Principles of Biology

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Guiding You Through Principles of Biology
Contents
CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to Biology
	1.1 Principles of Biology and the Levels of Biological Organization
	1.2 Unity and Diversity of Life
		Evolutionary Connections: The Study of Evolution Allows Us to Appreciate the Unity and Diversity Among Different Species
	1.3 Biology as a Scientific Discipline
UNIT I: Chemistry
	CHAPTER 2 The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water
		2.1 Atoms
		2.2 Chemical Bonds and Molecules
		2.3 Chemical Reactions
		2.4 Properties of Water
			Quantitative Analysis: Concentrations of Molecules in Solution Can Be Defined by Mass and Moles
		2.5 pH and Buffers
	CHAPTER 3 The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules
		3.1 The Carbon Atom and Carbon-Containing Molecules
		3.2 Synthesis and Breakdown of Organic Molecules
		3.3 Carbohydrates
		3.4 Lipids
		3.5 Proteins
			Feature Investigation: Anfinsen Showed That the Primary Structure of Ribonuclease Determines Its Three-Dimensional Structure
			Evolutionary Connections: Proteins Contain Functional Domains Within Their Structures
		3.6 Nucleic Acids
UNIT II: Cells
	CHAPTER 4 General Features of Cells
		4.1 Microscopy
		4.2 Overview of Cell Structure and Function
			Quantitative Analysis: Surface Area and Volume Are Critical Parameters That Affect Cell Sizes and Shapes
		4.3 The Cytosol
		4.4 The Nucleus and Endomembrane System
		4.5 Semiautonomous Organelles
			Evolutionary Connections: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Are Derived from Ancient Symbiotic Relationships
		4.6 Protein Sorting to Organelles
		4.7 Extracellular Matrix and Plant Cell Walls
		4.8 Systems Biology of Cells: A Summary
	CHAPTER 5 Membrane Structure, Transport, and Cell Junctions
		5.1 Membrane Structure
		5.2 Fluidity of Membranes
		5.3 Overview of Membrane Transport
		5.4 Transport Proteins
			Feature Investigation: Agre Discovered That Osmosis Occurs More Quickly in Cells with a Channel That Allows the Facilitated Diffusion of Water
		5.5 Intercellular Channels
		5.6 Exocytosis and Endocytosis
		5.7 Cell Junctions
	CHAPTER 6 Energy, Enzymes, and Cellular Respiration
		6.1 Energy and Chemical Reactions
		6.2 Enzymes
			Quantitative Analysis: Enzyme Function Is Influenced by Substrate Concentration and by Inhibitors
		6.3 Overview of Metabolism and Cellular Respiration
		6.4 Glycolysis
		6.5 Breakdown of Pyruvate
		6.6 Citric Acid Cycle
		6.7 Oxidative Phosphorylation
			Feature Investigation: Yoshida and Kinosita Demonstrated That the  g Subunit of the ATP Synthase Spins
		6.8 Connections Among Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Metabolism 1
	CHAPTER 7 Photosynthesis
		7.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
		7.2 Reactions That Harness Light Energy
		7.3 Molecular Features of Photosystems
		7.4 Synthesizing Carbohydrates via the Calvin Cycle
			Feature Investigation: The Calvin Cycle Was Determined by Isotope-Labeling Methods
		7.5 Variations in Photosynthesis
	CHAPTER 8 Cell Communication
		8.1 General Features of Cell Communication
		8.2 Receptor Activation
			Quantitative Analysis: Receptors Have a Measureable Affinity for Their Ligands
		8.3 Cell Surface Receptors
		8.4 Intracellular Receptors
		8.5 Signal Transduction and Cellular Response via an Enzyme-Linked Receptor
			Evolutionary Connections: Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Are Found in Choano flagellates and Animals
		8.6 Signal Transduction and Cellular Response via a G-Protein-Coupled Receptor
UNIT III: Genetics
	CHAPTER 9 Nucleic Acid Structure, DNA Replication, and Chromosome Structure
		9.1 Properties and Identification of the Genetic Material
			Feature Investigation: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Used Purification Methods to Reveal That DNA Is the Genetic Material
			Evolutionary Connections: All Living Organisms Use DNA as the Genetic Material, but Some Viruses Use RNA
		9.2 Nucleic Acid Structure
		9.3 Discovery of the Double-Helix Structure of DNA
		9.4 An Overview of DNA Replication
		9.5 Molecular Mechanism of DNA Replication
		9.6 Molecular Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosomes
	CHAPTER 10 Gene Expression at the Molecular Level
