PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY,

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Preface
Brief Contents
Contents
1 An Introduction to the Human Body
	1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Defined
	1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems
	1.3 Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
	1.4 Homeostasis
	1.5 Basic Anatomical Terminology
	1.6 Aging and Homeostasis
	1.7 Medical Imaging
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
2 The Chemical Level of Organization
	2.1 How Matter Is Organized
	2.2 Chemical Bonds
	2.3 Chemical Reactions
	2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions
	2.5 Overview of Organic Compounds
	2.6 Carbohydrates
	2.7 Lipids
	2.8 Proteins
	2.9 Nucleic Acids
	2.10 Adenosine Triphosphate
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
3 The Cellular Level of Organization
	3.1 Parts of a Cell
	3.2 The Plasma Membrane
	3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane
	3.4 Cytoplasm
	3.5 Nucleus
	3.6 Protein Synthesis
	3.7 Cell Division
	3.8 Cellular Diversity
	3.9 Aging and Cells
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
4 The Tissue Level of Organization
	4.1 Types of Tissues
	4.2 Cell Junctions
	4.3 Comparison between Epithelial and Connective Tissues
	4.4 Epithelial Tissue
	4.5 Connective Tissue
	4.6 Membranes
	4.7 Muscular Tissue
	4.8 Nervous Tissue
	4.9 Excitable Cells
	4.10 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis
	4.11 Aging and Tissues
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
5 The Integumentary System
	5.1 Structure of the Skin
	5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
	5.3 Types of Skin
	5.4 Functions of the Skin
	5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing
	5.6 Development of the Integumentary System
	5.7 Aging and the Integumentary System
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
6 The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue
	6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System
	6.2 Structure of Bone
	6.3 Histology of Bone Tissue
	6.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone
	6.5 Bone Formation
	6.6 Fracture and Repair of Bone
	6.7 Bone’s Role in Calcium Homeostasis
	6.8 Exercise and Bone Tissue
	6.9 Aging and Bone Tissue
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
7 The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton
	7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
	7.2 Types of Bones
	7.3 Bone Surface Markings
	7.4 Skull: An Overview
	7.5 Cranial Bones
	7.6 Facial Bones
	7.7 Special Features of the Skull
	7.8 Hyoid Bone
	7.9 Vertebral Column
	7.10 Vertebral Regions
	7.11 Thorax
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
8 The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton
	8.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
	8.2 Upper Limb (Extremity)
	8.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
	8.4 False and True Pelves
	8.5 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves
	8.6 Lower Limb (Extremity)
	8.7 Development of the Skeletal System
	Chapter Review
9 Joints
	9.1 Joint Classifications
	9.2 Fibrous Joints
	9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
	9.4 Synovial Joints
	9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
	9.6 Types of Synovial Joints
	9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints
	9.8 Selected Joints of the Body
	9.9 Temporomandibular Joint
	9.10 Shoulder Joint
	9.11 Elbow Joint
	9.12 Hip Joint
	9.13 Knee Joint
	9.14 Aging and Joints
	9.15 Arthroplasty
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
10 Muscular Tissue
	10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue
	10.2 Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
	10.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
	10.4 Muscle Metabolism
	10.5 Control of Muscle Tension
	10.6 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
	10.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue
	10.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
	10.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue
	10.10 Regeneration of Muscular Tissue
	10.11 Development of Muscle
	10.12 Aging and Muscular Tissue
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
11 The Muscular System
	11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements
	11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named
	11.3 Overview of the Principal Skeletal Muscles
	11.4 Muscles of the Head That Produce Facial Expressions
	11.5 Muscles of the Head That Move the Eyeballs (Extrinsic Eye Muscles) and Upper Eyelids
	11.6 Muscles That Move the Mandible and Assist in Mastication and Speech
	11.7 Muscles of the Head That Move the Tongue and Assist in Mastication and Speech
	11.8 Muscles of the Anterior Neck That Assist in Deglutition and Speech
	11.9 Muscles of the Neck That Move the Head
