Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, SI edition

Cover......Page 1
Statement......Page 4
Title Page
......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
About the Authors......Page 13
Contents......Page 15
1.2 Geotechnical Engineering Prior to the 18th Century......Page 25
1.3 Preclassical Period of Soil Mechanics (1700–1776)......Page 29
1.5 Classical Soil Mechanics—Phase II (1856–1910)......Page 30
1.6 Modern Soil Mechanics (1910–1927)......Page 31
1.7 Geotechnical Engineering after 1927......Page 32
1.8 End of an Era......Page 36
References......Page 37
2.2 Rock Cycle and the Origin of Soil......Page 39
2.3 Rock-Forming Minerals, Rock and Rock Structures......Page 50
2.4 Soil-Particle Size......Page 61
2.5 Clay Minerals......Page 63
2.6 Specific Gravity (Gs)......Page 71
2.7 Mechanical Analysis of Soil......Page 72
2.8 Particle-Size Distribution Curve......Page 79
2.9 Particle Shape......Page 85
2.10 Summary......Page 86
Problems......Page 87
Critical Thinking Problem......Page 89
References......Page 90
3.2 Weight–Volume Relationships......Page 91
3.3 Relationships among Unit Weight, Void Ratio, Moisture Content, and Specific Gravity......Page 94
3.4 Relationships among Unit Weight, Porosity, and Moisture Content......Page 98
3.5 Various Unit Weight Relationships......Page 99
3.6 Relative Density......Page 105
3.7 Comments on emax and emin......Page 108
3.8 Correlations between emax, emin, emax – emin, and Median Grain Size (D50)......Page 111
Problems......Page 114
References......Page 116
4.2 Liquid Limit (LL)......Page 118
4.3 Plastic Limit (PL)......Page 125
4.4 Shrinkage Limit (SL)......Page 127
4.5 Liquidity Index and Consistency Index......Page 133
4.6 Activity......Page 134
4.7 Plasticity Chart......Page 136
4.8 Soil Structure......Page 138
4.9 Summary......Page 143
Critical Thinking Problems......Page 144
References......Page 145
5.1 Introduction......Page 147
5.2 Textural Classification......Page 148
5.4 AASHTO Classification System......Page 150
5.5 Unified Soil Classification System......Page 154
5.6 Comparison between the AASHTO and Unified Systems......Page 156
Problems......Page 166
Critical Thinking Problem......Page 168
References......Page 169
6.2 Compaction—General Principles......Page 170
6.3 Standard Proctor Test......Page 171
6.4 Factors Affecting Compaction......Page 174
6.6 Empirical Relationships......Page 178
6.7 Structure of Compacted Clay Soil......Page 185
6.8 Effect of Compaction on Cohesive Soil Properties......Page 187
6.9 Field Compaction......Page 190
6.10 Specifications for Field Compaction......Page 195
6.11 Determination of Field Unit Weight of Compaction......Page 196
6.12 Compaction of Organic Soil and Waste Materials......Page 203
6.14 Special Compaction Techniques......Page 206
Problems......Page 216
Critical Thinking Problem......Page 218
References......Page 219
7.2 Bernoulli’s Equation......Page 222
7.3 Darcy’s Law......Page 224
7.4 Hydraulic Conductivity......Page 226
7.5 Laboratory Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity......Page 228
7.6 Relationships for Hydraulic Conductivity—Granular Soil......Page 235
7.7 Relationships for Hydraulic Conductivity—Cohesive Soils......Page 242
7.8 Directional Variation of Permeability......Page 247
7.9 Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity in Stratified Soil......Page 249
7.10 Permeability Test in the Field by Pumping from Wells......Page 254
7.11 In Situ Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Clay Soils......Page 256
7.12 Summary and General Comments......Page 260
Problems......Page 261
Critical Thinking Problem......Page 264
References......Page 265
8.2 Laplace’s Equation of Continuity......Page 267
8.3 Continuity Equation for Solution of Simple Flow Problems......Page 269
8.4 Flow Nets......Page 273
8.5 Seepage Calculation from a Flow Net......Page 274
8.6 Flow Nets in Anisotropic Soil......Page 278
8.7 Mathematical Solution for Seepage......Page 280
8.8 Uplift Pressure under Hydraulic Structures......Page 282
