Principles of General Chemistry

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Brief Contents
Detailed contents
About the Author
Preface
Half Title Page
Chapter 1 Keys to the Study of Chemistry 2
	1.1 Some Fundamental Definitions
		The Properties of Matter
		The States of Matter
		The Central Theme in Chemistry
		The Importance of Energy in the Study of Matter
	1.2 The Scientific Approach: Developing a Model
	1.3 Chemical Problem Solving
		Units and Conversion Factors in Calculations
		A Systematic Approach to Solving Chemistry Problems
	1.4 Measurement in Scientific Study
		General Features of SI Units
		Some Important SI Units in Chemistry
		Extensive and Intensive Properties
	1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures
		Determining Which Digits Are Significant
		Significant Figures: Calculations and Rounding Off
		Precision, Accuracy, and Instrument Calibration
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 2 The Components of Matter
	2.1 E lements, Compounds, and Mixtures: An Atomic Overview
	2.2 The Observations That Led to an Atomic View of Matter
		Mass Conservation
		Definite Composition
		Multiple Proportions
	2.3 Dalton\'s Atomic Theory
		Postulates of the Atomic Theory
		How the Theory Explains the Mass Laws
	2.4 The Observations That Led to the Nuclear Atom Model
		Discovery of the Electron and Its Properties
		Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus
	2.5 The Atomic Theory Today
		Structure of the Atom
		Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Atomic Symbol
		Isotopes
		Atomic Masses of the Elements; Mass Spectrometry
	2.6 E lements: A First Look at the Periodic Table
	2.7 Compounds: Introduction to Bonding
		The Formation of Ionic Compounds
		The Formation of Covalent Compounds
	2.8 Formulas, Names, and Masses of Compounds
		Binary Ionic Compounds
		Compounds That Contain Polyatomic Ions
		Acid Names from Anion Names
		Binary Covalent Compounds
		The Simplest Organic Compounds: Straight-Chain Alkanes
		Molecular Masses from Chemical Formulas
		Representing Molecules with Formulas and Models
	2.9 Classification of Mixtures
		An Overview of the Components of Matter
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 3 Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations
	3.1 The Mole
		Defining the Mole
		Determining Molar Mass
		Converting Between Amount, Mass, and Number of Chemical Entities
		The Importance of Mass Percent
	3.2 Determining the Formula of an Unknown Compound
		Empirical Formulas
		Molecular Formulas
		Isomers
	3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
	3.4 Calculating Quantities of Reactant and Product
		Stoichiometrically Equivalent Molar Ratios from the Balanced Equation
		Reactions That Involve a Limiting Reactant
		Theoretical, Actual, and Percent Reaction Yields
	3.5 Fundamentals of Solution Stoichiometry
		Expressing Concentration in Terms of Molarity
		Amount-Mass-Number Conversions Involving Solutions
		Diluting a Solution
		Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solution
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 4 Three Major Classes of Chemical Reactions
	4.1 The Role of Water as a Solvent
		The Polar Nature of Water
		Ionic Compounds in Water
		Covalent Compounds in Water
	4.2 Writing Equations for Aqueous Ionic Reactions
	4.3 Precipitation Reactions
		The Key Event: Formation of a Solid from Dissolved Ions
		Predicting Whether a Precipitate Will Form
	4.4 Acid-Base Reactions
		The Key Event: Formation of H2O from H1 and OH.
