Princípios de química: questionando a vida moderna e o meio ambiente

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Inside Front Cover
Title Page
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Contents in Brief
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
FUNDAMENTALS
	Introduction and Orientation
		A Matter and Energy
			A.1 Symbols and Units
			A.2 Accuracy and Precision
			A.3 Force
			A.4 Energy
			FUNDAMENTALS A Exercises
		B Elements and Atoms
			B.1 Atoms
			B.2 The Nuclear Model
			B.3 Isotopes
			B.4 The Organization of the Elements
			FUNDAMENTALS B Exercises
		C Compounds
			C.1 What Are Compounds?
			C.2 Molecules and Molecular Compounds
			C.3 Ions and Ionic Compounds
			FUNDAMENTALS C Exercises
		D Nomenclature
			D.1 Names of Cations
			D.2 Names of Anions
			D.3 Names of Ionic Compounds
			TOOLBOX D.1 How to Name Ionic Compounds
			D.4 Names of Inorganic Molecular Compounds
			TOOLBOX D.2 How to Name Simple Inorganic Molecular Compounds
			D.5 The Nomenclature of Some Common Organic Compounds
			FUNDAMENTALS D Exercises
		E Moles and Molar Masses
			E.1 The Mole
			E.2 Molar Mass
			FUNDAMENTALS E Exercises
		F The Determination of Composition
			F.1 Mass Percentage Composition
			F.2 Determining Empirical Formulas
			F.3 Determining Molecular Formulas
			FUNDAMENTALS F Exercises
		G Mixtures and Solutions
			G.1 Classifying Mixtures
			G.2 Separation Techniques
			G.3 Concentration
			G.4 Dilution
			TOOLBOX G.1 How to Calculate the Volume of Stock Solution Required for a Given Dilution
			FUNDAMENTALS G Exercises
		H Chemical Equations
			H.1 Representing Chemical Reactions
			H.2 Balanced Chemical Equations
			FUNDAMENTALS H Exercises
		I Precipitation Reactions
			I.1 Electrolytes
			I.2 Precipitates
			I.3 Ionic and Net Ionic Equations
			I.4 Putting Precipitation to Work
			FUNDAMENTALS I Exercises
		J Acids and Bases
			J.1 Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution
			J.2 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
			J.3 Neutralization
			FUNDAMENTALS J Exercises
		K Redox Reactions
			K.1 Oxidation and Reduction
			K.2 Oxidation Numbers
			TOOLBOX K.1 How to Assign Oxidation Numbers
			K.3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
			K.4 Balancing Simple Redox Equations
			FUNDAMENTALS K Exercises
		L Reaction Stoichiometry
			L.1 Mole-to-Mole Predictions
			L.2 Mass-to-Mass Predictions
			TOOLBOX L.1 How to Carry Out Mass-to- Mass Calculations
			L.3 Volumetric Analysis
			TOOLBOX L.2 How to Interpret a Titration
			FUNDAMENTALS L Exercises
		M Limiting Reactants
			M.1 Reaction Yield
			M.2 The Limits of Reaction
			TOOLBOX M.1 How to Identify the Limiting Reactant
			M.3 Combustion Analysis
			FUNDAMENTALS M Exercises
FOCUS 1 ATOMS
	Topic 1A Investigating Atoms
		1A.1 The Nuclear Model of the Atom
		1A.2 Electromagnetic Radiation
		1A.3 Atomic Spectra
		TOPIC 1A Exercises
	Topic 1B Quantum Theory
		1B.1 Radiation, Quanta, and Photons
		1B.2 The Wave –Particle Duality of Matter
		1B.3 The Uncertainty Principle
		TOPIC 1B Exercises
	Topic 1C Wavefunctions and Energy Levels
		1C.1 The Wavefunction and Its Interpretation
		1C.2 The Quantization of Energy
			BOX 1C.1 Nanocrystals
		TOPIC 1C Exercises
	Topic 1D The Hydrogen Atom
		1D.1 Energy Levels
		1D.2 Atomic Orbitals
		1D.3 Quantum Numbers, Shells, and Subshells
		1D.4 The Shapes of Orbitals
		1D.5 Electron Spin
			BOX 1D.1 How Do We Know . . . That an Electron Has Spin?