	11.10 Muscles of the Abdomen That Protect Abdominal Viscera and Move the Vertebral Column
	11.11 Muscles of the Thorax That Assist in Breathing
	11.12 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor That Support the Pelvic Viscera and Function as Sphincters
	11.13 Muscles of the Perineum
	11.14 Muscles of the Thorax That Move the Pectoral Girdle
	11.15 Muscles of the Thorax and Shoulder That Move the Humerus
	11.16 Muscles of the Arm That Move the Radius and Ulna
	11.17 Muscles of the Forearm That Move the Wrist, Hand, Thumb, and Digits
	11.18 Muscles of the Palm That Move the Digits—Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
	11.19 Muscles of the Neck and Back That Move the Vertebral Column
	11.20 Muscles of the Gluteal Region That Move the Femur
	11.21 Muscles of the Thigh That Move the Femur, Tibia, and Fibula
	11.22 Muscles of the Leg That Move the Foot and Toes
	11.23 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot That Move the Toes
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
12 Nervous Tissue
	12.1 Overview of the Nervous System
	12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue
	12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons: An Overview
	12.4 Resting Membrane Potential
	12.5 Graded Potentials
	12.6 Action Potentials
	12.7 Signal Transmission at Synapses
	12.8 Neurotransmitters
	12.9 Neural Circuits
	12.10 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
13 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
	13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy
	13.2 Spinal Nerves
	13.3 Cervical Plexus
	13.4 Brachial Plexus
	13.5 Lumbar Plexus
	13.6 Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses
	13.7 Spinal Cord Physiology
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves
	14.1 Brain Organization, Protection, and Blood Supply
	14.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid
	14.3 The Brainstem and Reticular Formation
	14.4 The Cerebellum
	14.5 The Diencephalon
	14.6 The Cerebrum
	14.7 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
	14.8 Cranial Nerves: An Overview
	14.9 Olfactory (I) Nerve
	14.10 Optic (II) Nerve
	14.11 Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and Abducens (VI) Nerves
	14.12 Trigeminal (V) Nerve
	14.13 Facial (VII) Nerve
	14.14 Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve
	14.15 Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve
	14.16 Vagus (X) Nerve
	14.17 Accessory (XI) Nerve
	14.18 Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve
	14.19 Development of the Nervous System
	14.20 Aging and the Nervous System
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
15 The Autonomic Nervous System
	15.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
	15.2 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways
	15.3 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors
	15.4 Physiology of the ANS
	15.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
16 Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems
	16.1 Sensation
	16.2 Somatic Sensations
	16.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways
	16.4 Control of Body Movement
	16.5 Integrative Functions of the Cerebrum
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
17 The Special Senses
	17.1 Olfaction: Sense of Smell
	17.2 Gustation: Sense of Taste
	17.3 Vision: An Overview
	17.4 Accessory Structures of the Eye
	17.5 Anatomy of the Eyeball
	17.6 Physiology of Vision
	17.7 Hearing
	17.8 Equilibrium
	17.9 Development of the Eyes and Ears
	17.10 Aging and the Special Senses
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
18 The Endocrine System
	18.1 Comparison of Control by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
	18.2 Endocrine Glands
	18.3 Hormone Activity
	18.4 Mechanisms of Hormone Action
	18.5 Control of Hormone Secretion
	18.6 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
	18.7 Thyroid Gland
	18.8 Parathyroid Glands
	18.9 Adrenal Glands
	18.10 Pancreatic Islets
	18.11 Ovaries and Testes
	18.12 Pineal Gland and Thymus
	18.13 Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs, Eicosanoids, and Growth Factors
	18.14 The Stress Response
	18.15 Development of the Endocrine System
	18.16 Aging and the Endocrine System
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
19 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood
	19.1 Functions and Properties of Blood
	19.2 Formation of Blood Cells
	19.3 Red Blood Cells
	19.4 White Blood Cells
	19.5 Platelets
	19.6 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord Blood
	19.7 Hemostasis
	19.8 Blood Groups and Blood Types
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
20 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
	20.1 Anatomy of the Heart
	20.2 Heart Valves and Circulation of Blood
	20.3 Cardiac Muscle Tissue and the Cardiac Conduction System
	20.4 The Cardiac Cycle
	20.5 Cardiac Output
	20.6 Exercise and the Heart
	20.7 Help for Failing Hearts