		Proton Transfer in Acid-Base Reactions
		Quantifying Acid-Base Reactions by Titration
	4.5 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
		The Key Event: Net Movement of Electrons Between Reactants
		Some Essential Redox Terminology
		Using Oxidation Numbers to Monitor Electron Charge
	4.6 Elements in Redox Reactions
		Combination Redox Reactions
		Decomposition Redox Reactions
		Displacement Redox Reactions and Activity Series
		Combustion Reactions
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 5 Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
	5.1 An Overview of the Physical States of Matter
	5.2 Gas Pressure and Its Measurement
		Measuring Atmospheric Pressure
		Units of Pressure
	5.3 The Gas Laws and Their Experimental Foundations
		The Relationship Between Volume and Pressure: Boyle\'s Law
		The Relationship Between Volume and Temperature: Charles\'s Law
		The Relationship Between Volume and Amount: Avogadro\'s Law
		Gas Behavior at Standard Conditions
		The Ideal Gas Law
		Solving Gas Law Problems
	5.4 Rearrangements of the Ideal Gas Law
		The Density of a Gas
		The Molar Mass of a Gas
		The Partial Pressure of a Gas in a Mixture of Gases
		The Ideal Gas Law and Reaction Stoichiometry
	5.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory: A Model for Gas Behavior
		How the Kinetic-Molecular Theory Explains the Gas Laws
		Effusion and Diffusion
	5.6 Real Gases: Deviations from Ideal Behavior
		Effects of Extreme Conditions on Gas Behavior
		The van der Waals Equation: Adjusting the Ideal Gas Law
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 6 Thermochemistry: Energy Flowand Chemical Change
	6.1 Forms of Energy and Their Interconversion
		Defining the System and Its Surroundings
		Energy Transfer to and from a System
		Heat and Work: Two Forms of Energy Transfer
		The Law of Energy Conservation
		Units of Energy
		State Functions and the Path Independence of the Energy Change
	6.2 E nthalpy: Chemical Change at Constant Pressure
		The Meaning of Enthalpy
		Exothermic and Endothermic Processes
	6.3 Calorimetry: Measuring the Heat of a Chemical or Physical Change
		Specific Heat Capacity
		The Two Common Types of Calorimetry
	6.4 Stoichiometry of Thermochemical Equations
	6.5 H ess\'s Law: Finding DH of Any Reaction
	6.6 Standard Enthalpies of Reaction (DH ðxrxn)
		Formation Equations and Their Standard Enthalpy Changes
		Determing ΔH°rxn from ΔH°f Values for Reactants and Products
		Fossil Fuels and Climate Change
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 7 Quantum Theory and Atomic Structure
	7.1 The Nature of Light
		The Wave Nature of Light
		The Particle Nature of Light
	7.2 Atomic Spectra
		Line Spectra and the Rydberg Equation
		The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
		The Energy Levels of the Hydrogen Atom
		Spectral Analysis in the Laboratory
	7.3 The Wave-Particle Duality of Matter and Energy
		The Wave Nature of Electrons and the Particle Nature of Photons
		Heisenberg\'s Uncertainty Principle
	7.4 The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom
		The Atomic Orbital and the Probable Location of the Electron
		Quantum Numbers of an Atomic Orbital
		Quantum Numbers and Energy Levels
		Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
		The Special Case of Energy Levels in the H Atom
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 8 Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity
	8.1 Characteristics of Many-Electron Atoms
		The Electron-Spin Quantum Number
		The Exclusion Principle and Orbital Occupancy
		Electrostatic Effects and Energy-Level Splitting
	8.2 The Quantum-Mechanical Model and the Periodic Table
		Building Up Period 1
		Building Up Period 2
		Building Up Period 3
		Similar Electron Configurations Within Groups
		Building Up Period 4: The First Transition Series
		General Principles of Electron Configurations
		Intervening Series: Transition and Inner Transition Elements
	8.3 Trends in Three Atomic Properties
		Trends in Atomic Size
		Trends in Ionization Energy
		Trends in Electron Affinity
	8.4 Atomic Properties and Chemical Reactivity
		Trends in Metallic Behavior
		Properties of Monatomic Ions
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 9 Models of Chemical Bonding
	9.1 Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonds
		Types of Bonding: Three Ways Metals and Nonmetals Combine
		Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule
	9.2 The Ionic Bonding Model
		Why Ionic Compounds Form: The Importance of Lattice Energy
		Periodic Trends in Lattice Energy
		How the Model Explains the Properties of Ionic Compounds
	9.3 The Covalent Bonding Model
		The Formation of a Covalent Bond
		Bonding Pairs and Lone Pairs
		Properties of a Covalent Bond: Order, Energy, and Length
		How the Model Explains the Properties of Covalent Substances
		Using IR Spectroscopy to Study Covalent Compounds
	9.4 B ond Energy and Chemical Change
		Changes in Bond Energy: Where Does ΔH°rxn Come From?