		1D.6 The Electronic Structure of Hydrogen
		TOPIC 1D Exercises
	Topic 1E Many-Electron Atoms
		1E.1 Orbital Energies
		1E.2 The Building-Up Principle
			TOOLBOX 1E.1 How to Predict the Ground-State Electron Configuration of an Atom
		TOPIC 1E Exercises
	Topic 1F Periodicity
		1F.1 The General Structure of the Periodic Table
		1F.2 Atomic Radius
		1F.3 Ionic Radius
		1F.4 Ionization Energy
		1F.5 Electron Affinity
		1F.6 The Inert-Pair Effect
		1F.7 Diagonal Relationships
		1F.8 The General Properties of the Elements
		TOPIC 1F Exercises
	FOCUS 1 Online Cumulative Example
	FOCUS 1 Exercises
FOCUS 2 MOLECULES
	Topic 2A Ionic Bonding
		2A.1 The Ions That Elements Form
		2A.2 Lewis Symbols
		2A.3 The Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation
		2A.4 Interactions Between Ions
		TOPIC 2A Exercises
	Topic 2B Covalent Bonding
		2B.1 Lewis Structures
			TOOLBOX 2B.1 How to Write the Lewis Structure of a Polyatomic Species
		2B.2 Resonance
		2B.3 Formal Charge
			TOOLBOX 2B.2 How to Use Formal Charge to Identify the Most Likely Lewis Structure
		TOPIC 2B Exercises
	Topic 2C Beyond the Octet Rule
		2C.1 Radicals and Biradicals
			BOX 2C.1 What Has This to Do With . . . Staying Alive? Chemical Self-Preservation
		2C.2 Expanded Valence Shells
		2C.3 Incomplete Octets
		TOPIC 2C Exercises
	Topic 2D The Properties of Bonds
		2D.1 Correcting the Covalent Model: Electronegativity
		2D.2 Correcting the Ionic Model: Polarizability
		2D.3 Bond Strengths
		2D.4 Bond Lengths
		TOPIC 2D Exercises
	Topic 2E The VSEPR Model
		2E.1 The Basic VSEPR Model
			BOX 2E.1 Frontiers of Chemistry: Drugs by Design and Discovery
		2E.2 Molecules with Lone Pairs on the Central Atom
			TOOLBOX 2E.1 How to Use the VSEPR Model
		2E.3 Polar Molecules
		TOPIC 2E Exercises
	Topic 2F Valence-Bond Theory
		2F.1 Sigma and Pi Bonds
		2F.2 Electron Promotion and the Hybridization of Orbitals
		2F.3 Other Common Types of Hybridization
		2F.4 Characteristics of Multiple Bonds
		TOPIC 2F Exercises
	Topic 2G Molecular Orbital Theory
		2G.1 Molecular Orbitals
		2G.2 Electron Configurations of Diatomic Molecules
			BOX 2G.1 How Do We Know . . . The Energies of Molecular Orbitals?
			TOOLBOX 2G.1 How to Determine the Electron Configuration and Bond Order of a Homonuclear Diatomic Species
			BOX 2G.2 How Do We Know . . . That Electrons Are Not Paired?
		2G.3 Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
		2G.4 Orbitals in Polyatomic Molecules
		TOPIC 2G Exercises
	FOCUS 2 Online Cumulative Example
	FOCUS 2 Exercises
FOCUS 3 STATES OF MATTER
	Topic 3A The Nature of Gases
		3A.1 Observing Gases
		3A.2 Pressure
		3A.3 Alternative Units of Pressure
		TOPIC 3A Exercises
	Topic 3B The Gas Laws
		3B.1 The Experimental Observations
		3B.2 Applications of the Ideal Gas Law
		3B.3 Molar Volume and Gas Density
		TOPIC 3B Exercises
	Topic 3C Gases in Mixtures and Reactions
		3C.1 Mixtures of Gases
		3C.2 The Stoichiometry of Reacting Gases
		TOPIC 3C Exercises
	Topic 3D Molecular Motion
		3D.1 Diffusion and Effusion
		3D.2 The Kinetic Model of Gases
		3D.3 The Maxwell Distribution of Speeds
			BOX 3D.1 How Do We Know . . . The Distribution of Molecular Speeds?
