Principles and practice of endocrinology and metabolism

Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism CONTENTS......Page 2
PREFACE......Page 22
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION......Page 23
EDITORS......Page 47
CHAPTER 1 ENDOCRINOLOGY AND THE ENDOCRINE PATIENT......Page 48
CHAPTER 2 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: PRESENT AND FUTURE......Page 53
CHAPTER 3 BIOSYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF PEPTIDE HORMONES......Page 66
CHAPTER 4 HORMONAL ACTION......Page 76
CHAPTER 5 FEEDBACK CONTROL IN ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS......Page 88
CHAPTER 6 ENDOCRINE RHYTHMS......Page 94
CHAPTER 7 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORMAL INFANT AND CHILD......Page 103
CHAPTER 8 MORPHOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE BRAIN, HYPOTHALAMUS, AND NEUROHYPOPHYSIS......Page 111
CHAPTER 9 PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE BRAIN AND HYPOTHALAMUS......Page 116
CHAPTER 10 PINEAL GLAND......Page 123
CHAPTER 11 MORPHOLOGY OF THE PITUITARY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE......Page 128
SECTION A ADENOHYPOPHYSIS CHAPTER 12 GROWTH HORMONE AND ITS DISORDERS......Page 148
CHAPTER 13 PROLACTIN AND ITS DISORDERS......Page 161
CHAPTER 14 ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN: PHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL ASPECTS......Page 168
CHAPTER 15 THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE AND ITS DISORDERS......Page 173
CHAPTER 16 PITUITARY GONADOTROPINS AND THEIR DISORDERS......Page 182
CHAPTER 17 HYPOPITUITARISM......Page 188
CHAPTER 18 HYPOTHALAMIC AND PITUITARY DISORDERS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD......Page 199
CHAPTER 19 THE OPTIC CHIASM IN ENDOCRINOLOGIC DISORDERS......Page 208
CHAPTER 20 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING OF THE SELLAR REGION......Page 218
CHAPTER 21 MEDICAL TREATMENT OF PITUITARY TUMORS AND HYPERSECRETORY STATES......Page 229
CHAPTER 22 RADIOTHERAPY OF PITUITARYHYPOTHALAMIC TUMORS......Page 235
CHAPTER 23 NEUROSURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PITUITARY-HYPOTHALAMIC NEOPLASMS......Page 244
CHAPTER 24 PITUITARY TUMORS: OVERVIEW OF THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS......Page 252
CHAPTER 25 PHYSIOLOGY OF VASOPRESSIN, OXYTOCIN, AND THIRST......Page 262
CHAPTER 26 DIABETES INSIPIDUS AND HYPEROSMOLAR SYNDROMES......Page 270
CHAPTER 27 INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURESIS AND OTHER HYPOOSMOLAR STATES......Page 277
CHAPTER 28 APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH THYROID DISEASE......Page 286
CHAPTER 29 MORPHOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND......Page 289
CHAPTER 30 THYROID PHYSIOLOGY: SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE, IODINE METABOLISM, BINDING AND TRANSPORT......Page 293
CHAPTER 31 THYROID PHYSIOLOGY: HORMONE ACTION, RECEPTORS, AND POSTRECEPTOR EVENTS......Page 299
CHAPTER 32 THYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE SYNDROMES......Page 303
CHAPTER 33 THYROID FUNCTION TESTS......Page 307
CHAPTER 34 THYROID UPTAKE AND IMAGING......Page 313
CHAPTER 35 THYROID SONOGRAPHY, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 319
CHAPTER 36 ABNORMAL THYROID FUNCTION TEST RESULTS IN EUTHYROID PERSONS......Page 326
CHAPTER 37 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF IODIDE......Page 333
CHAPTER 38 NONTOXIC GOITER......Page 338
CHAPTER 39 THE THYROID NODULE......Page 344
CHAPTER 40 THYROID CANCER......Page 350
CHAPTER 41 UNUSUAL THYROID CANCERS......Page 365
CHAPTER 42 HYPERTHYROIDISM......Page 371
CHAPTER 43 ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY......Page 384