		Using Bond Energies to Calculate ΔH°rxn
	9.5 B etween the Extremes: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
		Electronegativity
		Bond Polarity and Partial Ionic Character
		The Gradation in Bonding Across a Period
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 10 The Shapes of Molecules
	10.1 Depicting Molecules and Ions with Lewis Structures
		Applying the Octet Rule to Write Lewis Structures
		Resonance: Delocalized Electron-Pair Bonding
		Formal Charge: Selecting the More Important Resonance Structure
		Lewis Structures for Exceptions to the Octet Rule
	10.2 V alence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory and Molecular Shape
		Electron-Group Arrangements and Molecular Shapes
		The Molecular Shape with Two Electron Groups (Linear Arrangement)
		Molecular Shapes with Three Electron Groups (Trigonal Planar Arrangement)
		Molecular Shapes with Four Electron Groups (Tetrahedral Arrangement)
		Molecular Shapes with Five Electron Groups (Trigonal Bipyramidal Arrangement)
		Molecular Shapes with Six Electron Groups (Octahedral Arrangement)
		Using VSEPR Theory to Determine Molecular Shape
		Molecular Shapes with More Than One Central Atom
	10.3 Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity
		Bond Polarity, Bond Angle, and Dipole Moment
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 11 Theories of Covalent Bonding
	11.1 V alence Bond (VB ) Theory and Orbital Hybridization
		The Central Themes of VB Theory
		Types of Hybrid Orbitals
	11.2 Modes of Orbital Overlap and the Types of Covalent Bonds
		Orbital Overlap in Single and Multiple Bonds
		Orbital Overlap and Molecular Rotation
	11.3 Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory and Electron Delocalization
		The Central Themes of MO Theory
		Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules of Period 2 Elements
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 12 Intermolecular Forces: Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes
	12.1 An Overview of Physical States and Phase Changes
	12.2 Quantitative Aspects of Phase Changes
		Heat Involved in Phase Changes
		The Equilibrium Nature of Phase Changes
		Phase Diagrams: Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Physical State
	12.3 Types of Intermolecular Forces
		How Close Can Molecules Approach Each Other?
		Ion-Dipole Forces
		Dipole-Dipole Forces
		The Hydrogen Bond
		Polarizability and Induced Dipole Forces
		Dispersion (London) Forces
	12.4 Properties of the Liquid State
		Surface Tension
		Capillarity
		Viscosity
	12.5 The Uniqueness of Water
		Solvent Properties of Water
		Thermal Properties of Water
		Surface Properties of Water
		The Unusual Density of Solid Water
	12.6 The Solid State: Structure, Properties, and Bonding
		Structural Features of Solids
		Types and Properties of Crystalline Solids
		Bonding in Solids I: The Electron-Sea Model of Metallic Bonding
		Bonding in Solids II: Band Theory
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 13 The Properties of Solutions
	13.1 Types of Solutions: Intermolecular Forces and Solubility
		Intermolecular Forces in Solution
		Liquid Solutions and the Role of Molecular Polarity
		Gas Solutions and Solid Solutions
	13.2 W hy Substances Dissolve: Understanding the Solution Process
		Heats of Solution: Solution Cycles
		Heats of Hydration: Ionic Solids in Water
		The Solution Process and the Change in Entropy
	13.3 Solubility as an Equilibrium Process
		Effect of Temperature on Solubility
		Effect of Pressure on Solubility
	13.4 Concentration Terms
		Molarity and Molality
		Parts of Solute by Parts of Solution
		Interconverting Concentration Terms
	13.5 Colligative Properties of Solutions
		Nonvolatile Nonelectrolyte Solutions
		Using Colligative Properties to Find Solute Molar Mass
		Volatile Nonelectrolyte Solutions
		Strong Electrolyte Solutions
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 14 Periodic Patterns in the Main-Group Elements
	14.1 Hydrogen, the Simplest Atom
		Where Hydrogen Fits in the Periodic Table
