Priority of Needs?: An Informed Theory of Need-based Justice

Preface
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Why Prioritize Needs?
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Entitlement, Equity, and Equality
	1.3 Need-Based Justice
	1.4 Basic Needs, Capabilities, and Socially Relative Satisfiers
	1.5 Need Thresholds and the Social Recognition of Needs
	1.6 The Sustainability of Needs
	1.7 Social Scope and Heterogeneity
	1.8 Framework for a Theory of Need-Based Justice and Outline of This Volume
	References
Part I Identification of Needs
	2 Need as One Distribution Principle: Frames and Framing
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Frames and Designs
			2.2.1 External Frames in a Strict Sense
				2.2.1.1 Risky Choice Framing and Need
				2.2.1.2 Attribute Framing and Need
			2.2.2 External Frames in a Loose Sense
				2.2.2.1 Time Constraints
				2.2.2.2 Type of Disease
				2.2.2.3 Number of Affected People
				2.2.2.4 Identifiability of the Needy Person
			2.2.3 Internal Framing
		2.3 External Frames: Specific Research Questions and Experimental Results
			2.3.1 Does Induced Need Influence Risky Choices in a Simple Lottery Game Framed as a Gain or a Loss?
				2.3.1.1 Experimental Setup and Results
				2.3.1.2 Conclusion
			2.3.2 Does Need Influence Risky Choices in the Asian Disease Paradigm?
				2.3.2.1 Experimental Setup and Results
				2.3.2.2 Conclusion
			2.3.3 Does the Identifiability of a Needy Person Influence the Decision-Maker\'s Choice Behavior?
				2.3.3.1 Results
			2.3.4 Conclusion
			2.3.5 Do Time Constraints Matter?
		2.4 Internal Frames
			2.4.1 Does the Effect of Need on Gain and Loss Framed Risky Choices Depend on the Individual Characteristics of the Decision-Maker?
		2.5 Dynamic-Stochastic Framework for Dual Processes: The Two-Stage Dual-Process Model
			2.5.1 Preliminaries
			2.5.2 Two-Stage Dual-Process Model for Framed Risky Choices
			2.5.3 Two-Stage Dual-Process Model for Risky Choices with Need Threshold
				2.5.3.1 Need Influence on Initial Preference State
				2.5.3.2 Need Influence on Preference Accumulation
		2.6 General Conclusion
		References
	3 Measuring Need-Based Justice: Empirically and Formally
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 The Formal Perspective: Measures of Need-Based Justice
			3.2.1 The Measures of Miller and Jasso
			3.2.2 The Measures of Siebel, Springhorn, and Traub and Colleagues
			3.2.3 Summary
		3.3 The Empirical Perspective: Studies on Need-Based Justice
			3.3.1 Needs as Reference Points
			3.3.2 Need and Accountability
			3.3.3 Kinds of Needs
			3.3.4 Summary
		3.4 Conclusion
		References
Part II Structures and Processes of the Recognition of Needs
	4 The Social Recognition of Needs
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 The Social Recognition of Needs
		4.3 Self-Interest and Beyond
		4.4 Measuring the Social Recognition of Needs
		4.5 Need Satisfaction in Networks
		4.6 Frames, Perceptions, and the Recognition of Needs
		4.7 Contextual Determinants of Need Satisfaction in Networks
		4.8 Conclusion
		References
	5 The Political Recognition of Needs
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 The Political Recognition of Needs
		5.3 Needs in Voting on Redistribution
			5.3.1 Simplified Meltzer Richard Model
			5.3.2 Studying Need-Based Justice Using the Meltzer-Richard Model
		5.4 Needs in Bargaining Over Allocations
			5.4.1 Simplified Baron Ferejohn Model
			5.4.2 Incorporating Needs into the Simplified Baron Ferejohn Model
			5.4.3 Studying Need-Based Justice Using the Baron Ferejohn Model
		5.5 Social Identity and the Political Recognition of Needs
			5.5.1 Social Identity Theory and the Scope of Need-Based Justice
			5.5.2 Studying the Scope of Need-Based Justice Using the Baron Ferejohn Model
		5.6 Expertise and the Political Recognition of Needs
			5.6.1 Expertise in Public Policymaking
			5.6.2 Expertise as a Validation Device
			5.6.3 Expertise as a Moral Authority
			5.6.4 Need-Based Justice Among Experts and Lay Citizens
		5.7 Conclusions
		References
	6 Deliberation and Need-Based Distribution
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Need-Based (Re)Distribution and Deliberation