		TOPIC 3D Exercises
	Topic 3E Real Gases
		3E.1 Deviations from Ideality
		3E.2 Equations of State of Real Gases
		3E.3 The Liquefaction of Gases
		TOPIC 3E Exercises
	Topic 3F Intermolecular Forces
		3F.1 The Origin of Intermolecular Forces
		3F.2 Ion–Dipole Forces
		3F.3 Dipole–Dipole Forces
		3F.4 London Forces
		3F.5 Hydrogen Bonding
		3F.6 Repulsions
		TOPIC 3F Exercises
	Topic 3G Liquids
		3G.1 Order in Liquids
		3G.2 Viscosity and Surface Tension
		3G.3 Liquid Crystals
		3G.4 Ionic Liquids
		TOPIC 3G Exercises
	Topic 3H Solids
		3H.1 Classification of Solids
			BOX 3H.1 How Do We Know . . . What a Surface Looks Like?
		3H.2 Molecular Solids
		3H.3 Network Solids
		3H.4 Metallic Solids
		3H.5 Unit Cells
		3H.6 Ionic Solids
		TOPIC 3H Exercises
	Topic 3I Inorganic Materials
		3I.1 Alloys
		3I.2 Silicates
		3I.3 Calcium Carbonate
		3I.4 Cement and Concrete
		TOPIC 3I Exercises
	Topic 3J Materials for New Technologies
		3J.1 Electrical Conduction in Solids
		3J.2 Semiconductors
		3J.3 Superconductors
		3J.4 Luminescent Materials
		3J.5 Magnetic Materials
		3J.6 Nanomaterials
		3J.7 Nanotubes
		TOPIC 3J Exercises
	FOCUS 3 Online Cumulative Example
	FOCUS 3 Exercises
	INTERLUDE Ceramics and Glasses
FOCUS 4 THERMODYNAMICS
	Topic 4A Work and Heat
		4A.1 Systems and Surroundings
		4A.2 Work
		4A.3 Expansion Work
		4A.4 Heat
		4A.5 The Measurement of Heat
		TOPIC 4A Exercises
	Topic 4B Internal Energy
		4B.1 The First Law
		4B.2 State Functions
		4B.3 A Molecular Interlude
		TOPIC 4B Exercises
	Topic 4C Enthalpy
		4C.1 Heat Transfers at Constant Pressure
		4C.2 Heat Capacities at Constant Volume and Constant Pressure
		4C.3 The Molecular Origin of the Heat Capacities of Gases
		4C.4 The Enthalpy of Physical Change
		4C.5 Heating Curves
			BOX 4C.1 How Do We Know . . . The Shape of a Heating Curve?
		TOPIC 4C Exercises
	Topic 4D Thermochemistry
		4D.1 Reaction Enthalpy
		4D.2 The Relation Between ΔH and ΔU
		4D.3 Standard Reaction Enthalpies
			BOX 4D.1 What Has This to Do With . . . The Environment? Alternative Fuels
		4D.4 Combining Reaction Enthalpies: Hess’s Law
		TOOLBOX 4D.1 How to Use Hess’s Law
		4D.5 Standard Enthalpies of Formation
		4D.6 The Variation of Reaction Enthalpy with Temperature
		TOPIC 4D Exercises
	Topic 4E Contributions to Enthalpy
		4E.1 Ion Formation
		4E.2 The Born–Haber Cycle
		4E.3 Bond Enthalpies
		TOPIC 4E Exercises
	Topic 4F Entropy
		4F.1 Spontaneous Change
		4F.2 Entropy and Disorder
		4F.3 Entropy and Volume
		4F.4 Entropy and Temperature
		4F.5 Entropy and Physical State
		TOPIC 4F Exercises
	Topic 4G The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy
		4G.1 The Boltzmann Formula
		4G.2 The Equivalence of Statistical and Thermodynamic Entropies
		TOPIC 4G Exercises
	Topic 4H Absolute Entropies
		4H.1 Standard Molar Entropies
			BOX 4H.1 Frontiers of Chemistry: The Quest for Absolute Zero
		4H.2 Standard Reaction Entropies
			TOPIC 4H Exercises
	Topic 4I Global Changes in Entropy
		4I.1 The Surroundings
