Principles of human anatomy

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Brief Contents
Contents
1 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY
	1.1 Anatomy Defined
	1.2 Levels of Body Organization and Body Systems
	1.3 Life Processes
	1.4 Basic Anatomical Terminology
		Anatomical Position
		Regional Names
		Planes and Sections
	1.5 Body Cavities
		Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes
	1.6 Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
	1.7 The Human Body and Disease
	1.8 Aging
	1.9 Medical Imaging
	1.10 Measuring the Human Body
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
2 CELLS
	2.1 A Generalized Cell
	2.2 The Plasma Membrane
		Structure of the Membrane
		Functions of Membrane Proteins
		Membrane Permeability
		Transport Across the Plasma Membrane
		Kinetic Energy Transport
		Transport by Transporter Proteins
		Transport in Vesicles
	2.3 Cytoplasm
		Cytosol
		Organelles
		Centrosome
		Cilia and Flagella
		Ribosomes
		Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
		Golgi Complex
		Lysosomes
		Peroxisomes
		Proteasomes
		Mitochondria
	2.4 Nucleus
	2.5 Cell Division
		Somatic Cell Division
		Interphase
		Mitotic Phase
		Control of Cell Destiny
		Reproductive Cell Division
		Meiosis
	2.6 Cellular Diversity
	2.7 Aging and Cells
	Key Medical Terms Associated with Cells
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
3 TISSUES
	3.1 Types of Tissues
	3.2 Cell Junctions
		Tight Junctions
		Adherens Junctions
		Desmosomes
		Hemidesmosomes
		Gap Junctions
	3.3 Comparison Between Epithelial and Connective Tissues
	3.4 Epithelial Tissue
		Classification of Surface Epithelium
		Surface Epithelium
		Glandular Epithelium
		Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands
		Functional Classification of Exocrine Glands
	3.5 Connective Tissue
		General Features of Connective Tissue
		Connective Tissue Cells
		Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix
		Ground Substance
		Fibers
		Classification of Connective Tissue
		Embryonic Connective Tissue
		Mature Connective Tissue
		Connective Tissue Proper
		Supporting Connective Tissue
		Liquid Connective Tissue
	3.6 Membranes
		Epithelial Membranes
		Mucous Membranes
		Serous Membranes
		Cutaneous Membrane
		Synovial Membranes
	3.7 Muscular Tissue
	3.8 Nervous Tissue
	3.9 Aging and Tissues
	Key Medical Terms Associated with Tissues
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
4 DEVELOPMENT
	4.1 Principles of Development
	4.2 Embryonic Period
		First Week of Development
		Fertilization
		Cleavage of the Zygote
		Blastocyst Formation
		Implantation
		Second Week of Development
		Development of the Trophoblast
		Development of the Bilaminar Embryonic Disc
		Development of the Amnion
		Development of the Yolk Sac
		Development of Sinusoids
		Development of the Extraembryonic Coelom
		Development of the Chorion
		Third Week of Development
		Gastrulation
		Neurulation
		Development of Somites
		Development of the Intraembryonic Coelom
		Development of the Cardiovascular System
		Development of the Chorionic Villi and Placenta
		Fourth Week of Development
		Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development
	4.3 Fetal Period
	4.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy
	4.5 Labor
	Key Medical Terms Associated with Development
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
5 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
	5.1 Structure of the Skin
		Epidermis
		Stratum Basale
		Stratum Spinosum
		Stratum Granulosum
		Stratum Lucidum
		Stratum Corneum
		Keratinization and Growth of the Epidermis
		Dermis
		Blood Supply of the Integumentary System
		The Structural Basis of Skin Color
		Tattooing and Body Piercing
		Subcutaneous Layer or Hypodermis
	5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
		Hair
		Anatomy of a Hair
		Hair Growth
		Types of Hairs
		Hair Color
		Skin Glands
		Sebaceous Glands
		Sudoriferous Glands
		Ceruminous Glands
		Nails
	5.3 Types of Skin
	5.4 Functions of the Skin
	5.5 Development of the Integumentary System
	5.6 Aging and the Integumentary System
	Key Medical Terms Associated with the Integumentary System
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
6 BONE TISSUE
	6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System
	6.2 Types of Bones
	6.3 Anatomy of a Bone
	6.4 Bone Surface Markings
	6.5 Histology of Bone Tissue
		Compact Bone Tissue
		Spongy Bone Tissue
	6.6 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone
	6.7 Bone Formation
		Initial Bone Formation in an Embryo and Fetus
		Intramembranous Ossification
		Endochondral Ossification
