rendering Differences
		Quirks Mode
		The IE Box Model
		hasLayout
		Experimental CSS
	Summary
Frameworks and Integration
	Frameworks
		Blueprint CSS
		960 Grid System
		YUI 3 Grids
		Alternative Uses
		Reset Style Sheets
		Why Create Your Own Framework?
	Object Oriented CSS
		Object Oriented Programming
		OOCSS
	Overriding CSS
	Playing Nicely with Third-Party Code
	Defensive CSS
	Fragile CSS
	Metadata in CSS
	Summary
Brand Implementation
	What Is a Brand?
	Brand Style Guides
		Guidelines Evolve
		Design Libraries
	Typography
		Image Replacement versus Flexibility
		Font-face
		Fallback Fonts
		Units
	Color
		Multiple Color Schemes
		Color Reference
		Dynamic Colors
		Fallback Colors
	Layout
		Grids
		Templates
	Themes
	Flexible CSS and Brand Evolution
	Summary
CSS and Accessibility
	Impairment Problems Overview
		Partial Sightedness
		Blindness
		Colorblindness
		Motor Impairment
		Hearing Disabilities
		Cognitive Impairment
		Young Age
		Old Age
		Epilepsy
	Accessibility Guidelines
		What’s the Law?
	Assistive Technologies
		Screen Readers
		Hiding Content with CSS
		Keyboard-Only Users
		Other Assistive Devices
	Design and Layout
		Color
		Fonts and Units
		Web-fonts and Dyslexia
		User Customization
		Style Switchers
	WAI-ARIA
	Device and Environment Impairments
	Progressive Enhancement or Graceful Degradation?
		Can CSS3 Be Harmful?
	Graded Browser Support (GBS)
	Summary
Devices
	Media Types
		all
		braille
		embossed
		handheld
		print
		projection
		screen
		speech
		tty
		tv
	Media Queries
		width
		height
		device-width
		device-height
		orientation
		aspect-ratio
		device-aspect-ratio
		color
		color-index
		monochrome
		resolution
		scan
		grid
		transform-2d
		transform-3d
		transition
		animation
	Modernizr
	Print Style Sheets
		Controlling Page Breaks
	Mobile Devices
		Another Website
		Use Media Queries to Target Mobile Devices
		Build an App Instead
	Other Devices
	Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
	Summary
Performance
	The Payload—Worry About File Size
		Naming Conventions
		File Names
		Folder Structure
		Syntax
		Minifying
		Compression
		Apache
		Microsoft IIS (Internet Information Services)
		Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) and Domains
		Having Fewer Requests Is More Important than File Size
		Domain Name Server (DNS) Lookup
		Connecting
		Sending
		Waiting
		Receiving
		Concatenation
		CSS Sprites
	Data URIs (Uniform Resource Indicators)
	Caching
	What Should We Cache?
	Versioning
	What About Offline Storage?
	Rendering and Parsing
	Changing Properties via JavaScript
	Animation
	Hardware Acceleration
	Summary
Dynamic CSS
	CSS Extensions and Preprocessors
	LESS
		Variables
		Mixins
		Nested Rules
		Operations
		Color Functions
		Namespaces
		Commenting
		Importing
		Conclusion
	Sass
		Variables
		Nested Selectors
		Conditional Logic
		Looping
		Commenting
		Accessors
		Mixins
	Colors
	Importing
		Conclusion
	Evaluating Third-Party Technologies
	Serving CSS with Server-Side Technologies
	Continuous Integration (CI)
	Clever Build Scripts
	Caching Considerations
	Summary
Testing and Debugging
	Fast Development
		Build Scripts that Concatenate CSS
		Build Scripts that Compress CSS
		Pages That Don’t Like to be Refreshed or Time Out Frequently
		Cached Files
		Internet Explorer Bugs
	Debugging
		Firebug (Firefox)
		Web Developer (Firefox or Chrome)
		Developer Tools (Internet Explorer 8)
		Web Inspector (Safari)
		Developer Tools (Chrome)
		Internet Explorer Developer Toolbar
		Opera Dragonfly
	Proxy Tools
		Fiddler
		Charles
	Testing
		Graded Browser Support
		Running Multiple Versions of Internet Explorer
		Emulating Other Devices
		Automatically Generating Screenshots
	Summary
Creating Your CSS
	Igloo Refrigerator Parts Inc. Website
	Analyzing the Design
		The Grid
		Reusable Components
		The Color Palette
		Accessibility Concerns
		Communication Is Important
	Creating the CSS
		Commenting
		Units
		Baseline Styles
		Structure
		Typographic Defaults
		Global Elements
		Components and Reusable Classes
		One-offs
		Compromises
		Cross-browser Consistency
		Accessibility and Links
	Documentation and Design Library
	Summary
CSS Standards Guide
	Igloo Refrigerator Parts Inc. CSS Standards Guide
		1. Introduction and Conventions
		2. Implementation
		3. General Rules
		4. Comments
		5. Formatting
		6. Naming
		7. Typography
		8. Color
	CSS Coding Standards References
Accessibility Guidelines
	Igloo Refrigerator Parts Inc. CSS Accessibility Guidelines
		1. Introduction and Conventions
		2. General Rules
		3. Typography
		4. Links
		5. Color
Browser Support Guidelines
	Igloo Refrigerator Parts Inc. Browser Support Guidelines
		1. Introduction and Conventions
		2. General Rules
		3. Avoiding Common Bugs
		4. Hacks and Filters
		5. Devices
Development Process
	Igloo Refrigerator Parts Inc. Development Process
		The Team
		Iterations
		Stories
		Structure and Version Control
		Planning Meeting
		Stand-up Meeting
		Day-to-Day Development
		Tidy-up Meeting
		Retrospective
		Scheduling
		Warranty
Index
	Symbols and Numerics
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z