		Highlights of Hydrogen Chemistry
	14.2 Group 1A(1): The Alkali Metals
		Why the Alkali Metals Have Unusual Physical Properties
		Why the Alkali Metals Are So Reactive
		The Anomalous Behavior of Period 2 Members
	14.3 Group 2A(2): The Alkaline Earth Metals
		How the Alkaline Earth and Alkali Metals Compare Physically
		How the Alkaline Earth and Alkali Metals Compare Chemically
		Diagonal Relationships
	14.4 Group 3A(13): The Boron Family
		How the Transition Elements Influence Properties
		Features That First Appear in This Group\'s Chemical Properties
	14.5 Group 4A(14): The Carbon Family
		How the Type of Bonding in an Element Affects Physical Properties
		How Bonding Changes in the Carbon Family\'s Compounds
		Highlights of Carbon Chemistry
		Highlights of Silicon Chemistry
	14.6 Group 5A(15): The Nitrogen Family
		The Wide Range of Physical Behavior
		Patterns in Chemical Behavior
		Highlights of Nitrogen Chemistry
		Highlights of Phosphorus Chemistry
	14.7 Group 6A(16): The Oxygen Family
		How the Oxygen and Nitrogen Families Compare Physically
		How the Oxygen and Nitrogen Families Compare Chemically
		Highlights of Oxygen Chemistry
		Highlights of Sulfur Chemistry
	14.8 Group 7A(17): The Halogens
		How the Halogens and the Alkali Metals Contrast Physically
		Why the Halogens Are So Reactive
		Highlights of Halogen Chemistry
	14.9 Group 8A(18): The Noble Gases
		Physical Properties
		Why Noble Gases Can Form Compounds
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 15. Organic Compounds and the Atomic Properties of Carbon
	15.1 The Special Nature of Carbon and the Characteristics of Organic Molecules
		The Structural Complexity of Organic Molecules
		The Chemical Diversity of Organic Molecules
	15.2 The Structures and Classes of Hydrocarbons
		Carbon Skeletons and Hydrogen Skins
		Alkanes: Hydrocarbons with Only Single Bonds
		Constitutional Isomerism and the Physical Properties of Alkanes
		Chiral Molecules and Optical Isomerism
		Alkenes: Hydrocarbons with Double Bonds
		Alkynes: Hydrocarbons with Triple Bonds
		Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Cyclic Molecules with Delocalized ƒÎ Electrons
	15.3 Some Important Classes of Organic Reactions
	15.4 Properties and Reactivities of Common Functional Groups
		Functional Groups with Only Single Bonds
		Functional Groups with Double Bonds
		Functional Groups with Both Single and Double Bonds
		Functional Groups with Triple Bonds
	15.5 The Monomer-Polymer Theme I: Synthetic Macromolecules
		Addition Polymers
		Condensation Polymers
	15.6 The Monomer-Polymer Theme II : Biological Macromolecules
		Sugars and Polysaccharides
		Amino Acids and Proteins
		Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 16 Kinetics: Rates and Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions
	16.1 Focusing on Reaction Rate
	16.2 Expressing the Reaction Rate
		Average, Instantaneous, and Initial Reaction Rates
		Expressing Rate in Terms of Reactant and Product Concentrations
	16.3 The Rate Law and Its Components
		Some Laboratory Methods for Determining the Initial Rate
		Determining Reaction Orders
		Determining the Rate Constant
	16.4 Integrated Rate Laws: Concentration Changes Over Time
		Integrated Rate Laws for First-, Second-, and Zero-Order Reactions
		Determining Reaction Orders from an Integrated Rate Law
		Reaction Half-Life
	16.5 Theories of Chemical Kinetics
		Collision Theory: Basis of the Rate Law
		Transition State Theory: What the Activation Energy Is Used For
	16.6 R eaction Mechanisms: The Steps from Reactant to Product
		Elementary Reactions and Molecularity
		The Rate-Determining Step of a Reaction Mechanism
		Correlating the Mechanism with the Rate Law
	16.7 Catalysis: Speeding Up a Reaction
		The Basis of Catalytic Action
		Homogeneous Catalysis
		Heterogeneous Catalysis
		Catalysis in Nature
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 17 Equilibrium: The Extent of Chemical Reactions
	17.1 The Equilibrium State and the Equilibrium Constant
	17.2 The Reaction Quotient and the Equilibrium Constant