		10.1 Overview of Gene Expression
		10.2 Transcription
		10.3 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
		10.4 Translation and the Genetic Code
			Feature Investigation: Nirenberg and Leder Found That RNA Triplets Can Promote the Binding of tRNA to Ribosomes
		10.5 The Machinery of Translation
			Evolutionary Connections: Comparisons of Small Subunitr RNAs Among Different Species Provide a Basis for Establishing Evolutionary Relationships
		10.6 The Stages of Translation
	CHAPTER 11 Gene Regulation
		11.1 Overview of Gene Regulation
		11.2 Regulation of Transcription in Bacteria
		11.3 Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes: Roles of Transcription Factors
		11.4 Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes: Changes in Chromatin Structure and DNA Methylation
		11.5 Regulation of RNA Processing and Translation in Eukaryotes
			Quantitative Analysis: Alternative Splicing Tends to Be More Prevalent in Complex Eukaryotic Species
	CHAPTER 12 Mutation, DNA Repair, and Cancer
		12.1 Types of Mutations
		12.2 Causes of Mutations
			Feature Investigation: The Lederbergs Used Replica Plating to Show That Mutations Are Random Events
			Quantitative Analysis: Testing Methods Determine If an Agent Is a Mutagen
		12.3 DNA Repair
		12.4 Cancer 2
	CHAPTER 13 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis
		13.1 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
		13.2 Mitotic Cell Division
			Evolutionary Connections: Cell Division in Bacteria Involves FtsZ, a Protein Related to Eukaryotic Tubulin
		13.3 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
			Quantitative Analysis: Meiosis Enhances Genetic Diversity
		13.4 Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number
	CHAPTER 14 Patterns of Inheritance
		14.1 Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
		14.2 Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
		14.3 Pedigree Analysis of Human Traits
		14.4 Variations in Inheritance Patterns and Their Molecular Basis
		14.5 Sex Chromosomes and X-Linked Inheritance Patterns
		14.6 Epigenetic Inheritance: X Inactivation
		14.7 Linkage of Genes on the Same Chromosome
			Feature Investigation: Bateson and Punnett's Crosses of Sweet Peas Showed That Genes Do Not Always Assort Independently
		14.8 Extra nuclear Inheritance: Organelle Genomes
			Evolutionary Connections: Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Genomes Are Relatively Small, but Contain Genes That Encode Important Proteins
	CHAPTER 15 Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
		15.1 Genetic Properties of Viruses
		15.2 Genetic Properties of Bacteria
		15.3 Gene Transfer Between Bacteria
			Feature Investigation: Lederberg and Tatum's Work with E. coli Demonstrated Gene Transfer Between Bacteria and Led to the Discovery of Conjugation
			Evolutionary Connections: Horizontal Gene Transfer Is the Transfer of Genes Between the Same or Different Species
	CHAPTER 16 Genetic Technology
		16.1 Gene Cloning
			Quantitative Analysis: A DNA Library Is a Collection of Many Different DNA Fragments Cloned into Vectors
		16.2 Genomics: Techniques for Studying Genomes
		16.3 Biotechnology
			Feature Investigation: Blaese and Colleagues Performed the First Gene Therapy to Treat ADA Deficiency
	CHAPTER 17 Genomes, Repetitive Sequences, and Bioinformatics
		17.1 Bacterial and Archaeal Genomes
			Feature Investigation: Venter, Smith, and Colleagues Sequenced the First Genome in 1995
			Quantitative Analysis: Researchers Can Estimate the Amount of DNA that Is Necessary to Shotgun Sequence a Genome
		17.2 Eukaryotic Genomes
		17.3 Repetitive Sequences and Transposable Elements
		17.4 Bioinformatics
			Evolutionary Connections: Computer Programs Can Identify Homologous Genes
UNIT IV: Evolution
	CHAPTER 18 The Origin and History of Life on Earth
		18.1 Origin of Life on Earth
		18.2 The Fossil Record
			Quantitative Analysis: Radioisotopes Provide a Way to Date Fossils
		18.3 History of Life on Earth
			Evolutionary Connections: The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells Is Hypothesized to Involve a Union Between Bacterial and Archaeal Cells
	CHAPTER 19 An Introduction to Evolution and Population Genetics
		19.1 Overview of Evolution
		19.2 Evidence of Evolutionary Change