		4I.2 The Overall Change in Entropy
		4I.3 Equilibrium
		TOPIC 4I Exercises
	Topic 4J Gibbs Free Energy
		4J.1 Focusing on the System
		4J.2 Gibbs Free Energy of Reaction
		4J.3 The Gibbs Free Energy and Nonexpansion Work
		4J.4 The Effect of Temperature
		TOPIC 4J Exercises
	FOCUS 4 Online Cumulative Example
	FOCUS 4 Exercises
	INTERLUDE Free Energy and Life
FOCUS 5 EQUILIBRIUM
	Topic 5A Vapor Pressure
		5A.1 The Origin of Vapor Pressure
		5A.2 Volatility and Intermolecular Forces
		5A.3 The Variation of Vapor Pressure with Temperature
		5A.4 Boiling
		TOPIC 5A Exercises
	Topic 5B Phase Equilibria in One-Component Systems
		5B.1 One-Component Phase Diagrams
		5B.2 Critical Properties
		TOPIC 5B Exercises
	Topic 5C Phase Equilibria in Two-Component Systems
		5C.1 The Vapor Pressure of Mixtures
		5C.2 Binary Liquid Mixtures
		5C.3 Distillation
		5C.4 Azeotropes
		TOPIC 5C Exercises
	Topic 5D Solubility
		5D.1 The Limits of Solubility
		5D.2 The Like-Dissolves-Like Rule
		5D.3 Pressure and Gas Solubility
		5D.4 Temperature and Solubility
		5D.5 The Thermodynamics of Dissolving
		5D.6 Colloids
		TOPIC 5D Exercises
	Topic 5E Molality
		TOOLBOX 5E.1 How to Use the Molality
		TOPIC 5E Exercises
	Topic 5F Colligative Properties
		5F.1 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression
		5F.2 Osmosis
			BOX 5F.1 Frontiers of Chemistry: Drug Delivery
			TOOLBOX 5F.1 How to Use Colligative Properties to Determine Molar Mass
		TOPIC 5F Exercises
	Topic 5G Chemical Equilibrium
		5G.1 The Reversibility of Reactions
		5G.2 Equilibrium and the Law of Mass Action
		5G.3 The Origin of Equilibrium Constants
		5G.4 The Thermodynamic Description of Equilibrium
		TOPIC 5G Exercises
	Topic 5H Alternative Forms of the Equilibrium Constant
		5H.1 Multiples of the Chemical Equation
		5H.2 Composite Equations
		5H.3 Molar Concentrations of Gases
		TOPIC 5H Exercises
	Topic 5I Equilibrium Calculations
		5I.1 The Extent of Reaction
		5I.2 The Direction of Reaction
		5I.3 Calculations with Equilibrium Constants
			TOOLBOX 5I.1 How to Set Up and Use an Equilibrium Table
		TOPIC 5I Exercises
	Topic 5J The Response of Equilibria to Changes in Conditions
		5J.1 Adding and Removing Reagents
		5J.2 Compressing a Reaction Mixture
		5J.3 Temperature and Equilibrium
		TOPIC 5J Exercises
	FOCUS 5 Online Cumulative Example
	FOCUS 5 Exercises
	INTERLUDE Homeostasis
FOCUS 6 REACTIONS
	Topic 6A The Nature of Acids and Bases
		6A.1 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
		6A.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
		6A.3 Acidic, Basic, and Amphoteric Oxides
		6A.4 Proton Exchange Between Water Molecules
		TOPIC 6A Exercises
	Topic 6B The pH Scale
		6B.1 The Interpretation of pH
		6B.2 The pOH of Solutions
		TOPIC 6B Exercises
	Topic 6C Weak Acids and Bases
		6C.1 Acidity and Basicity Constants
		6C.2 The Conjugate Seesaw
		6C.3 Molecular Structure and Acid Strength
		6C.4 The Strengths of Oxoacids and Carboxylic Acids
		TOPIC 6C Exercises
