Principles of osteoimmunology : molecular mechanisms and clinical applications

Preface
 Contents
 Contributors
 1: Basics of Bone Biology
 1.1 Introduction to Bone
 1.1.1 Bone Function and Structure
 1.1.2 Ossification Processes
 1.2 Bone Remodeling
 1.3 Key Players of Bone Remodeling
 1.3.1 Cells of the Osteoblast Lineage: Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Bone Lining Cells
 1.3.1.1 Functions of Osteoblast Lineage Cells
 1.3.1.2 Osteoblast Differentiation and Involved Signaling Pathways
 1.3.2 Cells of the Osteoclast Lineage: Osteomacs and Osteoclasts
 1.4 Regulation of Bone Remodeling
 1.4.1 Hormones
 1.4.2 Osteoblast-to-Osteoclast Signaling: RANKL/OPG 1.4.3 Osteoclast-to-Osteoblast Coupling Factors1.4.4 Cytokines and Chemokines
 1.5 Concluding Remarks
 References
 2: Toward the Automated Detection and Characterization of Osteoclasts in Microscopic Images
 2.1 Introduction
 2.2 Techniques
 2.2.1 Culture Conditions for Isolated Murine Osteoclasts
 2.2.2 Staining Protocol
 2.2.3 Digital Images
 2.2.4 Automated Slide-Based Microscopy
 2.2.5 Software for Image Processing
 2.3 Evaluation of Expert Markups and Developed Image-­Processing Algorithms 2.4 How to Design an Image-Processing Algorithm Exemplified on Osteoclast Detection in Culture2.4.1 Illumination Correction
 2.4.2 Segmentation
 2.4.3 Post-processing
 2.4.4 Labeling
 2.4.5 Practical Example: Influence of Melatonin on Osteoclast Formation
 2.5 Common Pitfalls
 2.5.1 Imaging-Based Errors
 2.5.1.1 Illumination
 2.5.1.2 Acquisition Parameters
 2.5.1.3 File Formats
 2.5.2 Errors Related to the Gestalt Laws
 2.5.3 Benefits of Automated Osteoclast Detection
 Conclusion
 References
 3: An Introduction to the Immune System
 3.1 Innate and Adaptive Immunity 3.2 The Innate Immune Response3.2.1 Effector Cells in Innate Immunity
 3.2.1.1 Neutrophils
 3.2.1.2 Monocytes, Macrophages and Dendritic Cells
 3.2.1.3 Natural Killer Cells
 3.2.2 Pathogen Recognition in Innate Immune Responses by "Toll-Like" Receptors
 3.2.3 Humoral Effectors of the Innate Immunity
 3.2.3.1 The Complement System
 3.2.3.2 Cytokines
 3.3 The Adaptive Immune System
 3.3.1 B Cells
 3.3.1.1 Early B Cell Development
 3.3.1.2 B Cell Development to Antibody-Forming Plasma Cells and B Cell Memory in T Cell-Dependent Responses
 3.3.1.3 T Cell-Independent Immune Responses 3.3.1.4 Ig Subclasses3.3.2 T Cells
 3.3.2.1 T Cell Subsets and Development
 3.3.2.2 CD4+ Effector T Cells
 3.3.2.3 Cytotoxic CD8 + T Cells
 3.4 Conclusion
 References
 4: Effects of Vitamin D in the Immune System
 4.1 Vitamin D
 4.1.1 Vitamin D Metabolism
 4.1.2 Vitamin D Signal Transduction
 4.1.3 The VDR
 4.1.4 Classic Effects of Vitamin D
 4.1.5 Additional Effects
 4.2 Vitamin D and the Immune Cells
 4.2.1 Innate Immunity
 4.2.2 Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC): Dendritic Cells and Monocytes/Macrophages
 4.2.3 T Cells
 4.2.4 Th1/Th2 Cells
 4.2.5 Tregs
 4.2.6 Th17