PRINCIPLES and PRACTICE OF PHYSICS, VOLUME 2 (CHS. 22-34)

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Brief Contents
About the Author
To the Student
To the Instructor
Acknowledgments
Detailed Contents
Chapter 1. Foundations
	1.1 The scientific method
	1.2 Symmetry
	1.3 Matter and the universe
	1.4 Time and change
	1.5 Representations
	1.6 Physical quantities and units
	1.7 Significant digits
	1.8 Solving problems
	1.9 Developing a feel
Chapter 2. Motion in One Dimension
	2.1 From reality to model
	2.2 Position and displacement
	2.3 Representing motion
	2.4 Average speed and average velocity
	2.5 Scalars and vectors
	2.6 Position and displacement vectors
	2.7 Velocity as a vector
	2.8 Motion at constant velocity
	2.9 Instantaneous velocity
Chapter 3. Acceleration
	3.1 Changes in velocity
	3.2 Acceleration due to gravity
	3.3 Projectile motion
	3.4 Motion diagrams
	3.5 Motion with constant acceleration
	3.6 Free-fall equations
	3.7 Inclined planes
	3.8 Instantaneous acceleration
Chapter 4. Momentum
	4.1 Friction
	4.2 Inertia
	4.3 What determines inertia?
	4.4 Systems
	4.5 Inertial standard
	4.6 Momentum
	4.7 Isolated systems
	4.8 Conservation of momentum
Chapter 5. Energy
	5.1 Classification of collisions
	5.2 Kinetic energy
	5.3 Internal energy
	5.4 Closed systems
	5.5 Elastic collisions
	5.6 Inelastic collisions
	5.7 Conservation of energy
	5.8 Explosive separations
Chapter 6. Principle of Relativity
	6.1 Relativity of motion
	6.2 Inertial reference frames
	6.3 Principle of relativity
	6.4 Zero-momentum reference frame
	6.5 Galilean relativity
	6.6 Center of mass
	6.7 Convertible kinetic energy
	6.8 Conservation laws and relativity
Chapter 7. Interactions
	7.1 The effects of interactions
	7.2 Potential energy
	7.3 Energy dissipation
	7.4 Source energy
	7.5 Interaction range
	7.6 Fundamental interactions
	7.7 Interactions and accelerations
	7.8 Nondissipative interactions
	7.9 Potential energy near Earth’s surface
	7.10 Dissipative interactions
Chapter 8. Force
	8.1 Momentum and force
	8.2 The reciprocity of forces
	8.3 Identifying forces
	8.4 Translational equilibrium
	8.5 Free-body diagrams
	8.6 Springs and tension
	8.7 Equation of motion
	8.8 Force of gravity
	8.9 Hooke’s law
	8.10 Impulse
	8.11 Systems of two interacting objects
	8.12 Systems of many interacting objects
Chapter 9. Work
	9.1 Force displacement
	9.2 Positive and negative work
	9.3 Energy diagrams
	9.4 Choice of system
	9.5 Work done on a single particle
	9.6 Work done on a many-particle system
	9.7 Variable and distributed forces
	9.8 Power
Chapter 10. Motion in a Plane
	10.1 Straight is a relative term
	10.2 Vectors in a plane
	10.3 Decomposition of forces
	10.4 Friction
	10.5 Work and friction
	10.6 Vector algebra
	10.7 Projectile motion in two dimensions
	10.8 Collisions and momentum in two dimensions
	10.9 Work as the product of two vectors
	10.10 Coefficients of friction
Chapter 11. Motion in a Circle
	11.1 Circular motion at constant speed
	11.2 Forces and circular motion
	11.3 Rotational inertia
	11.4 Rotational kinematics
	11.5 Angular momentum
	11.6 Rotational inertia of extended objects
Chapter 12. Torque
	12.1 Torque and angular momentum
	12.2 Free rotation
	12.3 Extended free-body diagrams