		19.3 Genes in Populations
			Evolutionary Connections: Genes Are Usually Polymorphic
			Quantitative Analysis: The Hardy-Weinberg Equation Relates Allele and Genotype Frequencies in a Population
		19.4 Natural Selection
			Feature Investigation: The Grants Observed Natural Selection in Galápagos Finches
		19.5 Genetic Drift
		19.6 Migration and Nonrandom Mating
	CHAPTER 20 Origin of Species and Macroevolution
		20.1 Identification of Species
		20.2 Reproductive Isolation
		20.3 Mechanisms of Speciation
			Feature Investigation: Podos Found That an Adaptation to Feeding May Have Promoted Reproductive Isolation in Finches
		20.4 Evo-Devo: Evolutionary Developmental Biology
			Evolutionary Connections: The Hox Genes Have Been Important in the Evolution of a Variety of Body Plans
	CHAPTER 21 Taxonomy and Systematics
		21.1 Taxonomy
			Evolutionary Connections: Every Species Is Placed into a Taxonomic Hierarchy
		21.2 Phylogenetic Trees
		21.3 Cladistics
			Quantitative Analysis: The Principle of Parsimony Is Used to Choose from Among Possible Cladograms
		21.4 Molecular Clocks
		21.5 Horizontal Gene Transfer
UNIT V: Diversity
	CHAPTER 22 Microorganisms: The Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists
		22.1 Introduction to Microorganisms
		22.2 Archaea
		22.3 Diversity of Bacterial Phyla
		22.4 Diversity in Bacterial Cell Structure
		22.5 Ecological and Medical Importance of Bacteria
			Feature Investigation: Dantas and Colleagues Found That Many Bacteria Can Break Down and Consume Antibiotics as a Sole Carbon Source
		22.6 Protist Classification by Habitat, Size, and Motility
		22.7 Eukaryotic Supergroups: Ecological and Medical Importance of Protists
			Evolutionary Connections: Primary Plastids and Primary Endosymbiosis
		22.8 Technological Applications of Bacteria and Protists
	CHAPTER 23 Plant Evolution and Diversity
		23.1 Ancestry and Diversity of Land Plants
		23.2 An Evolutionary History of Land Plants
		23.3 Diversity of Modern Gymnosperms
		23.4 Diversity of Modern Angiosperms
			Evolutionary Connections: Flower Organs Evolved from Leaflike Structures
			Feature Investigation: Hillig and Mahlberg Analyzed Secondary Metabolites to Explore Species Diversification in the Genus Cannabis
		23.5 Human Influences on Angiosperm Diversification
	CHAPTER 24 Fungi
		24.1 Evolutionary Relationships of the Kingdom Fungi
		24.2 Fungal Bodies and Feeding
		24.3 Fungal Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
		24.4 The Importance of Fungi in Ecology and Medicine
			Evolutionary Connections: Comparison of Genomes Reveals How Basidiomycete Metabolism Diversified
		24.5 Biotechnological Applications of Fungi
	CHAPTER 25 Animal Diversity: Invertebrates
		25.1 Characteristics of Animals
		25.2 Animal Classification
			Evolutionary Connections: The Protostomes Consist of Two Major Clades—the Ecdysozoa and the Lophotrochozoa
		25.3 Parazoa: Sponges, the First Multicellular Animals
		25.4 Radiata: Jellyfish and Other Radially Symmetric Animals
		25.5 Lophotrochozoa: The Flatworms, Rotifers, Bryozoans, Brachiopods, Mollusks, and Annelids
			Quantitative Analysis: How Many Flukes?
		25.6 Ecdysozoa: The Nematodes and Arthropods
		25.7 Deuterostomia: The Echinoderms and Chordates
	CHAPTER 26 Animal Diversity: The Vertebrates
		26.1 Vertebrates: Chordates with a Backbone
		26.2 Gnathostomes: Jawed Vertebrates
		26.3 Tetrapods: Gnathostomes with Four Limbs
			Feature Investigation: Davis and Colleagues Provide a Genetic- Developmental Explanation for Limb Length in Tetrapods
		26.4 Amniotes: Tetrapods with a Desiccation- Resistant Egg
		26.5 Mammals: Milk-Producing Amniotes
			Evolutionary Connections: Comparing the Human and Chimpanzee Genetic Codes
UNIT VI: Flowering Plants
	CHAPTER 27 An Introduction to Flowering Plant Form and Function
		27.1 From Seed to Seed: The Life of a Flowering Plant
		27.2 Plant Growth and Development
		27.3 The Shoot System: Stem and Leaf Adaptations
			Feature Investigation: Lawren Sack and Colleagues Showed That Palmate Venation Confers Tolerance of Leaf Vein Breakage
		27.4 Root System Adaptations
	CHAPTER 28 Flowering Plants: Behavior
		28.1 Overview of Plant Behavioral Responses
		28.2 Plant Hormones
			Evolutionary Connections: Plant Gibberellin Responses Evolved in a Step-Wise Manner
