Principles of Echocardiography and Intracardiac Echocardiography: Expert Consult - Online and Print

Front Cover
	Principles of Echocardiography and Intracardiac Echocardiography
	Copyright
	Dedication
CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
	WITH ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND SINCERE APPRECIATION
CONTENTS
ONLINE VIDEO CONTENTS
Chapter 1 - The Aortic Valve
	NORMAL AORTIC VALVE ANATOMY
	IMAGING THE AORTIC VALVE BY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
	ANATOMIC VARIANTS/MALFORMATIONS OF THE AORTIC VALVE
	ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC RECOGNITION OF BICUSPID AORTIC VALVES
	THE VICISSITUDES OF AGING: AGE-RELATED CHANGES OF THE AORTIC VALVE AND ROOT17
	SUMMARY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 2 - Aortic Stenosis
	GOALS OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN AORTIC STENOSIS
	SCANNING ISSUES
	EQUATIONS
	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND FINDINGS OF AORTIC STENOSIS
	ROLE OF TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN AORTIC STENOSIS
	REPORTING ISSUES
	SUMMARY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 3 - Aortic Insufficiency
	GOALS OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY
	SCANNING ISSUES
	DETERMINATION OF THE CAUSE OF AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY
	PROBLEMS WITH COLOR DOPPLER FLOW-MAPPING “QUANTIFICATION”
	SPECTRAL AND VOLUMETRIC TECHNIQUES
	REPORTING ISSUES
	NOTES ON ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC METHODS TO DESCRIBE SEVERITY OF AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY
	UTILITY OF TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY
	SUMMARY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 4 - The Mitral Valve
	ANATOMIC COMPONENTS
	MITRAL LEAFLETS
	THE COMMISSURES
	CHORDAE
	PAPILLARY MUSCLES
	THE MITRAL ANNULUS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 5 - Mitral Stenosis
	GOALS OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN MITRAL STENOSIS
	SCANNING ISSUES
	VALID METHODS FOR MITRAL VALVE AREA DETERMINATION (NEED ≥2 CONCORDANT)
	SCANNING NOTES
	REPORTING ISSUES
	DESCRIPTORS OF MITRAL STENOSIS SEVERITY
	SUITABILITY FOR VALVULOPLASTY AND COMMISSUROTOMY ISSUES
	SURGICAL ISSUES
	PROVOCATIVE TESTING TO ENHANCE TRANSMITRAL GRADIENTS AND RIGHT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
	NOTES ON MITRAL STENOSIS
	CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION FOR ASSESSMENT OF MITRAL STENOSIS
	MITRAL VALVE CATHETER BALLOON VALVULOPLASTY
	SUMMARY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 6 - Mitral Insufficiency
	GOALS OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN MITRAL INSUFFICIENCY
	SCANNING ISSUES
	REPORTING ISSUES
	ROLE OF TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN MITRAL REGURGITATION
	WHEN THE GRADE OF MITRAL REGURGITATION IS DIFFERENT ON SERIAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDIES
	NOTES ON SPECIFIC CAUSES OF MITRAL REGURGITATION
	NOTES ON THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MITRAL REGURGITATION
	NOTES ON MITRAL REPAIR AND MITRAL REPLACEMENT
	WHAT IS THE SINGLE BEST TECHNIQUE TO DESCRIBE MITRAL REGURGITATION SEVERITY?
	SELLERS GRADE (CONTRAST VENTRICULOGRAPHY)
	NOTES ON TIMING OF SURGICAL INTERVENTION IN MITRAL REGURGITATION
	SUMMARY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 7 - Tricuspid and Pulmonic Valve Disease
	TRICUPSID VALVE APPARATUS ANATOMY
	TRICUSPID REGURGITATION
	TRICUSPID STENOSIS
	PULMONIC STENOSIS
	PULMONIC INSUFFICIENCY
	SUMMARY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 8 - Prosthetic Valves
	SCANNING ISSUES
	REPORTING ISSUES
	DISCORDANCE OF GRADIENT ASSESSMENT WITH CATHETERIZATION
	AREA ISSUES
	PROSTHETIC VALVE DYSFUNCTION
	SUMMARY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 9 - Infective Endocarditis
	GOALS OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
	SCANNING ISSUES
	REPORTING ISSUES
	NOTES ON INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
	COMPLICATIONS OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
	NATIVE VALVE INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
	PROSTHETIC VALVE INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
	RIGHT-HEART INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
	NOTES ON VEGETATIONS
	INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS AND THE ROLE OF TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
	SUMMARY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 10 - Echocardiographic Assessment of the Left Ventricle
	LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSESSMENT AND QUANTIFICATION
	LEFT VENTRICULAR THICKNESS AND MASS
	SYSTOLIC FUNCTION
	CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE
	REFERENCES
Chapter 11 - Coronary Artery Disease: Ischemia, Infarction, and Complications
	WALL MOTION ABNORMALITIES AND THEIR RELATION TO BLOOD FLOW
	ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY FOR WALL ASSESSMENT IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
	CORONARY CARE UNIT ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDIES
	ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF COMPLICATIONS OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
	REFERENCES
Chapter 12 - Coronary Artery Disease: Stress Echocardiography
	NECESSARY EQUIPMENT
	STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC IMAGES
	SEGMENTAL WALL MOTION ANALYSIS
	WALL THICKENING/EJECTION FRACTION RESPONSE
	AVAILABLE FORMS OF STRESS
	EXERCISE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
	DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
