Principles and Practices of Engineering PE Nuclear Reference Handbook

COVER AND COPYRIGHT......Page 1
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 3
PREFACE......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 7
1.1.1	Energy Generation and Conversion......Page 21
Event Tree......Page 22
Fault Tree......Page 23
Radiation......Page 25
Conduction Through a Cylindrical Wall......Page 26
Thermal Resistance (R)......Page 27
Transient Conduction Using the Lumped Capacitance Model......Page 28
Fins......Page 29
External Flow......Page 31
Internal Flow......Page 32
Boiling......Page 33
Quality and Void Fraction......Page 40
Nucleate Pool Boiling Critical Heat Flux......Page 42
Film Boiling......Page 43
Natural (Free) Convection......Page 44
Heat Exchangers......Page 46
Shape Factor (View Factor, Configuration Factor) Relations......Page 49
Net Energy Exchange by Radiation Between Two Bodies......Page 50
Peaking Factors......Page 51
Limiting Factors......Page 52
Peaking Factor Correction Terms......Page 54
Stress and Viscosity......Page 55
The Pressure Field in a Static Liquid......Page 56
Forces on Submerged Surfaces and the Center of Pressure......Page 57
The Continuity Equation......Page 58
Energy Line (Bernoulli Equation)......Page 59
Critical Flow......Page 60
Laminar Flow in Circular Pipe......Page 61
Head Loss Due to Flow......Page 62
Minor Losses in Pipe Fittings, Contractions, and Expansions......Page 64
Drag Force......Page 65
Submerged Orifice Operating Under Steady-Flow Conditions......Page 66
Multipath Pipeline Problems......Page 67
Pipe Bends, Enlargements, and Contractions......Page 68
Isentropic Flow Relationships......Page 69
Centrifugal Pump Characteristics......Page 70
Fan Characteristics......Page 71
Compressors......Page 72
Turbines......Page 73
Performance of Components......Page 74
Venturi Meters......Page 75
Orifices......Page 76
Similitude......Page 77
State Functions: Properties......Page 78
Ideal Gas......Page 82
Ideal Gas Mixtures......Page 83
Equations of State (EOS)......Page 85
Closed Thermodynamic System......Page 86
Open Thermodynamic System......Page 87
Steady-Flow Systems......Page 88
Basic Cycles......Page 89
Psychrometrics......Page 94
Entropy......Page 97
Open-System Exergy (Availability)......Page 98
Design-Basis Accidents......Page 99
Fuel......Page 100
Chemical Reactions......Page 105
Parts-Count Approach......Page 106
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis......Page 108
LWR Loss-of-Coolant Accidents......Page 109
Leakage from Containment [39]......Page 111
BWR Power Instability......Page 113
MCPR Safety Limit......Page 114
1.1.10	Thermal Hydraulics......Page 115
1.1.11	Engineering Economics......Page 118
Book Value......Page 119
Benefit-Cost Analysis......Page 120
ALARA......Page 130
Setpoint Determination [22]......Page 131
1.2.1	Materials......Page 132
Temperature......Page 134
Flow......Page 135
1.2.3	BWR Components......Page 136
Steam Line Valves and Safety/Relief Valve (SRV) Operation......Page 149
Emergency Core Cooling......Page 153
Heat and Radioactivity Removal......Page 155
BWR Chemistry......Page 157
Containment......Page 161
BWR Controls......Page 162
1.3	PWR Components......Page 166
Reactor Makeup System......Page 168
Steam Generator......Page 171
PWR ECCS......Page 180
PWR Containment......Page 183
PWR Controls......Page 187
1.3.1	Standards......Page 192
Safety Analysis Reports for Light Water Reactors......Page 195
Technical Specifications for Light Water Reactors......Page 196
Safety Analysis Reports for New Plant Designs......Page 197
Safety Analysis Reports for Light Water Reactors......Page 198
Deviations from the FSAR and Technical Specifications......Page 199
Safety Analysis Reports for New Plant Designs......Page 200
2.1.1	Fuel Cladding......Page 201
2.1.2	Depletion, Burnup, and Transmutation......Page 202
Used Fuel Assay......Page 206
Requirements for Assay Data of Used Nuclear Fuel......Page 208
Nuclear Criticality Safety Considerations for Used Fuel Storage......Page 209
2.1.3	Fuel Cycle Processes......Page 211
2.1.4	Fuel Bundle Design......Page 214
Fuel Assembly for a BWR......Page 218
Conversion of U3O8 to UF6......Page 219
Separation Factor [46]......Page 222
Separation Work Units......Page 223
Enrichment by Gaseous Diffusion......Page 225
Enrichment by Gas Centrifuge......Page 226
2.2.1	Nuclear Material Accountability and Control......Page 228
2.2.2	Radioactive Materials Storage......Page 229
2.2.3	Transport and Storage Design......Page 230
3.1.1	Terms......Page 234
3.1.2	Buildup Factors......Page 235
Point Source......Page 237
Line Source......Page 239
Line Source Without Shield......Page 240
Line Source Without Shield and Offset Receptor......Page 241
Line Source With a Shield......Page 242
Sievert Integral......Page 243
Disk Source......Page 244
Disk Source With Shield......Page 245
E1 Integrals......Page 246
Binding Energy......Page 247
Energy Release......Page 248
Stopping Power......Page 250