	12.4 The vectorial nature of rotation
	12.5 Conservation of angular momentum
	12.6 Rolling motion
	12.7 Torque and energy
	12.8 The vector product
Chapter 13. Gravity
	13.1 Universal gravity
	13.2 Gravity and angular momentum
	13.3 Weight
	13.4 Principle of equivalence
	13.5 Gravitational constant
	13.6 Gravitational potential energy
	13.7 Celestial mechanics
	13.8 Gravitational force exerted by a sphere
Chapter 14. Special Relativity
	14.1 Time measurements
	14.2 Simultaneous is a relative term
	14.3 Space-time
	14.4 Matter and energy
	14.5 Time dilation
	14.6 Length contraction
	14.7 Conservation of momentum
	14.8 Conservation of energy
Chapter 15. Periodic Motion
	15.1 Periodic motion and energy
	15.2 Simple harmonic motion
	15.3 Fourier’s theorem
	15.4 Restoring forces in simple harmonic motion
	15.5 Energy of a simple harmonic oscillator
	15.6 Simple harmonic motion and springs
	15.7 Restoring torques
	15.8 Damped oscillations
Chapter 16. Waves in One Dimension
	16.1 Representing waves graphically
	16.2 Wave propagation
	16.3 Superposition of waves
	16.4 Boundary effects
	16.5 Wave functions
	16.6 Standing waves
	16.7 Wave speed
	16.8 Energy transport in waves
	16.9 The wave equation
Chapter 17. Waves in Two and Three Dimensions
	17.1 Wavefronts
	17.2 Sound
	17.3 Interference
	17.4 Diffraction
	17.5 Intensity
	17.6 Beats
	17.7 Doppler effect
	17.8 Shock waves
Chapter 18. Fluids
	18.1 Forces in a fluid
	18.2 Buoyancy
	18.3 Fluid flow
	18.4 Surface effects
	18.5 Pressure and gravity
	18.6 Working with pressure
	18.7 Bernoulli’s equation
	18.8 Viscosity and surface tension
Chapter 19. Entropy
	19.1 States
	19.2 Equipartition of energy
	19.3 Equipartition of space
	19.4 Evolution toward the most probable macrostate
	19.5 Dependence of entropy on volume
	19.6 Dependence of entropy on energy
	19.7 Properties of a monatomic ideal gas
	19.8 Entropy of a monatomic ideal gas
Chapter 20. Energy Transferred Thermally
	20.1 Thermal interactions
	20.2 Temperature measurement
	20.3 Heat capacity
	20.4 PV diagrams and processes
	20.5 Change in energy and work
	20.6 Isochoric and isentropic ideal gas processes
	20.7 Isobaric and isothermal ideal gas processes
	20.8 Entropy change in ideal gas processes
	20.9 Entropy change in nonideal gas processes
Chapter 21. Degradation of Energy
	21.1 Converting energy
	21.2 Quality of energy
	21.3 Heat engines and heat pumps
	21.4 Thermodynamic cycles
	21.5 Entropy constraints on energy transfers
	21.6 Heat engine performance
	21.7 Carnot cycle
	21.8 Brayton cycle
Chapter 22. Electric Interactions
	22.1 Static electricity
	22.2 Electrical charge
	22.3 Mobility of charge carriers
	22.4 Charge polarization
	22.5 Coulomb’s law
	22.6 Forces exerted by distributions of charge carriers
Chapter 23. The Electric Field
	23.1 The field model
	23.2 Electric field diagrams
	23.3 Superposition of electric fields
	23.4 Electric fields and forces
	23.5 Electric field of a charged particle
	23.6 Dipole field
	23.7 Electric fields of continuous charge distributions
	23.8 Dipoles in electric fields
Chapter 24. Gauss’s Law
	24.1 Electric field lines
	24.2 Field line density
	24.3 Closed surfaces
	24.4 Symmetry and Gaussian surfaces
	24.5 Charged conducting objects
