PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE PAINTS

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Pressure-Sensitive Paint
	1.2 Temperature-Sensitive Paint
	1.3 Historical Remarks
Chapter 2: Basic Photophysics
	2.1 Kinetics of Luminescence
	2.2 Models for Conventional PSP
	2.3 Models for Porous PSP
		2.3.1 Collision-Controlled Model
		2.3.2 Adsorption-Controlled Model
	2.4 Thermal Quenching
Chapter 3: Physical Properties of Paints
	3.1 Typical PSPs
		3.1.1 Platinum Porphyrins
		3.1.2 Ruthenium Polypyridyls
		3.1.3 Pyrene Derivatives
	3.2 Fast PSPs
		3.2.1 AA-PSP
		3.2.2 PC-PSP
		3.2.3 Poly(TMSP)-PSP
	3.3 Cryogenic PSPs
	3.4 Multiple-Luminophore PSPs
	3.5 Ideal PSP
	3.6 Typical TSPs
		3.6.1 Ruthenium Complexes
		3.6.2 Europium Complexes
		3.6.3 Cryogenic TSPs
		3.6.4 Other Coatings
	3.7 Desirable Properties of Paints
		3.7.1 Pressure Response
		3.7.2 Luminescent Output
		3.7.3 Paint Stability
		3.7.4 Response Time
		3.7.5 Temperature Sensitivity
		3.7.6 Physical Characteristics
		3.7.7 Chemical Characteristics
Chapter 4: Radiative Energy Transport
	4.1 Radiometric Notation
	4.2 Excitation Light
	4.3 Luminescent Emission
	4.4 Photodetector Response
Chapter 5: Intensity-Based Methods
	5.1 Measurement Systems
		5.1.1 Camera-Based Systems
			Cameras
		5.1.2 Laser-Scanning System
	5.2 Basic Data Processing
	5.3 Pressure Uncertainty
		5.3.1 System Modeling
		5.3.2 Error Propagation, Sensitivity, and Total Uncertainty
		5.3.3 Photodetector Noise and Limiting Pressure Resolution
		5.3.4 Errors Induced by Model Deformation
		5.3.5 Temperature Effect
		5.3.6 Calibration Errors
		5.3.7 Temporal Variations
		5.3.8 Spectral Variability and Filter Leakage
		5.3.9 Pressure Mapping Errors
		5.3.10 Paint Intrusiveness
		5.3.11 Other Error Sources and Limitations
		5.3.12 Allowable Upper Bounds of Elemental Errors
		5.3.13 Uncertainties of Integrated Forces and Moments
		5.3.14 In Situ Calibration Uncertainty
			Experiments
			Simulation
		5.3.15 Example: Subsonic Airfoil Flows
	5.4 Temperature Uncertainty
		5.4.1 Error Propagation and Limiting Temperature Resolution
		5.4.2 Elemental Error Sources of TSP
Chapter 6: Lifetime-Based Methods
	6.1 Response of Luminescence to Time-Varying Excitation Light
		6.1.1 First-Order Model
		6.1.2 Higher-Order Model
	6.2 Lifetime Techniques
		6.2.1 Pulse Method
		6.2.2 Phase Method
		6.2.3 Amplitude Demodulation Method
		6.2.4 Gated Intensity Ratio Method
	6.3 Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging
		6.3.1 Intensified CCD Camera
		6.3.2 Internally Gated CCD Camera
	6.4 Pressure Uncertainty
		6.4.1 Phase Method
		6.4.2 Amplitude Demodulation Method
		6.4.3 Gated Intensity Ratio Method
	6.5 Lifetime Measurements
Chapter 7: Time Response
	7.1 Time Response of Conventional PSP
		7.1.1 Oxygen Diffusion
		7.1.2 Pressure Response and Optimum Thickness
	7.2 Time Response of Porous PSP
		7.2.1 Deviation from the Square-Law
		7.2.2 Effective Diffusivity: Geometrical Perspective
		7.2.3 Diffusion Timescale
		7.2.4 Knudsen Diffusion: Statistical Perspective
		7.2.5 Nonlinear Quenching Kinetics
		7.2.6 Effect of Lifetime on Time Response
	7.3 Measurements of Pressure Time Response
		7.3.1 Solenoid Valve
		7.3.2 Shock Tube
		7.3.3 Acoustic Resonance Tube
		7.3.4 Fluidic Oscillator