		Changing Value of the Reaction Quotient
		Writing the Reaction Quotient
	17.3 E xpressing Equilibria with Pressure Terms: Relation Between Kc and Kp
	17.4 Comparing Q and K to Predict Reaction Direction
	17.5 H ow to Solve Equilibrium Problems
		Using Quantities to Find the Equilibrium Constant
		Using the Equilibrium Constant to Find Quantities
		Problems Involving Mixtures of Reactants and Products
	17.6 R eaction Conditions and Equilibrium: Le Chatelier\'s Principle
		The Effect of a Change in Concentration
		The Effect of a Change in Pressure (Volume)
		The Effect of a Change in Temperature
		The Lack of Effect of a Catalyst
		The Industrial Production of Ammonia
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 18 Acid-Base Equilibria
	18.1 Acids and Bases in Water
		Release of H+ or OH- and the Arrhenius Acid-Base Definition
		Variation in Acid Strength: The Acid-Dissociation Constant (Ka)
		Classifying the Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
	18.2 Autoionization of Water and the pH Scale
		The Equilibrium Nature of Autoionization: The Ion-Product Constant for Water (Kw)
		Expressing the Hydronium Ion Concentration: The pH Scale
	18.3 Proton Transfer and the Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Definition
		Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
		Relative Acid-Base Strength and the Net Direction of Reaction
	18.4 Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria
		Finding Ka Given Concentrations
		Finding Concentrations Given Ka
		The Effect of Concentration on the Extent of Acid Dissociation
		The Behavior of Polyprotic Acids
	18.5 W eak Bases and Their Relation to Weak Acids
		Molecules as Weak Bases: Ammonia and the Amines
		Anions of Weak Acids as Weak Bases
		The Relation Between Ka and Kb of a Conjugate Acid-Base Pair
	18.6 Molecular Properties and Acid Strength
		Acid Strength of Nonmetal Hydrides
		Acid Strength of Oxoacids
		Acidity of Hydrated Metal Ions
	18.7 Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions
		Salts That Yield Neutral Solutions
		Salts That Yield Acidic Solutions
		Salts That Yield Basic Solutions
		Salts of Weakly Acidic Cations and Weakly Basic Anions
		Salts of Amphiprotic Anions
	18.8 E lectron-Pair Donation and the Lewis Acid-Base Definition
		Molecules as Lewis Acids
		Metal Ions as Lewis Acids
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 19 Ionic Equilibria in Aqueous Systems
	19.1 Equilibria of Acid-Base Buffers
		What a Buffer Is and How It Works: The Common-Ion Effect
		The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
		Buffer Capacity and Buffer Range
		Preparing a Buffer
	19.2 Acid-Base Titration Curves
		Monitoring pH with Acid-Base Indicators
		Strong Acid-Strong Base Titration Curves
		Weak Acid-Strong Base Titration Curves
		Weak Base-Strong Acid Titration Curves
	19.3 E quilibria of Slightly Soluble Ionic Compounds
		The Ion-Product Expression (Qsp) and the Solubility-Product Constant (Ksp)
		Calculations Involving the Solubility-Product Constant
		Effect of a Common Ion on Solubility
		Effect of pH on Solubility
		Predicting the Formation of a Precipitate: Qsp vs. Ksp
		Ionic Equilibria and the Acid-Rain Problem
	19.4 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions
		Formation of Complex Ions
		Complex Ions and Solubility of Precipitates
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 20 Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and the Direction of Chemical Reactions
	20.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Predicting Spontaneous Change
		The First Law of Thermodynamics Does Not Predict Spontaneous Change
		The Sign of DH Does Not Predict Spontaneous Change
		Freedom of Particle Motion and Dispersal of Particle Energy
		Entropy and the Number of Microstates
		Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
		Standard Molar Entropies and the Third Law
		Predicting Relative S° of a System
	20.2 Calculating the Change in Entropy of a Reaction
		Entropy Changes in the System: Standard Entropy of Reaction (ΔS°rxn)