	24.6 Electric flux
	24.7 Deriving Gauss’s law
	24.8 Applying Gauss’s law
Chapter 25. Work and Energy in Electrostatics
	25.1 Electric potential energy
	25.2 Electrostatic work
	25.3 Equipotentials
	25.4 Calculating work and energy in electrostatics
	25.5 Potential difference
	25.6 Electrostatic potentials of continuous charge distributions
	25.7 Obtaining the electric field from the potential
Chapter 26. Charge Separation and Storage
	26.1 Charge separation
	26.2 Capacitors
	26.3 Dielectrics
	26.4 Voltaic cells and batteries
	26.5 Capacitance
	26.6 Electric field energy and emf
	26.7 Dielectric constant
	26.8 Gauss’s law in dielectrics
Chapter 27. Magnetic Interactions
	27.1 Magnetism
	27.2 Magnetic fields
	27.3 Charge flow and magnetism
	27.4 Magnetism and relativity
	27.5 Current and magnetism
	27.6 Magnetic flux
	27.7 Moving particles in electric and magnetic fields
	27.8 Magnetism and electricity unified
Chapter 28. Magnetic Fields of Charged Particles in Motion
	28.1 Source of the magnetic field
	28.2 Current loops and spin magnetism
	28.3 Magnetic dipole moment and torque
	28.4 Ampèrian paths
	28.5 Ampère’s law
	28.6 Solenoids and toroids
	28.7 Magnetic fields due to currents
	28.8 Magnetic field of a moving charged particle
Chapter 29. Changing Magnetic Fields
	29.1 Moving conductors in magnetic fields
	29.2 Faraday’s law
	29.3 Electric fields accompany changing magnetic fields
	29.4 Lenz’s law
	29.5 Induced emf
	29.6 Electric field accompanying a changing magnetic field
	29.7 Inductance
	29.8 Magnetic energy
Chapter 30. Changing Electric Fields
	30.1 Magnetic fields accompany changing electric fields
	30.2 Fields of moving charged particles
	30.3 Oscillating dipoles and antennas
	30.4 Displacement current
	30.5 Maxwell’s equations
	30.6 Electromagnetic waves
	30.7 Electromagnetic energy
Chapter 31. Electric Circuits
	31.1 The basic circuit
	31.2 Current and resistance
	31.3 Junctions and multiple loops
	31.4 Electric fields in conductors
	31.5 Resistance and Ohm’s law
	31.6 Single-loop circuits
	31.7 Multiloop circuits
	31.8 Power in electric circuits
Chapter 32. Electronics
	32.1 Alternating currents
	32.2 AC circuits
	32.3 Semiconductors
	32.4 Diodes, transistors, and logic gates
	32.5 Reactance
	32.6 RC and RLC series circuits
	32.7 Resonance
	32.8 Power in AC circuits
Chapter 33. Ray Optics
	33.1 Rays
	33.2 Absorption, transmission, and reflection
	33.3 Refraction and dispersion
	33.4 Forming images
	33.5 Snel’s law
	33.6 Thin lenses and optical instruments
	33.7 Spherical mirrors
	33.8 Lensmaker’s formula
Chapter 34. Wave and Particle Optics
	34.1 Diffraction of light
	34.2 Diffraction gratings
	34.3 X-ray diffraction
	34.4 Matter waves
	34.5 Photons
	34.6 Multiple-slit interference
	34.7 Thin-film interference
	34.8 Diffraction at a single-slit barrier
	34.9 Circular apertures and limits of resolution
	34.10 Photon energy and momentum
Appendix A: Notation
Appendix B: Mathematics Review
Appendix C: SI Units, Useful Data, and Unit Conversion Factors
Appendix D: Center of Mass of Extended Objects
Appendix E: Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation Equations
Solutions to Checkpoints
Credits
Index
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