CHAPTER 44 SURGERY OF THE THYROID GLAND......Page 393
CHAPTER 45 HYPOTHYROIDISM......Page 398
CHAPTER 46 THYROIDITIS......Page 406
CHAPTER 47 THYROID DISORDERS OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD......Page 413
CHAPTER 48 MORPHOLOGY OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS......Page 421
CHAPTER 49 PHYSIOLOGY OF CALCIUM METABOLISM......Page 426
CHAPTER 50 PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE......Page 435
CHAPTER 51 PARATHYROID HORMONE......Page 442
CHAPTER 52 PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN......Page 454
CHAPTER 53 CALCITONIN GENE FAMILY OF PEPTIDES......Page 461
CHAPTER 54 VITAMIN D......Page 471
CHAPTER 55 BONE QUANTIFICATION AND DYNAMICS OF TURNOVER......Page 478
CHAPTER 56 MARKERS OF BONE METABOLISM......Page 484
CHAPTER 57 CLINICAL APPLICATION OF BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS......Page 492
CHAPTER 58 PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM......Page 498
CHAPTER 59 NONPARATHYROID HYPERCALCEMIA......Page 506
CHAPTER 60 HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND OTHER CAUSES OF HYPOCALCEMIA......Page 516
CHAPTER 61 RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY......Page 530
CHAPTER 62 SURGERY OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS......Page 536
CHAPTER 63 OSTEOMALACIA AND RICKETS......Page 540
CHAPTER 64 OSTEOPOROSIS......Page 547
CHAPTER 65 PAGET DISEASE OF BONE......Page 562
CHAPTER 66 RARE DISORDERS OF SKELETAL FORMATION AND HOMEOSTASIS......Page 568
CHAPTER 67 DISEASES OF ABNORMAL PHOSPHATE METABOLISM......Page 578
CHAPTER 68 MAGNESIUM METABOLISM......Page 586
CHAPTER 69 NEPHROLITHIASIS......Page 591
CHAPTER 70 DISORDERS OF CALCIUM AND BONE METABOLISM IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD......Page 599
CHAPTER 71 MORPHOLOGY OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA......Page 606
CHAPTER 72 SYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM OF CORTICOSTEROIDS......Page 612
CHAPTER 73 CORTICOSTEROID ACTION......Page 619
CHAPTER 74 TESTS OF ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION......Page 623
CHAPTER 75 CUSHING SYNDROME......Page 627
CHAPTER 76 ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY......Page 639
CHAPTER 77 CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA......Page 643
CHAPTER 78 CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY......Page 650
CHAPTER 79 RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM AND ALDOSTERONE......Page 660
CHAPTER 80 HYPERALDOSTERONISM......Page 668
CHAPTER 81 HYPOALDOSTERONISM......Page 678
CHAPTER 82 ENDOCRINE ASPECTS OF HYPERTENSION......Page 683
CHAPTER 83 ADRENOCORTICAL DISORDERS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD......Page 696
CHAPTER 84 THE INCIDENTAL ADRENAL MASS......Page 704
CHAPTER 85 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA AND THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 706
CHAPTER 86 PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA AND OTHER DISEASES OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 712
CHAPTER 87 ADRENOMEDULLARY DISORDERS OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD......Page 718
CHAPTER 88 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS......Page 721
CHAPTER 89 SURGERY OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS......Page 726
CHAPTER 90 NORMAL AND ABNORMAL SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 732
CHAPTER 91 PHYSIOLOGY OF PUBERTY......Page 756
CHAPTER 92 PRECOCIOUS AND DELAYED PUBERTY......Page 763
CHAPTER 93 MICROPENIS, HYPOSPADIAS, AND CRYPTORCHIDISM IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD......Page 774