		Bone Growth During Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence
		Growth in Length
		Growth in Thickness
		Remodeling of Bone
	6.8 Fractures
	6.9 Exercise and Bone Tissue
	6.10 Aging and Bone Tissue
	6.11 Factors Affecting Bone Growth
	Key Medical Terms Associated with Bone Tissue
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
7 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE AXIAL SKELETON
	7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
	7.2 Skull
		General Features and Functions
		Nasal Septum
		Orbits
		Foramina
		Unique Features of the Skull
		Sutures
		Paranasal Sinuses
		Fontanels
		Cranial Fossae
		Age-related Changes in the Skull
		Sexual Differences in the Skull
	7.3 Hyoid Bone
	7.4 Vertebral Column
		Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column
		Intervertebral Discs
		Parts of a Typical Vertebra
		Vertebral Body
		Vertebral Arch
		Processes
		Regions of the Vertebral Column
		Age-related Changes in the Vertebral Column
	7.5 Thorax
	Key Medical Terms Associated with the Axial Skeleton
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
8 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
	8.1 Skeleton of the Upper Limb
	8.2 Skeleton of the Lower Limb
	8.3 False and True Pelves
	8.4 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves
	8.5 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles
	8.6 Development of the Skeletal System
	Key Medical Terms Associated with Appendicular Skeleton
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
9 JOINTS
	9.1 Joint Classifications
		Ligaments
	9.2 Fibrous Joints
		Sutures
		Syndesmoses
		Interosseous Membranes
	9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
		Synchondroses
		Symphyses
		Epiphyseal Cartilages
	9.4 Synovial Joints
		Structure of Synovial Joints
		Articular Capsule
		Synovial Fluid
		Accessory Ligaments, Articular Discs, and Labra
		Nerve and Blood Supply
		Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
	9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
		Gliding
		Angular Movements
		Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, and Hyperextension
		Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction
		Rotation
		Special Movements
	9.6 Types of Synovial Joints
		Plane Joints
		Hinge Joints
		Pivot Joints
		Condyloid Joints
		Saddle Joints
		Ball-and-Socket Joints
	9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints
	9.8 Selected Joints of the Body
	9.9 Aging and Joints
	Key Medical Terms Associated with Joints
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
10 MUSCULAR TISSUE
	10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue
		Types of Muscular Tissue
		Functions of Muscular Tissue
		Properties of Muscular Tissue
	10.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Structure
		Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle
		Connective Tissue Coverings
		Nerve and Blood Supply
		Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber (Cell)
		Sarcolemma, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasm
		Myofibrils and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
		Filaments and the Sarcomere
		Muscle Proteins
	10.3 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Function
		Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
		Sliding Filament Mechanism
		The Neuromuscular Junction
		The Contraction Cycle
		Excitation–Contraction Coupling
		Muscle Tone
		Isotonic and Isometric Contractions
	10.4 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
		Slow Oxidative Fibers
		Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers
		Fast Glycolytic Fibers
	10.5 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue
		Effective Stretching
		Strength Training
	10.6 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
	10.7 Smooth Muscle Tissue
	10.8 Development of Muscles
	10.9 Aging and Muscular Tissue
	Key Medical Terms Associated with Muscular Tissue
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
11 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
	11.1 How Skeletal Muscle Produce Movements
		Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and Insertion
		Lever Systems
		Effects of Fascicle Arrangement
		Muscle Actions
		Coordination Among Muscles
		Structure and Function of Muscle Groups
	11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named
	11.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles
	Key Medical Terms Associated with the Muscular System
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
12 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD
	12.1 Functions of Blood
