Principles and Modern Applications of Mass Transfer Operations, Second Edition

PRINCIPLES AND MODERN APPLICATIONS OF MASS TRANSFER OPERATIONS......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 9
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 19
Preface to the First Edition......Page 21
Nomenclature......Page 23
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 31
1.2 MOLECULAR MASS TRANSFER......Page 33
1.2.1 Concentrations......Page 34
1.2.2 Velocities and Fluxes......Page 40
1.2.3 The Maxwell-Stefan Relations......Page 43
1.2.4 Fick's First Law for Binary Mixtures......Page 46
1.3 THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT......Page 47
1.3.1 Diffusion Coefficients for Binary Ideal Gas Systems......Page 48
1.3.2 Diffusion Coefficients for Dilute Liquids......Page 54
1.3.3 Diffusion Coefficients for Concentrated Liquids......Page 60
1.3.4 Effective Diffusivities in Multicomponent Mixtures......Page 61
1.4.1 Molar Flux and the Equation of Continuity......Page 67
1.4.2 Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Gases......Page 68
1.4.3 Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Liquids......Page 83
1.5 STEADY-STATE DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS......Page 86
1.5.1 Steady-State Binary Molecular Diffusion in Porous Solids......Page 88
1.5.2 Knudsen Diffusion in Porous Solids......Page 89
1.5.3 Hydrodynamic Flow of Gases in Porous Solids......Page 92
1.5.4 “Dusty Gas” Model for Multicomponent Diffusion......Page 94
1.6 DIFFUSION WITH HOMOGENEOUS REACTION......Page 95
1.7 ANALOGIES AMONG MOLECULAR TRANSFER PHENOMENA......Page 100
PROBLEMS......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 119
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 121
2.2 MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS......Page 122
2.2.1 Diffusion of A Through Stagnant B......Page 123
2.2.2 Equimolar Counterdiffusion......Page 125
2.3.1 The Buckingham Method......Page 127
2.4 FLOW PAST A FLAT PLATE; BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY......Page 133
2.5 MASS- AND HEAT-TRANSFER ANALOGIES......Page 140
2.6 CONVECTIVE MASS-TRANSFER CORRELATIONS......Page 149
2.6.1 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Flat Plates......Page 150
2.6.2 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for a Single Sphere......Page 151
2.6.3 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Single Cylinders......Page 156
2.6.4 Turbulent Flow in Circular Pipes......Page 157
2.6.5 Mass Transfer in Packed and Fluidized Beds......Page 163
2.6.6 Mass Transfer in Hollow-Fiber Membrane Modules......Page 166
2.7 ESTIMATION OF MULTICOMPONENT MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS......Page 170
PROBLEMS......Page 172
REFERENCES......Page 185
3.2 EQUILIBRIUM......Page 188
3.3 DIFFUSION BETWEEN PHASES......Page 193
3.3.1 Two-Resistance Theory......Page 194
3.3.2 Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients......Page 196
3.3.3 Local Mass-Transfer Coefficients: General Case......Page 201
3.4.1 Countercurrent Flow......Page 209
3.4.2 Cocurrent Flow......Page 222
3.4.3 Batch Processes......Page 225
3.5 EQUILIBRIUM-STAGE OPERATIONS......Page 226
PROBLEMS......Page 232
REFERENCES......Page 248
4.2 GAS–LIQUID OPERATIONS: LIQUID DISPERSED......Page 249
4.2.1 Types of Packing......Page 250
4.2.2 Liquid Distribution......Page 254
4.2.3 Liquid Holdup......Page 255
4.2.4 Pressure Drop......Page 260
4.2.5 Mass-Transfer Coefficients......Page 266
4.3 GAS–LIQUID OPERATIONS: GAS DISPERSED......Page 272
4.3.1 Sparged Vessels (Bubble Columns)......Page 273
4.3.2 Tray Towers......Page 279
4.3.3 Tray Diameter......Page 282
4.3.4 Tray Gas-Pressure Drop......Page 286
4.3.5 Weeping and Entrainment......Page 288
4.3.6 Tray Efficiency......Page 290
PROBLEMS......Page 297
REFERENCES......Page 311
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 313
5.2.1 Graphical Determination of the Number of Ideal Trays......Page 314
5.2.2 Tray Efficiencies and Real Trays by Graphical Methods......Page 315
5.2.3 Dilute Mixtures......Page 316
5.3 COUNTERCURRENT CONTINUOUS-CONTACT EQUIPMENT......Page 322
5.3.1 Dilute Solutions; Henry's Law......Page 328