8.9 Seepage through an Earth Dam on an Impervious Base......Page 283
8.10 L. Casagrande’s Solution for Seepage through an Earth Dam......Page 286
8.11 Filter Design......Page 288
Problems......Page 291
References......Page 294
9.2 Stresses in Saturated Soil without Seepage......Page 295
9.3 Stresses in Saturated Soil with Upward Seepage......Page 300
9.5 Seepage Force......Page 304
9.6 Heaving in Soil Due to Flow around Sheet Piles......Page 309
9.7 Use of Filters to Increase the Factor of Safety against Heave......Page 314
9.8 Effective Stress in Partially Saturated Soil......Page 317
9.9 Capillary Rise in Soils......Page 318
9.10 Effective Stress in the Zone of Capillary Rise......Page 320
9.11 Summary and General Comments......Page 323
Problems......Page 324
References......Page 328
10.1 Introduction......Page 329
10.2 Normal and Shear Stresses on a Plane......Page 330
10.3 The Pole Method of Finding Stresses along a Plane......Page 334
10.4 Stresses Caused by a Point Load......Page 336
10.5 Vertical Stress Caused by a Vertical Line Load......Page 338
10.6 Vertical Stress Caused by a Horizontal Line Load......Page 341
10.7 Vertical Stress Caused by a Vertical Strip Load (Finite Width and Infinite Length)......Page 342
10.8 Linearly Increasing Vertical Loading on an Infinite Strip......Page 347
10.9 Vertical Stress Due to Embankment Loading......Page 350
10.10 Vertical Stress below the Center of a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area......Page 354
10.11 Vertical Stress at Any Point below a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area......Page 355
10.12 Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangularly Loaded Area......Page 359
10.13 Influence Chart for Vertical Pressure......Page 366
10.14 Summary and General Comments......Page 369
Problems......Page 370
Critical Thinking Problem......Page 374
References......Page 376
11.1 Introduction......Page 377
11.2 Contact Pressure and Settlement Profile......Page 378
11.3 Relations for Elastic Settlement Calculation......Page 380
11.4 Fundamentals of Consolidation......Page 388
11.5 One-Dimensional Laboratory Consolidation Test......Page 392
11.6 Void Ratio–Pressure Plots......Page 394
11.7 Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays......Page 398
11.8 General Comments on Conventional Consolidation Test......Page 400
11.9 Effect of Disturbance on Void Ratio–Pressure Relationship......Page 402
11.10 Calculation of Settlement from One-Dimensional Primary Consolidation......Page 403
11.11 Correlations for Compression Index (Cc)......Page 405
11.12 Correlations for Swell Index (Cs)......Page 407
11.13 Secondary Consolidation Settlement......Page 413
11.14 Time Rate of Consolidation......Page 415
11.15 Determination of Coefficient of Consolidation......Page 424
11.16 Calculation of Consolidation Settlement under a Foundation......Page 432
11.17 A Case History—Settlement Due to a Preload Fill for Construction of Tampa VA Hospital......Page 434
11.18 Methods for Accelerating Consolidation Settlement......Page 438
11.19 Precompression......Page 440
11.20 Summary and General Comments......Page 444
Problems......Page 445
Critical Thinking Problem......Page 450
References......Page 451
12.2 Mohr–Coulomb Failure Criterion......Page 453
12.3 Inclination of the Plane of Failure Caused by Shear......Page 455
12.5 Direct Shear Test......Page 457
12.6 Drained Direct Shear Test on Saturated Sand and Clay......Page 462
12.7 General Comments on Direct Shear Test......Page 464
12.8 Triaxial Shear Test-General......Page 469
12.9 Consolidated-Drained Triaxial Test......Page 470
12.10 Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial Test......Page 479
12.11 Unconsolidated-Undrained Triaxial Test......Page 485
12.12 Unconfined Compression Test on Saturated Clay......Page 487
12.13 Empirical Relationships between Undrained Cohesion (Cu) and Effective Overburden Pressure (σ́ o)......Page 488
12.14 Sensitivity and Thixotropy of Clay......Page 490
12.15 Strength Anisotropy in Clay......Page 493
12.16 Vane Shear Test......Page 494