	Topic 6D The pH of Aqueous Solutions
		6D.1 Solutions of Weak Acids
			TOOLBOX 6D.1 How to Calculate the pH of a Solution of a Weak Acid
		6D.2 Solutions of Weak Bases
			TOOLBOX 6D.2 How to Calculate the pH of a Solution of a Weak Base
		6D.3 The pH of Salt Solutions
		TOPIC 6D Exercises
	Topic 6E Polyprotic Acids and Bases
		6E.1 The pH of a Polyprotic Acid Solution
		6E.2 Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids
		6E.3 The Concentrations of Solute Species
			TOOLBOX 6E.1 How to Calculate the Concentrations of All Species in a Polyprotic Acid Solution
		6E.4 Composition and pH
			BOX 6E.1 What Has This to Do With . . . The Environment? Acid Rain and the Gene Pool
		TOPIC 6E Exercises
	Topic 6F Autoprotolysis and pH
		6F.1 Very Dilute Solutions of Strong Acids and Bases
		6F.2 Very Dilute Solutions of Weak Acids
		TOPIC 6F Exercises
	Topic 6G Buffers
		6G.1 Buffer Action
		6G.2 Designing a Buffer
		6G.3 Buffer Capacity
			BOX 6G.1 What Has This to Do With . . . Staying Alive? Physiological Buffers
		TOPIC 6G Exercises
	Topic 6H Acid–Base Titrations
		6H.1 Strong Acid–Strong Base Titrations
			TOOLBOX 6H.1 How to Calculate the pH During a Strong Acid–Strong Base Titration
		6H.2 Strong Acid–Weak Base and Weak Acid–Strong Base Titrations
			TOOLBOX 6H.2 How to Calculate the pH During a Titration of a Weak Acid or a Weak Base
		6H.3 Acid–Base Indicators
		6H.4 Polyprotic Acid Titrations
		TOPIC 6H Exercises
	Topic 6I Solubility Equilibria
		6I.1 The Solubility Product
		6I.2 The Common-Ion Effect
		6I.3 Complex Ion Formation
		TOPIC 6I Exercises
	Topic 6J Precipitation
		6J.1 Predicting Precipitation
		6J.2 Selective Precipitation
		6J.3 Dissolving Precipitates
		6J.4 Qualitative Analysis
		TOPIC 6J Exercises
	Topic 6K Representing Redox Reactions
		6K.1 Half-Reactions
		6K.2 Balancing Redox Equations
			TOOLBOX 6K.1 How to Balance Complicated Redox Equations
		TOPIC 6K Exercises
	Topic 6L Galvanic Cells
		6L.1 The Structure of Galvanic Cells
		6L.2 Cell Potential and Reaction Gibbs Free Energy
		6L.3 The Notation for Cells
			TOOLBOX 6L.1 How to Write a Cell Reaction Corresponding to a Cell Diagram
		TOPIC 6L Exercises
	Topic 6M Standard Potentials
		6M.1 The Definition of Standard Potential
		6M.2 The Electrochemical Series
			TOPIC 6M Exercises
	Topic 6N Applications of Standard Potentials
		6N.1 Standard Potentials and Equilibrium Constants
			TOOLBOX 6N.1 How to Calculate Equilibrium Constants from Electrochemical Data
		6N.2 The Nernst Equation
		6N.3 Ion-Selective Electrodes
		6N.4 Corrosion
		TOPIC 6N Exercises
	Topic 6O Electrolysis
		6O.1 Electrolytic Cells
		6O.2 The Products of Electrolysis
			TOOLBOX 6O.1 How to Predict the Result of Electrolysis
		6O.3 Applications of Electrolysis
		TOPIC 6O Exercises
	FOCUS 6 Online Cumulative Example
	FOCUS 6 Exercises
	INTERLUDE Practical Cells
FOCUS 7 KINETICS
	Topic 7A Reaction Rates
		7A.1 Concentration and Reaction Rate
			BOX 7A.1 How Do We Know . . . What Happens to Atoms During a Reaction?