	12.2 Physical Characteristics of Blood
	12.3 Components of Blood
		Blood Plasma
		Formed Elements
	12.4 Formation of Blood Cells
	12.5 Red Blood Cells
		RBC Anatomy
		RBC Functions
		RBC Life Cycle
		Erythropoiesis: Production of RBCs
		Blood Group Systems
	12.6 White Blood Cells
		WBC Anatomy and Types
		Granular Leukocytes
		Agranular Leukocytes
		WBC Functions
	12.7 Platelets
	12.8 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord-Blood
	Key Medical Terms Associated with Blood
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
13 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART
	13.1 Location and Surface Projection of the Heart
	13.2 Structure and Function of the Heart
		Pericardium
		Layers of the Heart Wall
		Chambers of the Heart
		Right Atrium
		Right Ventricle
		Left Atrium
		Left Ventricle
		Myocardial Thickness and Function
		Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart
		Heart Valves
		Atrioventricular Valves
		Semilunar Valves
	13.3 Circulation of Blood
		Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
		Coronary Circulation
		Coronary Arteries
		Coronary Veins
	13.4 Cardiac Conduction System and Innervation
		Cardiac Conduction System
		Cardiac Nerves
	13.5 Cardiac Cycle (Heartbeat)
	13.6 Heart Sounds
	13.7 Exercise and the Heart
	13.8 Development of the Heart
	Key Medical Terms Associated with the Heart
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
14 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS
	14.1 Anatomy of Blood Vessels
		Basic Structure of a Blood Vessel
		Tunica Interna (Intima)
		Tunica Media
		Tunica Externa
		Arteries
		Elastic Arteries
		Muscular Arteries
		Anastomoses
		Arterioles
		Capillaries
		Venules
		Veins
		Blood Distribution
	14.2 Circulatory Routes—Systemic Circulation
	14.3 Circulatory Routes—Hepatic Portal Circulation
	14.4 Circulatory Routes—Pulmonary Circulation
	14.5 Circulatory Routes—Fetal Circulation
	14.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood
	14.7 Aging and the Cardiovascular System
	Key Medical Terms Associated with Blood Vessels
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
15 THE LYMPHATIC (LYMPHOID) SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY
	15.1 The Concept of Immunity
	15.2 Lymphatic System Structure and Functions
		Structure
		Functions
	15.3 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation
		Lymphatic Capillaries
		Lymph Trunks and Ducts
		Formation and Flow of Lymph
	15.4 Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
		Thymus
		Lymph Nodes
		Spleen
		Lymphatic Nodules
	15.5 Principal Groups of Lymph Nodes
	15.6 Development of Lymphatic Tissues
	15.7 Aging and the Lymphatic System
	Key Medical Terms Associated with the Lymphatic System and Immunity
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
16 NERVOUS TISSUE
	16.1 Overview of the Nervous System
		Structures of the Nervous System
		Organization of the Nervous System
		Anatomical Organization
		Functional Organization
	16.2 Histology and Functions of Neurons
		Neurons
		Parts of a Neuron
		Cell Body
		Nerve Fibers
		Synapses
		Neuromuscular Junction
		Synapses Between Neurons
		Neurotransmitters
		Structural Diversity in Neurons
	16.3 Histology and Function of Neuroglia
		Neuroglia of the CNS
		Neuroglia of the PNS
		Myelination
		Gray and White Matter
	16.4 Neural Circuits
	16.5 Regeneration and Neurogenesis
	Key Medical Terms Associated with Nervous Tissue
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
17 THE SPINAL CORD AND THE SPINAL NERVES
	17.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy
		Protective Structures
		Vertebral Column
		Meninges
		External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
		Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
	17.2 Spinal Nerves
		Structure of a Single Nerve
		Organization of Spinal Nerves
		Branches of Spinal Nerves
		Intercostal Nerves
		Plexuses
		Dermatomes Versus Cutaneous Fields
	17.3 Spinal Cord Functions
		Sensory and Motor Tracts
		Reflexes and Reflex Arcs
	Key Medical Terms Associated with the Spinal Cord and the Spinal Nerves
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
18 THE BRAIN AND THE CRANIAL NERVES
	18.1 Development and General Structure of the Brain
		Brain Development
		Major Parts of the Brain
	18.2 Protection and Blood Supply
		Protective Coverings of the Brain
		Cerebrospinal Fluid
		Formation of CSF in the Ventricles
		Functions of CSF
		Circulation of CSF
		Brain Blood Flow and the Blood–Brain Barrier
	18.3 The Brainstem and Reticular Formation
		Medulla Oblongata
		Pons
		Midbrain
		Reticular Formation