		6.3 Deliberation and Reason-Giving in Group Experiments
		6.4 Deliberation Effects
		6.5 Justifying a Need-Based Distribution
		6.6 Conclusion
		References
Part III Welfare Consequences of Prioritizing Need-Based Distributions
	7 Need-Based Justice and Social Utility: A Preference Approach
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Acceptance and Fairness
		7.3 The Zoo
		7.4 The Objectives
		7.5 Producing the Distribution Mass
		7.6 Responsibility for Neediness and the Consequences of Support
		7.7 On the Superiority of Need-Based Justice
		7.8 An Economic Theory of Need-Based Justice?
		References
	8 How Sustainable is Need-Based Redistribution?
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Risk, Redistribution, and the Welfare State
			8.2.1 Inequality and the Stochasticity of Personal Income
			8.2.2 Educational Investment, Taxation, and the Welfare State
			8.2.3 The Welfare State as a Social Contract
			8.2.4 Heterogeneity and the Scope of Need-Based Justice
			8.2.5 Summary
		8.3 The Theoretical Argument Illustrated
			8.3.1 Basic Model of Risky Educational Investment
			8.3.2 Social Planner\'s Optimal Educational Choice
			8.3.3 Introducing Taxes: The Domar–Musgrave Effect
			8.3.4 Introducing Lump-Sum Transfers: The Income Effect
			8.3.5 Incorporating Need
			8.3.6 Optimal Choice of the Uniform Tax
			8.3.7 Introducing Need-Based Redistribution
		8.4 Experimental Evidence
			8.4.1 Experiment #1: Risk Taking in the Welfare State
				8.4.1.1 Experimental Design
				8.4.1.2 Results
				8.4.1.3 Conclusion
			8.4.2 Experiment #2: Risk Taking Under Different Welfare-State Regimes
				8.4.2.1 Experimental Design
				8.4.2.2 Results
				8.4.2.3 Conclusion
			8.4.3 Experiment #3: Heterogeneity, Risk Taking, and Discrimination
				8.4.3.1 Experimental Design
				8.4.3.2 Results
				8.4.3.3 Conclusion
		8.5 Summary and Conclusion
		References
Part IV Differentiation
	9 Need and Street-Level Bureaucracy: How Street-Level Bureaucrats Understand and Prioritize Need
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Need and Deservingness
			9.2.1 What Do They Need?
			9.2.2 Who Is Deserving of Help?
		9.3 Norms Guiding SLBs\' Decision-Making and Their Effects
			9.3.1 Distributive Justice, Need, and Deservingness in SLBs\' Thinking
			9.3.2 Effects of Norms and Attitudes Held by SLBs: A Conjoint Experiment
		9.4 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	10 Justice Principles, Prioritization in the Healthcare Sector, and the Effect of Framing
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Prioritizing Healthcare Services
			10.2.1 Equity
				10.2.1.1 Age
				10.2.1.2 Personal Responsibility
				10.2.1.3 Social Responsibility
				10.2.1.4 Socioeconomic Status
			10.2.2 Equality
			10.2.3 Need
			10.2.4 Other Criteria
		10.3 Legitimizing Priority Setting in Healthcare
			The Public\'s Acceptance of Multiple Healthcare Distribution Principles
		10.4 Framing Effects in Justice Judgments
			Framing Effects in Justice Judgments on Healthcare Allocation
		10.5 Concluding Remarks
		References
	11 Conclusion: Elements of a Theory of Need-Based Justice
		11.1 The Concept of Need
			11.1.1 Need-Based Justice as Reciprocal Solidarity
			11.1.2 Objectification of Needs
		11.2 The Identification of Needs
		11.3 The Recognition of Needs
		11.4 The Welfare Consequences of Need-Based Redistribution
		11.5 Differentiating Need
		11.6 Need-Based Justice and the ``Lexineed\'\' Principle
		11.7 Concluding Remarks
		References