12.18 Shear Strength of Unsaturated Cohesive Soils......Page 500
12.19 Stress Path......Page 503
12.20 Summary and General Comments......Page 508
Problems......Page 509
Critical Thinking Problem......Page 512
References......Page 513
13.2 At-Rest, Active, and Passive Pressures......Page 515
13.3 Earth Pressure At-Rest......Page 518
13.4 Earth Pressure At-Rest for Partially Submerged Soil......Page 520
13.5 Rankine’s Theory of Active Pressure......Page 523
13.6 Theory of Rankine’s Passive Pressure......Page 525
13.7 Yielding of Wall of Limited Height......Page 527
13.8 Rankine Active and Passive Pressure with Sloping Backfill......Page 528
13.9 Diagrams for Lateral Earth-Pressure Distribution against Retaining Walls......Page 530
13.10 Coulomb’s Active Pressure......Page 542
13.11 Graphic Solution for Coulomb’s Active Earth Pressure......Page 545
13.13 Active Force on Retaining Walls with Earthquake Forces......Page 551
13.14 Common Types of Retaining Walls in the Field......Page 560
13.15 Summary and General Comments......Page 567
Problems......Page 569
Critical Thinking Problem......Page 572
References......Page 573
14.2 Retaining Walls with Friction......Page 574
14.3 Properties of a Logarithmic Spiral......Page 576
14.4 Procedure for Determination of Passive Earth Pressure (Pp)—Cohesionless Backfill......Page 578
14.5 Coefficient of Passive Earth Pressure (Kp)......Page 580
14.6 Caquot and Kerisel Solution for Passive Earth Pressure (Granular Backfill)......Page 584
14.7 Passive Force on Walls with Earthquake Forces......Page 587
14.8 Braced Cuts—General......Page 589
14.9 Determination of Active Thrust on Bracing Systems of Open Cuts—Granular Soil......Page 591
14.11 Pressure Variation for Design of Sheetings, Struts, and Wales......Page 593
Problems......Page 598
References......Page 600
15.1 Introduction......Page 601
15.2 Factor of Safety......Page 603
15.3 Stability of Infinite Slopes......Page 604
15.4 Infinite Slope with Steady-state Seepage......Page 607
15.5 Finite Slopes—General......Page 610
15.6 Analysis of Finite Slopes with Plane Failure Surfaces (Culmann’s Method)......Page 611
15.7 Analysis of Finite Slopes with Circular Failure Surfaces—General......Page 614
15.8 Mass Procedure—Slopes in Homogeneous Clay Soil with Ø = 0......Page 615
15.9 Recent Developments on Critical Circle of Clay Slopes (Ø = 0)......Page 622
15.10 Mass Procedure—Slopes in Homogeneous Ć ― Ǿ́́́' Soil......Page 623
15.11 Ordinary Method of Slices......Page 630
15.12 Bishop’s Simplified Method of Slices......Page 638
15.13 Stability Analysis by Method of Slices for Steady-state Seepage......Page 640
15.14 Solutions for Steady-state Seepage......Page 641
15.15 A Case History of Slope Failure......Page 652
15.16 Morgenstern’s Method of Slices for Rapid Drawdown Condition......Page 656
15.17 Fluctuation of Factor of Safety of Slopes in Clay Embankment on Saturated Clay......Page 658
Problems......Page 662
References......Page 666
16.1 Introduction......Page 668
16.2 Ultimate Soil-Bearing Capacity for Shallow Foundations......Page 669
16.3 Terzaghi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity Equation......Page 671
16.4 Effect of Groundwater Table......Page 675
16.5 Factor of Safety......Page 676
16.6 General Bearing Capacity Equation......Page 679
16.7 A Case History for Evaluation of the Ultimate Bearing Capacity......Page 683
16.8 Ultimate Load for Shallow Foundations Under Eccentric Load......Page 687
16.9 Bearing Capacity of Sand Based on Settlement......Page 692
16.10 Plate-Load Test......Page 694
Problems......Page 697
References......Page 700
17.1 Introduction......Page 702
17.2 Planning for Soil Exploration......Page 703
17.3 Boring Methods......Page 704
17.4 Common Sampling Methods......Page 708
17.6 Correlations for Standard Penetration Test......Page 713
17.7 Other In Situ Tests......Page 718
17.8 Rock Coring......Page 723
17.10 Summary......Page 725
Problems......Page 727
References......Page 728
Appendix - A......Page 730
Answers to Selected Problems......Page 738
Index......Page 746