	ADENOSINE AND DIPYRIDAMOLE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
	COMPARISON OF EXERCISE, DOBUTAMINE, AND DIPYRIDAMOLE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
	TRANSESOPHAGEAL STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
	LIMITATIONS OF STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 13 - Cardiomyopathies
	CARDIOMYOPATHY: REQUIRED PARAMETERS TO OBTAIN FROM SCANNING
	2006 AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATION OF CARDIOMYOPATHIES2
	DILATED (CONGESTIVE) CARDIOMYOPATHY
	HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
	APICAL BALLOONING SYNDROME
	RESTRICTIVE AND INFILTRATIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY
	CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS
	CARDIAC HEMOCHROMATOSIS
	CHAGAS DISEASE
	MYOCARDITIS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 14 - Diastolic Dysfunction and Echocardiographic Hemodynamics
	BASIC EQUATIONS AND THEIR ASSUMPTIONS
	DIASTOLIC FUNCTION, DYSFUNCTION, AND HEART FAILURE WITH NORMAL EJECTION FRACTION
	ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AS A PULMONARY ARTERY CATHETER
	REFERENCES
Chapter 15 - Contrast EchocardiographyHoward leong-poi
	OVERVIEW
	INDICATIONS
	SAFETY ISSUES
	PRACTICAL TIPS FOR CONTRAST LEFT VENTRICULAR OPACIFICATION
	MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION
	REFERENCES
Chapter 16 - Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area and Flow Convergence Methods
	PROXIMAL ISOVELOCITY SURFACE AREA SCANNING PARAMETERS
	SIMPLIFIED METHODS
	TECHNICAL POINTS ON PROXIMAL ISOVELOCITY SURFACE AREA METHOD
	PROXIMAL ISOVELOCITY SURFACE AREA: A SUMMARY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 17 - Echocardiography and Its Role in Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyGLEN SUMNER
	PRECARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY PATIENT SELECTION USING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
	QUANTIFICATION OF INTERVENTRICULAR DYSSYNCHRONY
	QUANTIFICATION OF INTRAVENTRICULAR DYSSYNCHRONY
	DYSSYNCHRONY INDEX USING REAL-TIME THREE-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
	PACING LEAD PLACEMENT: ROLE OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
	LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSSYNCHRONY AND NARROW QRS COMPLEX: ROLE OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
	SUMMARY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 18 - Stress, Strain, Speckle, and Tissue Doppler Imaging: Practical Applications
	THE HEART DEFORMATION COORDINATE SYSTEM
	TISSUE DOPPLER IMAGING
	STRAIN AND STRAIN RATE IMAGING
	SPECKLE TRACKING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
	REFERENCES
Chapter 19 - Principles of Transesophageal Echocardiography
	TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURE, EQUIPMENT, AND VIEWS
	TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: SAFETY AND COMPLICATIONS
	TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND AORTIC DISEASE
	CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
	TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS
	PERICARDIAL DISEASES
	INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
	INTRACARDIAC MASSES AND CARDIAC SOURCE OF EMBOLISM
	PROSTHETIC VALVE DISEASE
	VALVE DISEASE
	LEFT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT LESIONS
	LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSESSMENT
	REFERENCES
Chapter 20 - Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Mitral Valve Repair
	MITRAL VALVE DIAGRAMS
	CASE 20-1
	CASE 20-2
	CASE 20-3
	CASE 20-4
	CASE 20-5
	CASE 20-6
	CASE 20-7
	CASE 20-8
	CASE 20-9
	CASE 20-10
	CASE 20-11
	CASE 20-12
	CASE 20-13
	CASE 20-14
	CASE 20-15
	CASE 20-16
	CASE 20-17
	CASE 20-18
	CASE 20-19
	CASE 20-20
	CASE 20-21
	CASE 20-22
	CASE 20-23
	CASE 20-24
	CASE 20-25
	CASE 20-26
	CASE 20-27
Chapter 21 - Intracardiac Echocardiography
	TECHNIQUE
	SPECIFIC INDICATIONS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 22 - Pericardial Diseases
	PERICARDIAL EFFUSIONS
	PERICARDIAL TAMPONADE
	INTRAPERICARDIAL BLOOD CLOT
	PERICARDIAL CONSTRICTION
	PERICARDIAL CYST
	REFERENCES
Chapter 23 - Right Heart Diseases
	ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN RIGHT HEART DISEASE
	RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTENSION AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
	RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY
	INFERIOR VENA CAVA DIMENSIONS AND COLLAPSE
	INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTAL SHAPE
	RIGHT VENTRICULAR VOLUME
	TRICUSPID ANNULAR PLANE EXCURSION
	RIGHT VENTRICULAR INFARCTION
	RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSPLASIA
	PULMONARY EMBOLISM
	PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
	REFERENCES
Chapter 24 - Cardiac Masses
	THORACIC MASSES
	INTRAVASCULAR MASSES
	CARDIAC NEOPLASMS
	BENIGN PRIMARY CARDIAC TUMORS
	PRIMARY MALIGNANT CARDIAC TUMORS
	INTRACARDIAC THROMBI
	REFERENCES
Chapter 25 - Cardiac Trauma
	BLUNT CARDIAC TRAUMA
	PENETRATING CARDIAC TRAUMA
	MISSILES WITHIN THE HEART
	BLUNT AORTIC TRAUMA
	INDICATIONS FOR TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN CARDIAC TRAUMA
	REFERENCES
Chapter 26 - Echocardiographic Guidance of Procedures
	JUGULAR VENOUS CANNULATION
	ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSY
	PERICARDIOCENTESIS
	TRANSSEPTAL PUNCTURE
	CATHETER MITRAL BALLOON VALVULOPLASTY
	PERCUTANEOUS AORTIC VALVULOPLASTY
	INTRA-AORTIC COUNTERPULSATION BALLOON TIP LOCALIZATION
	SURGICAL VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE PLACEMENT AND FUNCTION
	REFERENCES
	Index