		7A.2 The Instantaneous Rate of Reaction
		7A.3 Rate Laws and Reaction Order
		TOPIC 7A Exercises
	Topic 7B Integrated Rate Laws
		7B.1 First-Order Integrated Rate Laws
		7B.2 Half-Lives for First-Order Reactions
		7B.3 Second-Order Integrated Rate Laws
		TOPIC 7B Exercises
	Topic 7C Reaction Mechanisms
		7C.1 Elementary Reactions
		7C.2 The Rate Laws of Elementary Reactions
		7C.3 Combining Elementary Rate Laws
		7C.4 Rates and Equilibrium
		7C.5 Chain Reactions
		TOPIC 7C Exercises
	Topic 7D Models of Reactions
		7D.1 The Effect of Temperature
		7D.2 Collision Theory
			BOX 7D.1 How Do You Know . . . What Happens During a Molecular Collision?
		7D.3 Transition State Theory
		TOPIC 7D Exercises
	Topic 7E Catalysis
		7E.1 How Catalysts Work
			BOX 7E.1 What Has This to Do With . . . The Environment? Protecting the Ozone Layer
		7E.2 Industrial Catalysts
		7E.3 Living Catalysts: Enzymes
		TOPIC 7E Exercises
	FOCUS 7 Online Cumulative Example
	FOCUS 7 Exercises
FOCUS 8 THE MAIN-GROUP ELEMENTS
	Topic 8A Periodic Trends
		8A.1 Atomic Properties
		8A.2 Bonding Trends
		8A.3 Trends Exhibited by Hydrides and Oxides
		TOPIC 8A Exercises
	Topic 8B Hydrogen
		8B.1 The Element
			BOX 8B.1 What Has This to Do With . . . The Environment? The Greenhouse Effect
		8B.2 Compounds of Hydrogen
		TOPIC 8B Exercises
	Topic 8C Group 1: The Alkali Metals
		8C.1 The Group 1 Elements
		8C.2 Compounds of Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium
		TOPIC 8C Exercises
	Topic 8D Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals
		8D.1 The Group 2 Elements
		8D.2 Compounds of Beryllium, Magnesium, and Calcium
		TOPIC 8D Exercises
	Topic 8E Group 13: The Boron Family
		8E.1 The Group 13 Elements
		8E.2 Group 13 Oxides, Halides, and Nitrides
		8E.3 Boranes, Borohydrides, and Borides
		TOPIC 8E Exercises
	Topic 8F Group 14: The Carbon Family
		8F.1 The Group 14 Elements
			BOX 8F.1 Frontiers of Chemistry: Self-Assembling Materials
		8F.2 Oxides of Carbon and Silicon
		8F.3 Other Important Group 14 Compounds
		TOPIC 8F Exercises
	Topic 8G Group 15: The Nitrogen Family
		8G.1 The Group 15 Elements
		8G.2 Compounds with Hydrogen and the Halogens
		8G.3 Nitrogen Oxides and Oxoacids
		8G.4 Phosphorus Oxides and Oxoacids
		TOPIC 8G Exercises
	Topic 8H Group 16: The Oxygen Family
		8H.1 The Group 16 Elements
		8H.2 Compounds with Hydrogen
		8H.3 Sulfur Oxides and Oxoacids
		TOPIC 8H Exercises
	Topic 8I Group 17: The Halogens
		8I.1 The Group 17 Elements
		8I.2 Compounds of the Halogens
		TOPIC 8I Exercises
	Topic 8J Group 18: The Noble Gases
		8J.1 The Group 18 Elements
		8J.2 Compounds of the Noble Gases
		TOPIC 8J Exercises
	FOCUS 8 Online Cumulative Example
	FOCUS 8 Exercises
FOCUS 9 THE d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
	Topic 9A Periodic Trends of the d-Block Elements
		9A.1 Trends in Physical Properties
		9A.2 Trends in Chemical Properties
		TOPIC 9A Exercises
	Topic 9B Selected d-Block Elements: A Survey
		9B.1 Scandium Through Nickel
		9B.2 Groups 11 and 12
		TOPIC 9B Exercises
	Topic 9C Coordination Compounds
		9C.1 Coordination Complexes
			BOX 9C.1 What Has This to Do With … Staying Alive? Why We Need to Eat d-Metals
			TOOLBOX 9C.1 How to Name d-Metal Complexes and Coordination Compounds
		9C.2 The Shapes of Complexes
		9C.3 Isomers
			BOX 9C.2 How Do We Know…That a Substance Is Optically Active?
