Principles of Radiographic Exposure MD0952

DEVELOPMENT
ADMINISTRATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
LESSON 1
	Section I. INTRODUCTION
		1-1. GENERAL
		1-2. THE X-RAY BEAM
		1-3. X-RAY EXPOSURE TERMS
	Section II. THE SILVER IMAGE
		1-4. IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
		1-5. RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY
		1-6. RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST
		1-7. SHORT-SCALE VERSUS LONG-SCALE CONTRAST
		1-8. X-RAY PENETRATION
		1-9. FACTOR OF X-RAY WAVELENGTH
		1-10. ABSORPTION BY BODY PARTS
		1-11. ABSORPTION VARIABLES
		1-12. RADIOGRAPHIC EXPOSURE
		1-13. VALUE OF CONSTANTS
	Section III. THE EFFECT OF SOURCE-TO-IMAGE DISTANCE ON DENSITY
		1-14. SOURCE-TO-IMAGE DISTANCE
		1-15. APPLICATION OF INVERSE SQUARE LAW
		1-16. ARITHMETICAL RELATION OF mAs AND SID
	Section IV. FUNCTION OF KILOVOLTAGE
		1-17. INTRODUCTION
		1-18. GREATER EXPOSURE EFFICIENCY BY USE OF HIGHER KILOVOLTAGE
		1-19. RELATION OF kVp-mAs-SID-DENSITY
		1-20. OVEREXPOSURE
		1-21. UNDEREXPOSURE
		1-22. KILOVOLTAGE AND CONTRAST
		1-23. CONTRAST WITHOUT FOG
		1-24. KILOVOLTAGE AND EXPOSURE LATITUDE
		1-25. WIDE EXPOSURE LATITUDE
		1-26. NARROW EXPOSURE LATITUDE
	Section V. FACTORS INFLUENCING SECONDARY RADIATION FOG
		1-27. INTRODUCTION
		1-28. INFLUENCE OF TISSUES
		1-29. INFLUENCE OF KILOVOLTAGE
	Section VI. METHODS OF CONTROLLING FOG
		1-30. KILOVOLTAGE
		1-31. EFFECTS OF HIGHER KILOVOLTAGES
		1-32. EFFECTS OF LOWER KILOVOLTAGES
		1-33. GRIDS
		1-34. FUNCTION OF GRIDS
		1-35. THE STATIONARY WAFER GRID
		1-36. NECESSITY FOR INCREASING EXPOSURE
		1-37. GRID RATIO
		1-38. USE WITH CASSETTES
		1-39. THE POTTER-BUCKY DIAPHRAGM
		1-40. THE FOCUSED BUCKY
		1-41. POTTER-BUCKY MECHANISMS
		1-42. GRID LINES ON FILM
		1-43. MODIFICATION OF THE PRIMARY BEAM
		1-44. CONES, CYLINDERS, DIAPHRAGMS, AND COLLIMATORS
		1-45. GEOMETRY OF FILM COVERAGE
		1-46. RATIO OF SECONDARY RADIATION TO REMNANT RADIATION
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS
LESSON 2
	Section I.  FUNCTION OF MILLIAMPERE-SECONDS
		2-1. INTRODUCTION
		2-2. RULE-OF-THUMB FOR DENSITY CHANGES
		2-3. RECIPROCITY LAW
		2-4. TABLES OF MILLIAMPER-SECOND VALUES
		2-5. MILLIAMPERE AND TIME RELATION
		2-6. TIME-DENSITY RELATION
		2-7. EXPERIMENT: MILLIAMPERE-TIME DENSITY RELATION
	Section II. GEOMETRY OF IMAGE FORMATION
		2-8. GENERAL
		2-9. SHADOWS AND X-RAY IMAGES
		2-10. SHADOW FORMATION BY LIGHT
		2-11. ILLUSTRATION
		2-12. IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
		2-13. REDUCTION OF UNSHARPNESS
		2-14. TYPES OF DEFINITION
		2-15. GEOMETRICAL UNSHARPNESS: INFLUENCE OF FOCAL SPOT
		2-16. GEOMETRICAL UNSHARPNESS: INFLUENCE OF OBJECT-FILMDISTANCE
		2-17. GEOMETRICAL UNSHARPNESS: INFLUENCE OF SOURCE-TO-IMAGEDISTANCE
		2-18. MOTION UNSHARPNESS
		2-19. IMMOBILIZATION
		2-20. SCREEN UNSHARPNESS
		2-21. DISTORTION: INTRODUCTION
		2-22. MAGNIFIED DISTORTION
		2-23. TRUE DISTORTION
		2-24. ILLUSTRATION OF TRUE DISTORTION
	Section III. X-RAY INTENSIFYING SCREENS
		2-25. INTRODUCTION
		2-26. FILM EXPOSURE HOLDERS
		2-27. INTENSIFYING SCREENS
		2-28. SPEED
		2-29. SCREEN CONTACT
		2-30. PROPER CARE OF SCREENS
		2-31. FLUOROSCOPIC SCREEN
	Section IV. STANDARDIZATION OF EXPOSURE
		2-32. RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY
		2-33. DIAGNOSTIC USEFULNESS
		2-34. CRITERIA FOR RADIOGRAPHIC QUA
		2-35. CONTRAST EXTREMES
		2-36. CONTRAST AND SHARPNESS
		2-37. VALUE OF TOTAL IMPRESSION
		2-38. STANDARDIZED EXPOSURE SYSTEM
		2-39. OPTIMUM KILOVOLTAGE TECHNIQUE
		2-40. ADVANTAGES
		2-41. RULES FOR APPLICATION
		2-42. SELECTION OF FACTORS
		2-43. THICKNESS ONLY A GUIDE
		2-44. ESTABLISHING A BASIC mAs
		2-45. EXAMPLE
		2-46. THICKNESS GREATER THAN AVERAGE
		2-47. SMALLER THICKNESSES
		2-48. OVEREXPOSURE
		2-49. EXAMPLE OF CORRECTING OVEREXPOSURE
		2-50. UNDEREXPOSURE
		2-51. EXAMPLE OF CORRECTING UNDEREXPOSURE
		2-52. PHOTOTIMING
		2-53. SUMMARY
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS