PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF MASS TRANSFER. The Design of Separation Processes for Chemical and Biochemical Engineering

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF MASS TRANSFER
Contents
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Nomenclature
1. FUNDAMENTALS OF MASS TRANSFER
	1.1 INTRODUCTION
	1.2 MOLECULAR MASS TRANSFER
		1.2.1 Concentrations
		1.2.2 Velocities and Fluxes
		1.2.3 The Maxwell–Stefan Relations
		1.2.4 Fick’s First Law for Binary Mixtures
	1.3 THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
		1.3.1 Diffusion Coefficients for Binary Ideal Gas Systems
		1.3.2 Diffusion Coefficients for Dilute Liquids
		1.3.3 Diffusion Coefficients for Concentrated Liquids
		1.3.4 Effective Diffusivities in Multicomponent Mixtures
	1.4 STEADY-STATE MOLECULAR DIFFUSION IN FLUIDS
		1.4.1 Molar Flux and the Equation of Continuity
		1.4.2 Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Gases
		1.4.3 Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Liquids
	1.5 STEADY-STATE DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS
		1.5.1 Steady-State Binary Molecular Diffusion in Porous Solids
		1.5.2 Knudsen Diffusion in Porous Solids
		1.5.3 Hydrodynamic Flow of Gases in Porous Solids
		1.5.4 “Dusty Gas” Model for Multicomponent Diffusion
	1.6 TRANSIENT MOLECULAR DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS
	1.7 DIFFUSION WITH HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTION
	1.8 ANALOGIES AMONG MOLECULAR TRANSFER PHENOMENA
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
	APPENDIX 1.1
	APPENDIX 1.2
	APPENDIX 1.3
	APPENDIX 1.4
2. CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER
	2.1 INTRODUCTION
	2.2 MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
		2.2.1 Diffusion of A Through Stagnant B (NB = 0, ΨA = 1)
		2.2.2 Equimolar Counterdiffusion (NB = –NA, ΨA = undefined)
	2.3 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
		2.3.1 The Buckingham Method
	2.4 FLOW PAST FLAT PLATE IN LAMINAR FLOW; BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY
	2.5 MASS- AND HEAT-TRANSFER ANALOGIES
	2.6 CONVECTIVE MASS-TRANSFER CORRELATIONS
		2.6.1 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Flat Plates
		2.6.2 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for a Single Sphere
		2.6.3 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Single Cylinders
		2.6.4 Turbulent Flow in Circular Pipes
		2.6.5 Mass Transfer in Packed and Fluidized Beds
		2.6.6 Mass Transfer in Hollow-Fiber Membrane Modules
	2.7 MULTICOMPONENT MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
	APPENDIX 2.1
	APPENDIX 2.2
3. INTERPHASE MASS TRANSFER
	3.1 INTRODUCTION
	3.2 EQUILIBRIUM CONSIDERATIONS IN CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS
		3.2.1 Chemical Phase Equilibria
		3.2.2 Biochemical Equilibrium Concepts (Seader et al., 2011)
	3.3 DIFFUSION BETWEEN PHASES
		3.3.1 Two-Resistance Theory
		3.3.2 Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients
		3.3.3 Local Mass-Transfer Coefficients: General Case
	3.4 MATERIAL BALANCES
		3.4.1 Countercurrent Flow
		3.4.2 Cocurrent Flow
		3.4.3 Batch Processes
	3.5 EQUILIBRIUM-STAGE OPERATIONS
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
	APPENDIX 3.1
	APPENDIX 3.2
	APPENDIX 3.3
	APPENDIX 3.4
	APPENDIX 3.5
4. EQUIPMENT FOR GAS–LIQUID MASS-TRANSFER OPERATIONS
	4.1 INTRODUCTION
	4.2 GAS–LIQUID OPERATIONS: LIQUID DISPERSED
		4.2.1 Types of Packing
		4.2.2 Liquid Distribution
		4.2.3 Liquid Holdup
		4.2.4 Pressure Drop
		4.2.5 Mass-Transfer Coefficients
	4.3 GAS–LIQUID OPERATIONS: GAS DISPERSED
		4.3.1 Sparged Vessels (Bubble Columns)
		4.3.2 Tray Towers
		4.3.3 Tray Diameter
		4.3.4 Tray Gas-Pressure Drop
		4.3.5 Weeping and Entrainment
		4.3.6 Tray Efficiency
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
5. ABSORPTION AND STRIPPING
	5.1 INTRODUCTION
	5.2 COUNTERCURRENT MULTISTAGE EQUIPMENT
		5.2.1 Graphical Determination of the Number of Ideal Trays
		5.2.2 Tray Efficiencies and Real Trays by Graphical Methods
		5.2.3 Dilute Mixtures
	5.3 COUNTERCURRENT CONTINUOUS-CONTACT EQUIPMENT
		5.3.1 Dilute Solutions; Henry’s Law
	5.4 THERMAL EFFECTS DURING ABSORPTION AND STRIPPING