CHAPTER 94 MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE OVARY......Page 781
CHAPTER 95 THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND THE CONTROL OF OVULATION......Page 795
CHAPTER 96 DISORDERS OF MENSTRUATION, OVULATION, AND SEXUAL RESPONSE......Page 804
CHAPTER 97 OVULATION INDUCTION......Page 819
CHAPTER 98 ENDOMETRIOSIS......Page 824
CHAPTER 99 PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME......Page 828
CHAPTER 100 MENOPAUSE......Page 833
CHAPTER 101 HIRSUTISM, ALOPECIA, AND ACNE......Page 841
CHAPTER 102 FUNCTIONING TUMORS AND TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS OF THE OVARY......Page 855
CHAPTER 103 THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF FEMALE INFERTILITY......Page 861
CHAPTER 104 FEMALE CONTRACEPTION......Page 867
CHAPTER 105 COMPLICATIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS OF STEROIDAL CONTRACEPTION......Page 876
CHAPTER 106 MORPHOLOGY OF THE NORMAL BREAST, ITS HORMONAL CONTROL, AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 882
CHAPTER 107 CONCEPTION, IMPLANTATION, AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT......Page 891
CHAPTER 108 THE MATERNAL-FETAL-PLACENTAL UNIT......Page 898
CHAPTER 109 ENDOCRINOLOGY OF PARTURITION......Page 909
CHAPTER 110 ENDOCRINE DISEASE IN PREGNANCY......Page 913
CHAPTER 111 TROPHOBLASTIC TISSUE AND ITS ABNORMALITIES......Page 925
CHAPTER 112 ENDOCRINOLOGY OF TROPHOBLASTIC TISSUE......Page 929
CHAPTER 113 MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE TESTIS......Page 934
CHAPTER 114 EVALUATION OF TESTICULAR FUNCTION......Page 943
CHAPTER 115 MALE HYPOGONADISM......Page 952
CHAPTER 116 TESTICULAR DYSFUNCTION IN SYSTEMIC DISEASE......Page 970
CHAPTER 117 ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION......Page 977
CHAPTER 118 MALE INFERTILITY......Page 989
CHAPTER 119 CLINICAL USE AND ABUSE OF ANDROGENS AND ANTIANDROGENS......Page 996
CHAPTER 120 GYNECOMASTIA......Page 1010
CHAPTER 121 ENDOCRINE ASPECTS OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA......Page 1016
CHAPTER 122 TESTICULAR TUMORS......Page 1021
CHAPTER 123 MALE CONTRACEPTION......Page 1028
CHAPTER 124 PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT......Page 1031
CHAPTER 125 APPETITE......Page 1037
CHAPTER 126 OBESITY......Page 1041
CHAPTER 127 STARVATION......Page 1048
CHAPTER 128 ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND OTHER EATING DISORDERS......Page 1052
CHAPTER 129 FUEL HOMEOSTASIS AND INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATE, FAT, AND PROTEIN......Page 1057
CHAPTER 130 VITAMINS: HORMONAL AND METABOLIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS......Page 1069
CHAPTER 131 TRACE MINERALS: HORMONAL AND METABOLIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS......Page 1074
CHAPTER 132 EXERCISE: ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC EFFECTS......Page 1082
SECTION B DIABETES MELLITUS CHAPTER 133 MORPHOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS......Page 1086
CHAPTER 134 ISLET CELL HORMONES: PRODUCTION AND DEGRADATION......Page 1090
CHAPTER 135 GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS AND INSULIN ACTION......Page 1096
CHAPTER 136 CLASSIFICATION, DIAGNOSTIC TESTS, AND PATHOGENESIS OF TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS......Page 1099
CHAPTER 137 ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND RELATED DISORDERS......Page 1106
CHAPTER 138 NATURAL HISTORY OF DIABETES MELLITUS......Page 1111
CHAPTER 139 SECONDARY FORMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS......Page 1117
CHAPTER 140 EVALUATION OF METABOLIC CONTROL IN DIABETES......Page 1124
CHAPTER 141 DIET AND EXERCISE IN DIABETES......Page 1127