5.4.1 Adiabatic Operation of a Tray Absorber......Page 331
5.4.2 Adiabatic Operation of a Packed-Bed Absorber......Page 334
PROBLEMS......Page 338
REFERENCES......Page 350
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 351
6.2 SINGLE-STAGE OPERATION: FLASH VAPORIZATION......Page 352
6.3 DIFFERENTIAL DISTILLATION......Page 357
6.5 McCABE-THIELE METHOD FOR TRAYED TOWERS......Page 360
6.5.1 Rectifying Section......Page 362
6.5.2 Stripping Section......Page 363
6.5.3 Feed Stage......Page 365
6.5.5 Limiting Conditions......Page 368
6.5.6 Optimum Reflux Ratio......Page 371
6.5.7 Large Number of Stages......Page 377
6.5.8 Use of Open Steam......Page 381
6.5.9 Tray Efficiencies......Page 382
6.6 BINARY DISTILLATION IN PACKED TOWERS......Page 390
6.7 MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION......Page 395
6.8.1 Total Reflux: Fenske Equation......Page 398
6.8.2 Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations......Page 402
6.8.3 Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux......Page 409
6.9 RIGOROUS CALCULATION PROCEDURES FOR MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION......Page 411
6.9.1 Equilibrium Stage Model......Page 412
6.9.2 Nonequilibrium, Rate-Based Model......Page 413
6.9.3 ChemSep Program......Page 419
6.10 BATCH DISTILLATION......Page 427
6.10.1 Binary Batch Distillation with Constant Reflux......Page 428
6.10.2 Batch Distillation with Constant Distillate Composition......Page 432
6.10.3 Multicomponent Batch Distillation......Page 435
PROBLEMS......Page 436
REFERENCES......Page 452
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 454
7.2 LIQUID EQUILIBRIA......Page 455
7.3.1 Single-Stage Extraction......Page 461
7.3.2 Multistage Crosscurrent Extraction......Page 465
7.3.3 Countercurrent Extraction Cascades......Page 466
7.3.4 Insoluble Liquids......Page 473
7.3.5 Continuous Countercurrent Extraction with Reflux......Page 475
7.4 EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID–LIQUID EXTRACTION......Page 482
7.4.1 Mixer-Settler Cascades......Page 483
7.4.2 Multicompartment Columns......Page 493
PROBLEMS......Page 497
REFERENCES......Page 505
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 507
8.2 EQUILIBRIUM CONSIDERATIONS......Page 508
8.2.1 Saturated Gas–Vapor Mixtures......Page 509
8.2.2 Unsaturated Gas–Vapor Mixtures......Page 511
8.2.3 Adiabatic-Saturation Curves......Page 512
8.2.4 Wet-Bulb Temperature......Page 514
8.3.1 Fundamental Relationships......Page 518
8.3.2 Water Cooling with Air......Page 521
PROBLEMS......Page 529
REFERENCES......Page 534
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 535
9.2 MASS TRANSFER IN MEMBRANES......Page 536
9.2.1 Solution-Diffusion for Liquid Mixtures......Page 538
9.2.2 Solution-Diffusion for Gas Mixtures......Page 539
9.2.3 Module Flow Patterns......Page 542
9.3 EQUILIBRIUM IN POROUS SORBENTS......Page 547
9.3.1 Adsorption and Chromatography Equilibria......Page 548
9.3.2 Ion-Exchange Equilibria......Page 553
9.4 MASS TRANSFER IN FIXED BEDS OF POROUS SORBENTS......Page 557
9.4.1 Basic Equations for Adsorption......Page 558
9.4.2 Linear Isotherm......Page 559
9.4.3 Langmuir Isotherm......Page 561
9.4.4 Length of Unused Bed......Page 563
9.4.5 Mass-Transfer Rates in Ion Exchangers......Page 565
9.4.6 Mass-Transfer Rates in Chromatographic Separations......Page 567
9.5 APPLICATIONS OF MEMBRANE-SEPARATION PROCESSES......Page 568
9.5.1 Dialysis......Page 571
9.5.2 Reverse Osmosis......Page 573
9.5.4 Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration......Page 576
9.6 APPLICATIONS OF SORPTION PROCESSES......Page 580
PROBLEMS......Page 585
REFERENCES......Page 592
Appendix A Binary Diffusion Coefficients......Page 593
Appendix B Lennard Jones Constants......Page 596
Appendix C Maxwell-Stefan Equations......Page 598
Appendix D Packed-Column Design......Page 600
Appendix E Sieve-Tray Design Program......Page 604
Appendix F-1 McCabe-Thiele: Liquid Feed......Page 611
Appendix F-2 McCabe-Thiele: Vapor Feed......Page 619
Appendix G-1 Single-Stage Extraction......Page 627
Appendix 6-2 Multistage Crosscurrent Extraction......Page 629
Appendix H Constants and Unit Conversions......Page 633
Index......Page 635