		Entropy Changes in the Surroundings: The Other Part of the Total
		The Entropy Change and the Equilibrium State
		Spontaneous Exothermic and Endothermic Changes
	20.3 Entropy, Free Energy, and Work
		Free Energy Change and Reaction Spontaneity
		Calculating Standard Free Energy Changes
		The Free Energy Change and the Work a System Can Do
		The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Spontaneity
		Coupling of Reactions to Drive a Nonspontaneous Change
	20.4 Free Energy, Equilibrium, and Reaction Direction
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 21 Electrochemistry: Chemical Change and Electrical Work
	21.1 R edox Reactions and Electrochemical Cells
		A Quick Review of Oxidation-Reduction Concepts
		Half-Reaction Method for Balancing Redox Reactions
		An Overview of Electrochemical Cells
	21.2 Voltaic Cells: Using Spontaneous Reactions to Generate Electrical Energy
		Construction and Operation of a Voltaic Cell
		Notation for a Voltaic Cell
	21.3 Cell Potential: Output of a Voltaic Cell
		Standard Cell Potentials
		Relative Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
		Writing Spontaneous Redox Reactions
		Explaining the Activity Series of the Metals
	21.4 Free Energy and Electrical Work
		Standard Cell Potential and the Equilibrium Constant
		The Effect of Concentration on Cell Potential
		Changes in Potential During Cell Operation
		Concentration Cells
	21.5 E lectrochemical Processes in Batteries
		Primary (Nonrechargeable) Batteries
		Secondary (Rechargeable) Batteries
		Fuel Cells
	21.6 Corrosion: An Environmental Voltaic Cell
		The Corrosion of Iron
		Protecting Against the Corrosion of Iron
	21.7 E lectrolytic Cells: Using Electrical Energy to Drive Nonspontaneous Reactions
		Construction and Operation of an Electrolytic Cell
		Predicting the Products of Electrolysis
		Purifying Copper and Isolating Aluminum
		Stoichiometry of Electrolysis: The Relation Between Amounts of Charge and Products
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 22 Transition Elements and Their Coordination Compounds
	22.1 Properties of the Transition Elements
		Electron Configurations of the Transition Metals and Their Ions
		Atomic and Physical Properties of the Transition Elements
		Chemical Properties of the Transition Elements
	22.2 Coordination Compounds
		Complex Ions: Coordination Numbers, Geometries, and Ligands
		Formulas and Names of Coordination Compounds
		Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
	22.3 Theoretical Basis for the Bonding and Properties of Complexes
		Applying Valence Bond Theory to Complex Ions
		Crystal Field Theory
		Transition Metal Complexes in Biological Systems
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Chapter 23 Nuclear Reactions and Their Applications
	23.1 Radioactive Decay and Nuclear Stability
		The Components of the Nucleus: Terms and Notation
		Modes of Radioactive Decay; Balancing Nuclear Equations
		Nuclear Stability and the Mode of Decay
	23.2 The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
		The Rate of Radioactive Decay
		Radioisotopic Dating
	23.3 Nuclear Transmutation: Induced Changes in Nuclei
	23.4 E ffects of Nuclear Radiation on Matter
		Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Living Tissue
		Sources of Ionizing Radiation
	23.5 Applications of Radioisotopes
		Radioactive Tracers
		Additional Applications of Ionizing Radiation
	23.6 The Interconversion of Mass and Energy
		The Mass Difference Between a Nucleus and Its Nucleons
		Nuclear Binding Energy and the Binding Energy per Nucleon
	23.7 Applications of Fission and Fusion
		The Process of Nuclear Fission
		The Promise of Nuclear Fusion
	Chapter Review Guide
	Problems
Appendix A Common Mathematical Operations in Chemistry
Appendix B Standard Thermodynamic Values for Selected Substances
Appendix C Equilibrium Constants for Selected Substances
Appendix D Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
Appendix E Answers to Selected Problems
Glossary
Credits
Index
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index