		TOPIC 9C Exercises
	Topic 9D The Electronic Structure of d-Metal Complexes
		9D.1 Crystal Field Theory
		9D.2 The Spectrochemical Series
		9D.3 The Colors of Complexes
		9D.4 Magnetic Properties of Complexes
		9D.5 Ligand Field Theory
		TOPIC 9D Exercises
	FOCUS 9 Online Cumulative Example
	FOCUS 9 Exercises
FOCUS 10 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
	Topic 10A Nuclear Decay
		10A.1 The Evidence for Spontaneous Nuclear Decay
		10A.2 Nuclear Reactions
		10A.3 The Pattern of Nuclear Stability
		10A.4 Predicting the Type of Nuclear Decay
		10A.5 Nucleosynthesis
			BOX 10A.1 What Has This to Do With…Staying Alive? Nuclear Medicine
		TOPIC 10A Exercises
	Topic 10B Radioactivity
		10B.1 The Biological Effects of Radiation
		10B.2 Measuring the Rate of Nuclear Decay
			BOX 10B.1 How Do We Know…How Radioactive a Material Is?
		10B.3 Uses of Radioisotopes
		TOPIC 10B Exercises
	Topic 10C Nuclear Energy
		10C.1 Mass–Energy Conversion
		10C.2 The Extraction of Nuclear Energy
		10C.3 The Chemistry of Nuclear Power
		TOPIC 10C Exercises
	FOCUS 10 Online Cumulative Example
	FOCUS 10 Exercises
FOCUS 11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
	Topic 11A Structures of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
		11A.1 Types of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
			TOOLBOX 11A.1 How to Name Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
		11A.2 Isomers
		11A.3 Physical Properties of Alkanes and Alkenes
		TOPIC 11A Exercises
	Topic 11B Reactions of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
		11B.1 Alkane Substitution Reactions
		11B.2 Synthesis of Alkenes and Alkynes
		11B.3 Electrophilic Addition
		TOPIC 11B Exercises
	Topic 11C Aromatic Compounds
		11C.1 Nomenclature
		11C.2 Electrophilic Substitution
		TOPIC 11C Exercises
	Topic 11D Common Functional Groups
		11D.1 Haloalkanes
		11D.2 Alcohols
		11D.3 Ethers
		11D.4 Phenols
		11D.5 Aldehydes and Ketones
		11D.6 Carboxylic Acids
		11D.7 Esters
		11D.8 Amines, Amino Acids, and Amides
			TOOLBOX 11D.1 How to Name Simple Compounds with Functional Groups
		TOPIC 11D Exercises
	Topic 11E Polymers and Biological Macromolecules
		11E.1 Addition Polymerization
		11E.2 Condensation Polymerization
		11E.3 Copolymers and Composite Materials
		11E.4 Physical Properties of Polymers
			BOX 11E.1 Frontiers of Chemistry: Conducting Polymers
		11E.5 Proteins
		11E.6 Carbohydrates
		11E.7 Nucleic Acids
		TOPIC 11E Exercises
	FOCUS 11 Online Cumulative Example
	FOCUS 11 Exercises
	INTERLUDE Technology: Fuels
APPENDICES
	APPENDIX 1 Symbols, Units, and Mathematical Techniques
		1A Symbols
		1B Units and Unit Conversions
		1C Scientific Notation
		1D Exponents and Logarithms
		1E Equations and Graphs
		1F Calculus
	APPENDIX 2 Experimental Data
		2A Thermodynamic Data at 25 °C
		2B Standard Potentials at 25 °C
		2C Ground-State Electron Configurations
		2D The Elements
	APPENDIX 3 Nomenclature
		3A The Nomenclature of Polyatomic Ions
		3B Common Names of Chemicals
		3C Traditional Names of Some Common Cations With Variable Charge Numbers
GLOSSARY
ANSWERS
	Self-Tests B
	Odd-Numbered Exercises
INDEX
Inside Back Cover
Back Cover