		5.4.1 Adiabatic Operation of a Packed-Bed Absorber
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
	APPENDIX 5.1
6. DISTILLATION
	6.1 INTRODUCTION
	6.2 SINGLE-STAGE OPERATION—FLASH VAPORIZATION
	6.3 DIFFERENTIAL DISTILLATION
	6.4 CONTINUOUS RECTIFICATION—BINARY SYSTEMS
	6.5 McCABE–THIELE METHOD FOR TRAYED TOWERS
		6.5.1 Rectifying Section
		6.5.2 Stripping Section
		6.5.3 Feed Stage
		6.5.4 Number of Equilibrium Stages and Feed-Stage Location
		6.5.5 Limiting Conditions
		6.5.6 Optimum Reflux Ratio
		6.5.7 Large Number of Stages
		6.5.8 Use of Open Steam
		6.5.9 Tray Efficiencies
	6.6 BINARY DISTILLATION IN PACKED TOWERS
	6.7 MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION
	6.8 FENSKE–UNDERWOOD–GILLILAND METHOD
		6.8.1 Total Reflux: Fenske Equation
		6.8.2 Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations
		6.8.3 Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux
	6.9 RIGOROUS CALCULATION PROCEDURES FOR MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION
		6.9.1 Equilibrium Stage Model
		6.9.2 Nonequilibrium, Rate-Based Model
	6.10 BATCH DISTILLATION
		6.10.1 Binary Batch Distillation with Constant Reflux
		6.10.2 Batch Distillation with Constant Distillate Composition
		6.10.3 Multicomponent Batch Distillation
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
	APPENDIX 6.1
	APPENDIX 6.2
	APPENDIX 6.3
7. LIQUID–LIQUID EXTRACTION
	7.1 INTRODUCTION
	7.2 LIQUID EQUILIBRIA
	7.3 STAGEWISE LIQUID–LIQUID EXTRACTION
		7.3.1 Single-Stage Extraction
		7.3.2 Multistage Crosscurrent Extraction
		7.3.3 Countercurrent Extraction Cascades
		7.3.4 Insoluble Liquids
		7.3.5 Continuous Countercurrent Extraction with Reflux
	7.4 EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID–LIQUID EXTRACTION
		7.4.1 Mixer-Settler Cascades
		7.4.2 Multicompartment Columns
	7.5 LIQUID–LIQUID EXTRACTION OF BIOPRODUCTS
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
8. HUMIDIFICATION OPERATIONS
	8.1 INTRODUCTION
	8.2 EQUILIBRIUM CONSIDERATIONS
		8.2.1 Saturated Gas–Vapor Mixtures
		8.2.2 Unsaturated Gas–Vapor Mixtures
		8.2.3 Adiabatic-Saturation Curves
		8.2.4 Wet-Bulb Temperature
	8.3 ADIABATIC GAS–LIQUID CONTACT OPERATIONS
		8.3.1 Fundamental Relationships
		8.3.2 Water Cooling with Air
		8.3.3 Dehumidification of Air–Water Vapor
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
	APPENDIX 8.1
	APPENDIX 8.2
9. MEMBRANES AND OTHER SOLID: SORPTION AGENTS
	9.1 INTRODUCTION
	9.2 MASS TRANSFER IN MEMBRANES
		9.2.1 Solution-Diffusion for Liquid Mixtures
		9.2.2 Solution-Diffusion for Gas Mixtures
		9.2.3 Module Flow Patterns
	9.3 EQUILIBRIUM CONSIDERATIONS IN POROUS SORBENTS
		9.3.1 Adsorption and Chromatography Equilibria
		9.3.2 Ion-Exchange Equilibria
	9.4 MASS TRANSFER IN FIXED BEDS OF POROUS SORBENTS
		9.4.1 Basic Equations for Adsorption
		9.4.2 Linear Isotherm
		9.4.3 Langmuir Isotherm
		9.4.4 Length of Unused Bed
		9.4.5 Mass-Transfer Rates in Ion Exchangers
		9.4.6 Mass-Transfer Rates in Chromatographic Separations
		9.4.7 Electrophoresis
	9.5 APPLICATIONS OF MEMBRANE-SEPARATION PROCESSES
		9.5.1 Dialysis
		9.5.2 Reverse Osmosis
		9.5.3 Gas Permeation
		9.5.4 Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration
		9.5.5 Bioseparations
	9.6 APPLICATIONS OF SORPTION-SEPARATION PROCESSES
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
	APPENDIX 9.1
	APPENDIX 9.2
	APPENDIX 9.3
	APPENDIX 9.4
	APPENDIX 9.5
	APPENDIX 9.6
	APPENDIX 9.7
Appendix A Binary Diffusion Coefficients
Appendix B Lennard-Jones Constants
Appendix C-1 Maxwell-Stefan Equations (Mathcad)
Appendix C-2 Maxwell-Stefan Equations (Python)
Appendix D-1 Packed-Column Design (Mathcad)
Appendix D-2 Packed-Column Design (Python)
Appendix E-1 Sieve-Tray Design (Mathcad)
Appendix E-2 Sieve-Tray Design (Python)
Appendix F-1 McCabe-Thiele Method: Saturated Liquid Feed (Mathcad)
Appendix F-2 McCabe-Thiele Method: Saturated Liquid Feed (Python)
Appendix G-1 Single-Stage Extraction (Mathcad)
Appendix G-2 Single-Stage Extraction (Python)
Appendix G-3 Multistage Crosscurrent Extraction (Mathcad)
Appendix G-4 Multistage Crosscurrent Extraction (Python)
Appendix H Constants and Unit Conversions
Index
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