		28.3 Plant Responses to Light
		28.4 Plant Responses to Gravity and Touch
		28.5 Plant Responses to Attack
	CHAPTER 29 Flowering Plants: Nutrition and Transport
		29.1 Plant Nutritional Requirements
		29.2 The Roles of Soil in Plant Nutrition
		29.3 Transport at the Cellular Level
			Quantitative Analysis: The Water Potential Equation Can Be Used to Understand Cellular Water Status
			Evolutionary Connections: Relative Water Content Measurements Reveal Plant Adaptation to Water Stress
		29.4 Plant Transport at the Tissue Level
		29.5 Long-Distance Transport in Plants
	CHAPTER 30 Flowering Plants: Reproduction
		30.1 An Overview of Flowering Plant Reproduction
		30.2 Flower Production, Structure, and Development
			Feature Investigation: Liang and Mahadevan Used Time-Lapse Video and Mathematical Modeling to Explain How Flowers Bloom
		30.3 Male and Female Gametophytes and Double Fertilization
		30.4 Embryo, Seed, Fruit, and Seedling Development
		30.5 Asexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
			Evolutionary Connections: The Evolution of Plantlet Production in Kalanchoë
UNIT VII: Animals
	CHAPTER 31 Animal Bodies and Homeostasis
		31.1 Organization of Animal Bodies
			Evolutionary Connections: Organ Development and Function Are Controlled by Hox Genes
		31.2 The Relationship Between Form and Function
		31.3 Homeostasis
			Feature Investigation: Pavlov Demonstrated the Relationship Between Learning and Feed forward Processes
		31.4 Regulation of Body Temperature
	CHAPTER 32 Neuroscience I: Structure, Function, and Evolution of Nervous Systems
		32.1 Cellular Components of Nervous Systems
		32.2 Electrical Properties of Neurons and the Resting Membrane Potential
			Quantitative Analysis: An Ion's Equilibrium Potential Depends on Its Concentration Gradient
		32.3 Generation and Transmission of Electrical Signals Along Neurons
		32.4 Communication at Synapses
		32.5 The Evolution and Development of Nervous Systems
		32.6 Structure and Function of the Nervous Systems of Humans and Other Vertebrates
			Feature Investigation: Gaser and Schlaug Showed That the Sizes of Certain Brain Structures Differ Between Musicians and Nonmusicians
		32.7 Impact on Public Health
	CHAPTER 33 Neuroscience II: Sensory Systems
		33.1 Introduction to Sensation
		33.2 Mechanoreception
		33.3 Thermoreception and Nociception
		33.4 Photoreception
			Evolutionary Connections: Color Vision Is an Ancient Adaptation in Animals
		33.5 Chemoreception
			Feature Investigation: Buck and Axel Discovered a Family of Olfactory Receptor Proteins That Bind Specific Odor Molecules
		33.6 Impact on Public Health
	CHAPTER 34 Muscular- Skeletal Systems
		34.1 Types of Animal Skeletons
		34.2 Skeletal Muscle Structure and the Mechanism of Force Generation
			Evolutionary Connections: Did an Ancient Mutation in Myosin Play a Role in the Development of the Human Brain?
		34.3 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers and Their Functions
		34.4 Impact on Public Health
	CHAPTER 35 Digestive Systems and Nutrition
		35.1 Overview of Animal Nutrition
		35.2 Principles of Food Digestion and Absorption
		35.3 Vertebrate Digestive Systems
			Evolutionary Connections: Genetics Explains Lactose Intolerance
		35.4 Nutrient Use and Storage
		35.5 Regulation of the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States
		35.6 Impact on Public Health
			Feature Investigation: Barry Marshall, Robin Warren, and Coworkers Demonstrated a Link Between Bacterial Infection and Ulcers 7
	CHAPTER 36 Circulatory Systems
		36.1 Types of Circulatory Systems
			Evolutionary Connections: A Four-Chambered Heart Evolved from Simple Contractile Tubes
		36.2 The Composition of Blood
		36.3 The Vertebrate Heart and Its Function
		36.4 Blood Vessels
		36.5 Relationship Among Blood Pressure, Blood Flow, and Resistance
			Quantitative Analysis: Cardiac Output and Resistance Determine Blood Pressure
		36.6 Impact on Public Health
	CHAPTER 37 Respiratory Systems
		37.1 Physical Properties of Gases
		37.2 Types of Respiratory Systems
		37.3 Structure and Function of the Mammalian Respiratory System
		37.4 Mechanisms of Gas Transport in Blood
			Quantitative Analysis: The Ability of Hemoglobin to Bind Oxygen Is Decreased by Factors Such as Temperature, CO2 , and pH