CHAPTER 142 ORAL AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS......Page 1130
CHAPTER 143 INSULIN THERAPY AND ITS COMPLICATIONS......Page 1134
CHAPTER 144 PANCREAS AND ISLET TRANSPLANTATION......Page 1143
CHAPTER 145 SYNDROME X......Page 1148
CHAPTER 146 SYNDROMES OF EXTREME INSULIN RESISTANCE......Page 1151
CHAPTER 147 CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS......Page 1160
CHAPTER 148 DIABETIC NEUROPATHY......Page 1170
CHAPTER 149 GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES......Page 1176
CHAPTER 150 DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY......Page 1179
CHAPTER 151 DIABETES AND THE EYE......Page 1191
CHAPTER 152 DIABETES AND INFECTION......Page 1197
CHAPTER 153 DIABETES AND THE SKIN......Page 1201
CHAPTER 154 THE DIABETIC FOOT......Page 1208
CHAPTER 155 DIABETIC ACIDOSIS, HYPEROSMOLAR COMA, AND LACTIC ACIDOSIS......Page 1212
CHAPTER 156 DIABETES MELLITUS AND PREGNANCY......Page 1223
CHAPTER 157 DIABETES MELLITUS IN THE INFANT AND CHILD......Page 1230
SECTION C HYPOGLYCEMIA CHAPTER 158 HYPOGLYCEMIC DISORDERS IN THE ADULT......Page 1237
CHAPTER 159 LOCALIZATION OF ISLET CELL TUMORS......Page 1244
CHAPTER 160 SURGERY OF THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS......Page 1249
CHAPTER 161 HYPOGLYCEMIA OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD......Page 1254
SECTION D LIPID METABOLISM CHAPTER 162 BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LIPID AND LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM......Page 1265
CHAPTER 163 LIPOPROTEIN DISORDERS......Page 1273
CHAPTER 164 TREATMENT OF THE HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIAS......Page 1287
CHAPTER 165 ENDOCRINE EFFECTS ON LIPIDS......Page 1293
CHAPTER 166 LIPID ABNORMALITIES IN DIABETES MELLITUS......Page 1298
CHAPTER 167 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFUSE PEPTIDE HORMONE SYSTEMS......Page 1304
CHAPTER 168 ENDOGENOUS OPIOID PEPTIDES......Page 1307
CHAPTER 169 SOMATOSTATIN......Page 1312
CHAPTER 170 KININS......Page 1320
CHAPTER 171 SUBSTANCE P AND THE TACHYKININS......Page 1323
CHAPTER 172 PROSTAGLANDINS, THROMBOXANES, AND LEUKOTRIENES......Page 1326
CHAPTER 173 GROWTH FACTORS AND CYTOKINES......Page 1332
CHAPTER 174 COMPENDIUM OF GROWTH FACTORS AND CYTOKINES......Page 1342
CHAPTER 175 THE DIFFUSE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM......Page 1345
CHAPTER 176 THE ENDOCRINE BRAIN......Page 1350
CHAPTER 177 THE ENDOCRINE LUNG......Page 1353
CHAPTER 178 THE ENDOCRINE HEART......Page 1358
CHAPTER 179 THE ENDOCRINE ENDOTHELIUM......Page 1367
CHAPTER 180 THE ENDOCRINE BLOOD CELLS......Page 1374
CHAPTER 181 THE ENDOCRINE MAST CELL......Page 1379
CHAPTER 182 THE ENDOCRINE ENTERIC SYSTEM......Page 1384
CHAPTER 183 THE ENDOCRINE KIDNEY......Page 1394
CHAPTER 184 THE ENDOCRINE GENITOURINARY TRACT......Page 1399
CHAPTER 185 THE ENDOCRINE SKIN......Page 1403
CHAPTER 186 THE ENDOCRINE ADIPOCYTE......Page 1411
CHAPTER 187 INHERITANCE PATTERNS OF ENDOCRINOLOGIC AND METABOLIC DISORDERS......Page 1415
CHAPTER 188 MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA......Page 1419
CHAPTER 189 HERITABLE DISORDERS OF COLLAGEN AND FIBRILLIN......Page 1428
CHAPTER 190 HERITABLE DISEASES OF LYSOSOMAL STORAGE......Page 1436
CHAPTER 191 HERITABLE DISEASES OF AMINO-ACID METABOLISM......Page 1443
CHAPTER 192 HERITABLE DISEASES OF PURINE METABOLISM......Page 1449
CHAPTER 193 THE ENDOCRINE THYMUS......Page 1455
CHAPTER 194 IMMUNOGENETICS, THE HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN SYSTEM, AND ENDOCRINE DISEASE......Page 1461
CHAPTER 195 T CELLS IN ENDOCRINE DISEASE......Page 1464
CHAPTER 196 B CELLS AND AUTOANTIBODIES IN ENDOCRINE DISEASE......Page 1470
