Pretending and Imagination in Animals and Children

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 12
Foreword......Page 16
Preface and acknowledgments......Page 19
Part I Historical, developmental, and comparative overviews......Page 21
1 Imaginative animals, pretending children......Page 23
Pretense and imaginative activities......Page 24
Similarity and simulation......Page 25
Development: symbols and language......Page 31
Development: cultural scaffolding and scripts......Page 33
Toys and animals, scripts and schemas......Page 36
Theory of mind......Page 39
Endnotes......Page 42
Evolutionary implications......Page 43
Groos on animal and childhood play......Page 44
Response......Page 45
Children’s pretense......Page 47
Imitation, symbols, language, and development......Page 49
Ape–child comparisons......Page 53
Ethology......Page 56
Pretense as metacommunication......Page 58
Imitative pretense in primates and cetaceans......Page 59
Summary......Page 62
3 Pretending as representation: a developmental and comparative view......Page 63
Representational play: a predictor of language development in humans......Page 66
Representation and pretending in nonhuman primates......Page 70
Summary: a comparison......Page 73
Part II Pretense and imagination in children......Page 77
4 Language in pretense during the second year: what it can tell us about “pretending” in pretense and the “know-how” about…......Page 79
Subjects and method of data collection......Page 82
Verbalization categories......Page 83
Results......Page 85
Discussion......Page 86
Endnotes......Page 91
5 A longitudinal and cross-sectional study of the emergence of the symbolic function in children between 15 and 19 months…......Page 93
Hypotheses......Page 96
Procedure......Page 98
Development of performances on the various tests......Page 101
Comparisons among the different acquisitions......Page 104
Discussion......Page 109
6 Caregiver–child social pretend play: what transpires?......Page 111
The interactive context of early pretending......Page 112
A closer look at shared pretend play......Page 113
Initiating pretend episodes......Page 115
Maintaining pretend episodes......Page 116
The cultural context......Page 117
Summary......Page 119
7 Just through the looking glass: children’s understanding of pretense......Page 122
Defining pretense......Page 123
Pretense as involving minds......Page 125
Understanding pretense intentions......Page 126
Pretense as relying on thought......Page 128
Self before other......Page 130
Contradictory studies......Page 131
Links to understanding nonpretending minds......Page 132
Conclusion......Page 133
Acknowledgments......Page 134
Awareness of non-realities......Page 135
Understanding imagination......Page 136
Understanding dreams......Page 138
Understanding pretense......Page 139
Understanding the roles of knowledge and thinking pretense......Page 141
Understanding representational diversity in pretense......Page 144
Conclusion......Page 147
Pretend play as a human characteristic......Page 149
Research in the 1970–1980s......Page 150
The 1990s–pretend play and theory of mind......Page 152
Pretend play and metarepresentation......Page 153
Can pretend play explain facilitative effects of social context on ToM acquisition?......Page 156
Correlations between pretence and ToM......Page 157
Training studies......Page 159
What the evidence tells us so far......Page 160
10 Replica toys, stories, and a functional theory of mind......Page 162
Canonical versus breach......Page 166
Study 1......Page 167
So far: toys and stories......Page 169
Study 2......Page 170
Replica toys and mental states......Page 171
11 Young children’s animal-role pretend play......Page 174
Frequency and occurrence of animal-role pretend play......Page 175
Animals as pretenders......Page 176
Animals as models for pretend roles......Page 177
Language......Page 178
Socialized behavior......Page 179
Translation of the body......Page 180
Functions of animal-role pretend play, and implications for sense of self......Page 182
Endnotes......Page 186
12 Imaginary companions and elaborate fantasy in childhood: discontinuity with nonhuman animals......Page 187
A taxonomy of imaginary companions......Page 189
Invisible child playmates with special characteristics (Special ICP)......Page 192
Invisible older companion (OIC)......Page 193
Invisible animal with special characteristics (Special IA)......Page 194
Ghost......Page 195
Other......Page 196
Discussion......Page 197
Part III Pretense and imagination in primates......Page 201
13 Pretending in monkeys......Page 203
Self-pretense and self-simulation......Page 205
Pretense and matching......Page 210
Conclusion......Page 215
The simulative modality......Page 216
Simian society......Page 217
The maternal dimension......Page 218
The agonistic dimension......Page 219
Symbolic indicators of rank......Page 221
The cognitive body......Page 223
A new approach to social theory......Page 226
Conclusion......Page 229
15 Representational capacities for pretense with scale models and photographs in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)......Page 230
Scale model comprehension by children......Page 231
Scale models and pretend play......Page 232
Indoor scale model......Page 233
Outdoor scale model......Page 239
Preliminary conclusions......Page 242
Object and spatial/relational similarity......Page 243
Discussion......Page 247
End notes......Page 248
16 Pretending in free-ranging rehabilitant orangutans......Page 249
Princess......Page 250
Unyuk......Page 251
Paul and Bento......Page 252
Panjul and Aming......Page 253
Discussion......Page 255
Deception and pretending......Page 256
Complex pretending......Page 257
Acknowledgments......Page 260
Introduction......Page 261
Subjects and settings......Page 263
Overview......Page 264
Eye-covering candidates for pretending......Page 265
Discussion......Page 268
Conclusion......Page 273
Acknowledgments......Page 274
The notion of pretend play......Page 275
Our criteria for pretense......Page 277
Subjects and methods of the study......Page 278
Object substitution......Page 279
Context substitution......Page 282
Playing with nonexistent properties......Page 283
Role enactment......Page 285
Other potential pretenses......Page 286
Conclusions......Page 287
Acknowledgments......Page 288
19 Pretending culture: social and cognitive features of pretense in apes and humans......Page 289
Pretend play......Page 291
The evolution of childhood......Page 293
Systems approach to the changing ecology of childhood......Page 296
Conclusion: the evolution of gullibility......Page 299
20 Empathy in a bonobo......Page 300
The problem of pretense......Page 305
Koko......Page 306
Animation......Page 308
Object substitution......Page 313
Character attribution......Page 317
Animation and character attribution......Page 318
Insubstantial material attribution......Page 320
Animation, object substitution, and insubstantial material attribution......Page 321
Pretending not to know the correct sign......Page 322
Discussion......Page 323
Part IV Prospects......Page 325
22 Exploring pretense in animals and children......Page 327
Teasing and other self-simulations......Page 328
Object substitution and imaginary object use......Page 330
Metarepresentation and secondary (second-order) representation......Page 332
Pretending about others......Page 333
Conclusion......Page 335
References......Page 337
Author index......Page 373
Subject index......Page 382