	18.4 The Cerebellum
	18.5 The Diencephalon
		Thalamus
		Hypothalamus
		Epithalamus
		Circumventricular Organs
	18.6 The Cerebrum
		Structure of the Cerebrum
		Cerebral White Matter
		Basal Nuclei
		The Limbic System
	18.7 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
		Sensory Areas
		Motor Areas
		Association Areas
		Hemispheric Lateralization
		Memory
		Brain Waves
	18.8 Aging and the Nervous System
	18.9 Cranial Nerves
	Key Medical Terms Associated with the Brain and the Cranial Nerves
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
19 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
	19.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
		Somatic Nervous System
		Autonomic Nervous System
		Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Motor Neurons
	19.2 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways
		Understanding Autonomic Motor Pathways
		Migration of the Neural Crest Tissue
		Shared Anatomical Components of an Autonomic Motor Pathway
		Motor Neurons and Autonomic Ganglia
		Autonomic Plexuses
	19.3 Structure of the Sympathetic Division
		Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons
		Sympathetic Ganglia and Postganglionic Neurons
		Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
		Prevertebral Ganglia
	19.4 Structure of the Parasympathetic Division
		Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons
		Parasympathetic Ganglia and Postganglionic Neurons
	19.5 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors
		Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors
		Adrenergic Neurons and Receptors
	19.6 Functions of the ANS
		Sympathetic Responses
		Parasympathetic Responses
	19.7 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions
		Autonomic Reflexes
		Autonomic Control by Higher Centers
	Key Medical Terms Associated with the Autonomic Nervous System
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
20 SOMATIC SENSES AND MOTOR CONTROL
	20.1 Overview of Sensations
		Definition of Sensations
		Characteristics of Sensations
		Classification of Sensations
		Types of Sensory Receptors
	20.2 Somatic Sensations
		Tactile Sensations
		Touch
		Pressure
		Vibration
		Itch and Tickle
		Thermal Sensations
		Pain Sensations
		Types of Pain
		Localization of Pain
		Proprioceptive Sensations
		Muscle Spindles
		Tendon Organs
		Joint Kinesthetic Receptors
	20.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways
		Posterior Column–Medial Lemniscus Pathway to the Cerebral Cortex
		Anterolateral (Spinothalamic) Pathways to the Cerebral Cortex
		Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area
		Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum
	20.4 Somatic Motor Pathways
		Origin of Motor Pathways
		Direct Motor Pathways
		Indirect Motor Pathways
		Roles of the Basal Nuclei in Movement
		Roles of the Cerebellum in Movement
		Role of the Brainstem in Movement
		Vestibular Nuclei in the Medulla and Pons
		Reticular Formation in the Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain
		Superior Colliculus in the Midbrain
	20.5 Integration of Sensory Input and Motor Output
	Key Medical Terms Associated with Somatic Senses and Motor Control
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
21 SPECIAL SENSES
	21.1 Olfaction: Sense of Smell
		Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors
		The Olfactory Pathway
	21.2 Gustation: Sense of Taste
		Anatomy of Gustatory Receptors
		The Gustatory Pathway
	21.3 Vision
		Accessory Structures of the Eye
		Eyelids
		Eyelashes and Eyebrows
		The Lacrimal Apparatus
		Extrinsic Eye Muscles
		Anatomy of the Eyeball
		Fibrous Tunic
		Vascular Tunic
		Retina
		Lens
		Interior of the Eyeball
		The Visual Pathway
		Processing of Visual Input in the Retina
		Pathway in the Brain
	21.4 Hearing and Equilibrium
		Anatomy of the Ear
		External (Outer) Ear
		Middle Ear
		Internal (Inner) Ear
		Mechanism of Hearing
		The Auditory Pathway
		Mechanism of Equilibrium
		Otolithic Organs: Saccule and Utricle and Static Equilibrium
		Semicircular Ducts and Dynamic Equilibrium
		Equilibrium Pathways
	21.5 Development of the Eyes and Ears
		Development of the Eyes
		Development of the Ears
	21.6 Aging and the Special Senses
	Key Medical Terms Associated with Special Senses
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
22 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
	22.1 Endocrine Glands Defined
	22.2 Hormones
	22.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
		Anterior Pituitary
		Posterior Pituitary
	22.4 Pineal Gland and Thymus
	22.5 Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands
	22.6 Adrenal Glands
		Adrenal Cortex
		Adrenal Medulla
	22.7 Pancreas
	22.8 Ovaries and Testes
	22.9 Other Endocrine Tissues
	22.10 Development of the Endocrine System
	22.11 Aging and the Endocrine System
	Key Medical Terms Associated with the Endocrine System
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
23 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
	23.1 Respiratory System Anatomy
	23.2 Upper Respiratory System Anatomy
		Nose
		Pharynx
	23.3 Lower Respiratory System Anatomy
		Larynx
		The Structures of Voice Production
		Trachea
		Bronchi
		Lungs
		Lobes, Fissures, and Lobules
		Alveolar Sacs and Alveoli
		Blood Supply to the Lungs
		Patency of the Respiratory System
	23.4 Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
		Inhalation
		Exhalation
	23.5 Regulation of Breathing
		Role of the Respiratory Center
		Medullary Respiratory Center
		Pontine Respiratory Group
		Regulation of the Respiratory Center
		Cortical Influences on Breathing
		Chemoreceptor Regulation of Breathing
		Role of Lung Inflation in Stimulation of Breathing
	23.6 Exercise and the Respiratory System
	23.7 Development of the Respiratory System
	23.8 Aging and the Respiratory System
	Key Medical Terms Associated with the Respiratory System
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
24 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
	24.1 Overview of the Digestive System
	24.2 Layers of the GI Tract
		Mucosa
		Submucosa
		Muscularis
		Serosa
	24.3 Peritoneum
	24.4 Mouth
		Salivary Glands
		Tongue
		Teeth
	24.5 Pharynx
	24.6 Esophagus
		Histology of the Esophagus
		Functions of the Esophagus
	24.7 Stomach
		Anatomy of the Stomach
		Histology of the Stomach
		Functions of the Stomach
	24.8 Pancreas
		Anatomy of the Pancreas
		Histology of the Pancreas
		Functions of the Pancreas
	24.9 Liver and Gallbladder
		Anatomy of the Liver and Gallbladder
		Histology of the Liver and Gallbladder
		Blood and Nerve Supply of the Liver and Gallbladder
		Functions of the Liver and Gallbladder
	24.10 Small Intestine
		Anatomy of the Small Intestine
		Histology of the Small Intestine
		Functions of the Small Intestine
	24.11 Large Intestine
		Anatomy of the Large Intestine
		Histology of the Large Intestine
		Functions of the Large Intestine
	24.12 Development of the Digestive System
	24.13 Aging and the Digestive System
	Key Medical Terms Associated with the Digestive System
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
25 THE URINARY SYSTEM
	25.1 Overview of the Urinary System
	25.2 Anatomy of the Kidneys
		External Anatomy of the Kidneys
		Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys
		Blood and Nerve Supply of the Kidneys
	25.3 The Nephron
		Parts of a Nephron
		Histology of the Nephron and Collecting Duct
		Glomerular Capsule
		Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct
	25.4 Functions of Nephrons
		Glomerular Filtration
		Tubular Reabsorption
		Tubular Secretion
	25.5 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination
		Ureters
		Urinary Bladder
		Urethra
	25.6 Development of the Urinary System
	25.7 Aging and the Urinary System
	Key Medical Terms Associated with the Urinary System
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
26 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
	26.1 Male Reproductive System
		Scrotum
		Testes
		Sperm
		Reproductive System Ducts in Males
		Ducts of the Testis
		Epididymis
		Ductus Deferens
		Ejaculatory Ducts
		Urethra
		Spermatic Cord
		Accessory Sex Glands in Males
		Seminal Vesicles
		Prostate
		Bulbourethral Glands
		Semen
		Penis
	26.2 Female Reproductive System
		Ovaries
		Histology of the Ovaries
		Oogenesis and Follicular Development
		Uterine Tubes
		Uterus
		Vagina
		Vulva
		Perineum
		Mammary Glands
	26.3 Female Reproductive Cycle
		Menstrual Phase
		Events in the Ovaries
		Events in the Uterus
		Preovulatory Phase
		Events in the Ovaries
		Events in the Uterus
		Ovulation
		Postovulatory Phase
		Events in the Ovaries
		Events in the Uterus
	26.4 Birth Control Methods and Abortion
		Birth Control Methods
		Surgical Sterilization
		Non-incisional Sterilization
		Hormonal Methods
		Intrauterine Devices
		Spermicides
		Barrier Methods
		Periodic Abstinence
		Abortion
	26.5 Development of the Reproductive Systems
	26.6 Aging and the Reproductive Systems
	Key Medical Terms Associated with the Reproductive Systems
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
27 SURFACE ANATOMY
	27.1 Overview of Surface Anatomy
	Chapter Review and Resource Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
APPENDIX A Measurements
APPENDIX B Answers
Glossary
Index
EULA