Energy Absorbed by Photons [43]......Page 255
3.1.5	Interaction Coefficients [83]......Page 256
3.1.6	Interaction of Photons With Matter......Page 263
Photoelectric Effect......Page 264
Compton Scattering......Page 265
Corrections for Radiative Energy Loss [83]......Page 266
3.1.7	Radiation Effects on Materials [30]......Page 267
Creep......Page 269
Production of Activation Products......Page 270
Neutron Flux From Point Source in Nonattenuating Medium......Page 271
Neutron Flux......Page 272
High-Z Materials......Page 273
Low-Level Radioactive Waste (LLRW) [65]......Page 274
Classification Determined by Long-Lived Radionuclides......Page 275
Classification Determined by Both Long- and Short-Lived Radionuclides......Page 276
High-Level Radioactive Waste [62]......Page 277
Acute Radiation Exposure [18]......Page 278
Chronic Radiation Exposure [18]......Page 279
Internal Doses of Radiation [88]......Page 280
Effective-Dose Equivalent: Quality Factor......Page 281
Effective Dose: Weighting Factor......Page 283
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter [54]......Page 284
Criticality Alarm System [11], [54]......Page 286
Effluent Diffusion......Page 287
3.2.4	Radiation Detection......Page 289
Gas Ionization Detectors [87]......Page 291
Ionization Chambers [87]......Page 292
Proportional Counters [87]......Page 293
Semiconductor Detectors [87]......Page 295
Solid-State Detectors......Page 296
Inorganic Scintillation Detectors......Page 297
Neutron Detectors......Page 298
3.2.5	Counting Statistics......Page 299
Detection Efficiency Solid Angle......Page 300
Paralyzable Dead-Time Model......Page 301
4.1	Criticality......Page 302
4.1.1	Diffusion Theory......Page 304
4.1.2	Six-Factor Formula......Page 311
4.1.3	Extrapolation Distance......Page 312
4.1.4	Adjoint Function......Page 313
4.1.5	Perturbation Theory (Spatial Effects)......Page 314
Control Parameters......Page 315
Hierarchy of Controls......Page 316
4.2.1	Reactivity, Neutron Lifetime, and Delayed Neutrons......Page 317
4.2.5	Xenon-135 Poisoning......Page 320
4.2.6	Samarium-149 Fission Product Poisoning......Page 321
4.2.7	Temperature Effects on Reactivity......Page 322
Moderator Temperature and Void Reactivity Coefficients......Page 323
4.2.8	Xenon-135 Oscillation [17]......Page 324
4.3.2	Chart of the Nuclides......Page 325
4.3.3	Neutron Cross Sections......Page 327
Scattering......Page 329
Elastic Scattering......Page 330
Inelastic Scattering......Page 333
Total Scattering......Page 336
Fission......Page 339
Absorption......Page 342
Total......Page 345
Neutrons Produced per Fission......Page 348
Neutrons Produced per Absorption......Page 351
Burnable Poison......Page 354
Control Rod Worth......Page 355
4.3.5	Energy Release......Page 357
Monte Carlo Methods......Page 359
4.3.8	Thermalization......Page 361
Maxwellian Distribution......Page 364
Resonance Capture......Page 366
Doppler Broadening......Page 368
Logarithms......Page 370
Euler's Identity......Page 371
Law of Cosines......Page 372
Identities......Page 373
Quadratic Surface (Sphere)......Page 374
Circular Sector [27]......Page 375
The Derivative......Page 376
The Partial Derivative......Page 377
The Radius of Curvature......Page 378
Derivatives......Page 379
5.1.5	Integral Calculus......Page 380
Indefinite Integrals......Page 381
Centroids and Moments of Inertia......Page 382
5.1.6	Differential Equations......Page 383
Second-Order Linear Homogeneous Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients......Page 384
5.1.7	Vector Analysis......Page 385
Gradient, Divergence, and Curl......Page 386
Bessel Functions......Page 387
5.2.2	Dispersion, Mean, Median, and Mode Values......Page 392
Property 1. General Character of Probability......Page 394
Probability Density Function......Page 395
Expected Values......Page 396
Binomial Distribution......Page 397
Normal Distribution (Gaussian Distribution)......Page 401
Poisson Distribution......Page 403
t-Distribution......Page 404
χ2 – Distribution......Page 406
Standard Error of Estimate......Page 412
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)......Page 413
Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Means......Page 414
5.2.10	Test Statistics......Page 415
Average and Range Charts......Page 416
5.2.12	Standard Deviation Charts......Page 417
Tests for Out of Control......Page 418
5.3	Material Properties......Page 423
Percent Reduction in Area (RA)......Page 428
Thermal Deformations......Page 429
Hooke's Law......Page 430
5.5	Units......Page 435
5.5.2	Fundamental Constants......Page 436
5.5.3	Conversion Factors......Page 437
5.6.1	English Units......Page 441
Subcooled Properties......Page 443
Saturated Properties......Page 455
Superheated Properties (Steam Tables)......Page 467
Subcooled Properties......Page 478
Saturated Properties......Page 492
Superheated Properties (Steam Tables)......Page 501
5.7	Piping Data......Page 512
5.8	Periodic Table......Page 518
NOMENCLATURE......Page 520
REFERENCES......Page 526