			Evolutionary Connections: Hemoglobin First Evolved Over 500 Million Years Ago
		37.5 Control of Ventilation
		37.6 Impact on Public Health
	CHAPTER 38 Excretory Systems and the Homeostasis of Internal Fluids
		38.1 Principles of Homeostasis of Internal Fluids
			Feature Investigation: Cade and Colleagues Discovered Why Athletes' Performances Wane on Hot Days
		38.2 Comparative Excretory Systems
		38.3 Structure and Function of the Mammalian Kidneys
			Evolutionary Connections: Aquaporins Comprise a Large Family of Proteins That Are Found in All Species
		38.4 Impact on Public Health
	CHAPTER 39 Endocrine Systems
		39.1 Types of Hormones and Their Mechanisms of Action
		39.2 Links Between the Endocrine and Nervous Systems
		39.3 Hormonal Control of Metabolism and Energy Balance
			Feature Investigation: Banting, Best, Collip, and MacLeod Were the First to Isolate Active Insulin
		39.4 Hormonal Control of Mineral Balance
			Evolutionary Connections: Hormones and Receptors Evolved as Tightly Integrated Molecular Systems
		39.5 Hormonal Control of Growth and Development
		39.6 Hormonal Control of Reproduction
		39.7 Impact on Public Health
	CHAPTER 40 Animal Reproduction and Development
		40.1 Overview of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
			Feature Investigation: Paland and Lynch Provided Evidence That Sexual Reproduction May Promote the Elimination of Harmful Mutations in Populations
		40.2 Gametogenesis and Fertilization
		40.3 Human Reproductive Structure and Function
		40.4 Pregnancy and Birth in Mammals
			Evolutionary Connections: The Evolution of the Globin Gene Family Has Been Important for Internal Gestation in Mammals
		40.5 General Events of Embryonic Development
		40.6 Impact on Public Health
	CHAPTER 41 Immune Systems
		41.1 Types of Pathogens
		41.2 Innate Immunity
			Evolutionary Connections: Innate Immune Responses Require Proteins That Recognize Features of Many Pathogens
			Feature Investigation: Lemaitre and Colleagues Identify an Immune Function for Toll Protein in Drosophila
		41.3 Acquired Immunity
		41.4 Impact on Public Health
UNIT VIII: Ecology
	CHAPTER 42 Animal Behavior
		42.1 The Influence of Genetics and Learning on Behavior
			Feature Investigation: Tinbergen's Experiments Show That Digger Wasps Learn the Positions of Landmarks to Find Their Nests
		42.2 Communication
		42.3 Living in Groups and Optimality Theory
			Quantitative Analysis: Game Theory Establishes Whether Individuals Fight or Flee
		42.4 Altruism
		42.5 Mating Behavior
	CHAPTER 43 Ecology and the Physical Environment
		43.1 The Environment's Effect on the Distribution of Organisms
		43.2 Climate and Biomes
			Evolutionary Connections: Continental Drift and Biogeography Help Explain Species Distributions
	CHAPTER 44 Population Ecology
		44.1 Measuring Population Size and Density
			Quantitative Analysis: Mark-Recapture Can Be Used to Estimate Population Size
		44.2 Demography
		44.3 How Populations Grow
		44.4 Species Interactions
			Evolutionary Connections: Organisms Have Evolved Many Defenses Against Natural Enemies
		44.5 Human Population Growth
	CHAPTER 45 Community Ecology
		45.1 Patterns of Species Richness and Species Diversity
			Quantitative Analysis: Calculating Species Diversity
		45.2 Species Diversity and Community Stability
		45.3 Succession: Community Change
		45.4 Island Biogeography
			Feature Investigation: Simberloff and Wilson's Experiments Tested the Predictions of the Equilibrium Model of Island Biogeography
	CHAPTER 46 Ecosystem Ecology
		46.1 Food Webs and Energy Flow
		46.2 Biomass Production in Ecosystems
		46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
			Feature Investigation: Stiling and Drake's Experiments with Elevated CO2 Showed an Increase in Plant Growth but a Decrease in Herbivory
	CHAPTER 47 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology
		47.1 Biodiversity Concerns Genetic, Species, and Ecosystem Diversity
		47.2 Biodiversity Is of Great Value to Human Welfare
		47.3 The Causes of Extinction and Loss of Biodiversity
			Quantitative Analysis: Determining Effective Population Size
		47.4 Conservation Strategies
Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix B: Answers to In-Chapter and End-of-Chapter Questions
Credits
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