	20.8 Development of the Heart
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
21 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics
	21.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
	21.2 Capillary Exchange
	21.3 Hemodynamics: Factors Affecting Blood Flow
	21.4 Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
	21.5 Checking Circulation
	21.6 Shock and Homeostasis
	21.7 Circulatory Routes: Systemic Circulation
	21.8 The Aorta and Its Branches
	21.9 Ascending Aorta
	21.10 The Arch of the Aorta
	21.11 Thoracic Aorta
	21.12 Abdominal Aorta
	21.13 Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
	21.14 Veins of the Systemic Circulation
	21.15 Veins of the Head and Neck
	21.16 Veins of the Upper Limbs
	21.17 Veins of the Thorax
	21.18 Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis
	21.19 Veins of the Lower Limbs
	21.20 Circulatory Routes: The Hepatic Portal Circulation
	21.21 Circulatory Routes: The Pulmonary Circulation
	21.22 Circulatory Routes: The Fetal Circulation
	21.23 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood
	21.24 Aging and the Cardiovascular System
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
22 The Lymphatic System and Immunity
	22.1 The Concept of Immunity
	22.2 Overview of the Lymphatic System
	22.3 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation
	22.4 Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
	22.5 Development of Lymphatic Tissues
	22.6 Innate Immunity
	22.7 Adaptive Immunity
	22.8 Cell-Mediated Immunity
	22.9 Antibody-Mediated Immunity
	22.10 Self-Recognition and Self-Tolerance
	22.11 Stress and Immunity
	22.12 Aging and the Immune System
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
23 The Respiratory System
	23.1 Overview of the Respiratory System
	23.2 The Upper Respiratory System
	23.3 The Lower Respiratory System
	23.4 Pulmonary Ventilation
	23.5 Lung Volumes and Capacities
	23.6 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
	23.7 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
	23.8 Control of Breathing
	23.9 Exercise and the Respiratory System
	23.10 Development of the Respiratory System
	23.11 Aging and the Respiratory System
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
24 The Digestive System
	24.1 Overview of the Digestive System
	24.2 Layers of the GI Tract
	24.3 Neural Innervation of the GI Tract
	24.4 Peritoneum
	24.5 Mouth
	24.6 Pharynx
	24.7 Esophagus
	24.8 Deglutition
	24.9 Stomach
	24.10 Pancreas
	24.11 Liver and Gallbladder
	24.12 Small Intestine
	24.13 Large Intestine
	24.14 Phases of Digestion
	24.15 Development of the Digestive System
	24.16 Aging and the Digestive System
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
25 Metabolism and Nutrition
	25.1 Metabolic Reactions
	25.2 Energy Transfer
	25.3 Carbohydrate Metabolism
	25.4 Lipid Metabolism
	25.5 Protein Metabolism
	25.6 Key Molecules at Metabolic Crossroads
	25.7 Metabolic Adaptations
	25.8 Energy Balance
	25.9 Regulation of Body Temperature
	25.10 Nutrition
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
26 The Urinary System
	26.1 Overview of the Urinary System
	26.2 Anatomy of the Kidneys
	26.3 The Nephron
	26.4 Overview of Renal Physiology
	26.5 Glomerular Filtration
	26.6 Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion
	26.7 Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine
	26.8 Evaluation of Kidney Function
	26.9 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination
	26.10 Waste Management in Other Body Systems
	26.11 Development of the Urinary System
	26.12 Aging and the Urinary System
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
27 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Homeostasis
	27.1 Fluid Compartments and Fluid Homeostasis
	27.2 Electrolytes in Body Fluids
	27.3 Acid–Base Balance
	27.4 Aging and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Homeostasis
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
28 The Reproductive Systems
	28.1 Male Reproductive System
	28.2 Female Reproductive System
	28.3 The Female Reproductive Cycle
	28.4 The Human Sexual Response
	28.5 Birth Control Methods and Abortion
	28.6 Development of the Reproductive Systems
	28.7 Aging and the Reproductive Systems
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
29 Development and Inheritance
	29.1 Overview of Development
	29.2 The First Two Weeks of the Embryonic Period
	29.3 The Remaining Weeks of the Embryonic Period
	29.4 Fetal Period
	29.5 Teratogens
	29.6 Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
	29.7 Maternal Changes during Pregnancy
	29.8 Exercise and Pregnancy
	29.9 Labor
	29.10 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth
	29.11 The Physiology of Lactation
	29.12 Inheritance
	Chapter Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Answers to Figure Questions
APPENDIX A Measurements
APPENDIX B Periodic Table
APPENDIX C Normal Values for Selected Blood Tests
GLOSSARY
INDEX
EULA