CHAPTER 197 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND ITS ROLE IN ENDOCRINE FUNCTION......Page 1474
CHAPTER 198 SHORT STATURE AND SLOW GROWTH IN THE YOUNG......Page 1483
CHAPTER 199 ENDOCRINOLOGY AND AGING......Page 1502
CHAPTER 200 CEREBRAL EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE......Page 1520
CHAPTER 201 PSYCHIATRIC-HORMONAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS......Page 1524
CHAPTER 202 RESPIRATION AND ENDOCRINOLOGY......Page 1530
CHAPTER 203 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND ENDOCRINE DISEASE......Page 1538
CHAPTER 204 GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE......Page 1544
CHAPTER 205 THE LIVER AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION......Page 1548
CHAPTER 206 EFFECTS OF NONRENAL HORMONES ON THE NORMAL KIDNEY......Page 1560
CHAPTER 207 RENAL METABOLISM OF HORMONES......Page 1567
CHAPTER 208 EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE ON THE KIDNEY......Page 1573
CHAPTER 209 ENDOCRINE DYSFUNCTION DUE TO RENAL DISEASE......Page 1578
CHAPTER 210 NEUROMUSCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE......Page 1582
CHAPTER 211 RHEUMATIC MANIFESTATIONS ENDOCRINE DISEASE......Page 1589
CHAPTER 212 HEMATOLOGIC ENDOCRINOLOGY......Page 1596
CHAPTER 213 INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND ENDOCRINOLOGY......Page 1603
CHAPTER 214 ENDOCRINE DISORDERS IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION......Page 1611
CHAPTER 215 THE EYE IN ENDOCRINOLOGY......Page 1619
CHAPTER 216 OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND ENDOCRINE DISEASE......Page 1630
CHAPTER 217 DENTAL ASPECTS OF ENDOCRINOLOGY......Page 1634
CHAPTER 218 THE SKIN AND ENDOCRINE DISORDERS......Page 1641
CHAPTER 219 PARANEOPLASTIC ENDOCRINE SYNDROMES......Page 1649
CHAPTER 220 ENDOCRINE TUMORS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT......Page 1658
CHAPTER 221 CARCINOID TUMOR AND THE CARCINOID SYNDROME......Page 1663
CHAPTER 222 HORMONES AND CARCINOGENESIS: LABORATORY STUDIES......Page 1666
CHAPTER 223 SEX HORMONES AND HUMAN CARCINOGENESIS: EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 1671
CHAPTER 224 ENDOCRINE TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER......Page 1678
CHAPTER 225 ENDOCRINE ASPECTS OF PROSTATE CANCER......Page 1684
CHAPTER 226 ENDOCRINE CONSEQUENCES OF CANCER THERAPY......Page 1692
CHAPTER 227 CRITICAL ILLNESS AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION......Page 1699
CHAPTER 228 ENDOCRINE MARKERS AND MEDIATORS IN CRITICAL ILLNESS......Page 1706
CHAPTER 229 THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS IN STRESS AND CRITICAL ILLNESS......Page 1714
CHAPTER 230 NEUROENDOCRINE RESPONSE TO ACUTE VERSUS PROLONGED CRITICAL ILLNESS......Page 1720
CHAPTER 231 FUEL METABOLISM AND NUTRIENT DELIVERY IN CRITICAL ILLNESS......Page 1726
CHAPTER 232 ENDOCRINE THERAPEUTICS IN CRITICAL ILLNESS......Page 1731
CHAPTER 233 ENDOCRINE-METABOLIC EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL......Page 1741
CHAPTER 234 METABOLIC EFFECTS OF TOBACCO, CANNABIS, AND COCAINE......Page 1746
CHAPTER 235 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND TOXINS AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION......Page 1750
CHAPTER 236 COMPENDIUM OF ENDOCRINE-RELATED DRUGS......Page 1755
CHAPTER 237 REFERENCE VALUES IN ENDOCRINOLOGY......Page 1756
CHAPTER 238 TECHNIQUES OF LABORATORY TESTING......Page 1769
CHAPTER 239 EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON ENDOCRINE FUNCTION AND VALUES......Page 1774
CHAPTER 240 DNA DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE......Page 1775
CHAPTER 241 DYNAMIC PROCEDURES IN ENDOCRINOLOGY......Page 1780