	7.4 Time Response of TSP
		7.4.1 Pulsed Laser Heating on Thin Metal Film
		7.4.2 Step-Like Jet Impingement Cooling
		7.4.3 Shock Tube
Chapter 8: Image and Data Analysis Techniques
	8.1 Geometric Calibration of Camera
		8.1.1 Collinearity Equations
		8.1.2 Direct Linear Transformation
		8.1.3 Optimization Method
	8.2 Radiometric Calibration of Camera
	8.3 Correction for Self-Illumination
		8.3.1 View Factor
		8.3.2 Correction Scheme
		8.3.3 Error Estimate
		8.3.4 Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function
	8.4 Image Registration
	8.5 Conversion to Pressure
	8.6 Pressure Correction for Extrapolation to Low-Speed Data
	8.7 Generation of Deformed Surface Grid
	8.8 Noise Reduction Methods
		8.8.1 Phase Averaging
		8.8.2 FFT-Based Analysis
		8.8.3 Mode Decomposition Analysis
		8.8.4 Heterodyne Method
	8.9 Image Deblurring
	8.10 Inverse Heat Transfer Methods
Chapter 9: Applications of PSP
	9.1 Subsonic, Transonic, and Supersonic Wind Tunnels
		9.1.1 Intensity-Based Measurements
		9.1.2 Lifetime-Based Measurements
	9.2 Unsteady Measurements
		9.2.1 Transonic Wing Buffeting
		9.2.2 Unsteady Pressure on Rocket Fairing Model
		9.2.3 Oscillating Shock Wave in Transonic Flow
		9.2.4 Impinging Jet Resonant Modes
	9.3 Hypersonic and Shock Wind Tunnels
		9.3.1 Blunt Bodies
		9.3.2 Shock/Body Interaction
		9.3.3 Moving-Shock-Wave Interaction with Circular Cylinder
		9.3.4 Scramjet Nozzle
		9.3.5 Hypersonic Boundary-Layer Separation
	9.4 Low-Speed Flows
		9.4.1 Ground Vehicle Models
		9.4.2 Rugby Ball
		9.4.3 Unsteady Pressure Fluctuation on Slat as Noise Source
	9.5 Rotating Machinery
		9.5.1 Rotating Compressor Blades
		9.5.2 Helicopter Blades
	9.6 Low-Pressure Flows
		9.6.1 PSP Properties at Low Pressure
		9.6.2 Measurements in the Mars Wind Tunnel
	9.7 Other Topics
		9.7.1 Cryogenic Wind Tunnels
		9.7.2 Subsonic and Sonic Impinging Jets
		9.7.3 Flight Tests
		9.7.4 Micro Fluidics
		9.7.5 Acoustic Resonance Modes
Chapter 10: Applications of TSP
	10.1 Small Shock Tube
	10.2 Hypersonic Wind Tunnels
		10.2.1 Circular Cone
		10.2.2 Inlet Ramp
		10.2.3 AGARD HB-2 Standard Model
		10.2.4 Single and Double Fins
	10.3 Quiet Mach-6 Ludwieg Tube
		10.3.1 Experimental Setup
		10.3.2 Circular Cone
		10.3.3 Lateral Heat Conduction Effect
	10.4 Boundary-Layer Transition Detection
		10.4.1 Heating and Cooling Methods
			External and Internal Heating
			Freestream Temperature Step
			Surface Heating Layer
		10.4.2 Swept Wings
		10.4.3 Wind Turbine Profile Model and Nacelle
		10.4.4 Laminar-Type Airfoil
		10.4.5 Flat Plate
		10.4.6 Rotating Blades
		10.4.7 Hypersonic Boundary-Layer Transition
	10.5 Impinging Jet Heat Transfer
Chapter 11: Extended Applications of PSP and TSP
	11.1 Film Cooling Measurement Using PSP
		11.1.1 Mass Transfer Analogy
		11.1.2 Determining Film Cooling Effectiveness
		11.1.3 Circular, Shaped, and Sand-Dune-Inspired Holes
	11.2 Skin Friction Diagnostics Using PSP and TSP
		11.2.1 Basic Relations
			Heat Transfer Visualization with TSP
			Mass Transfer Visualization with PSP
			Pressure Visualization with PSP
		11.2.2 Variational Method
		11.2.3 TSP-Derived Skin Friction Fields in Water Flow
		11.2.4 PSP-Derived Skin Friction Fields in Dual Colliding Impinging Nitrogen Jets
		11.2.5 PSP-Derived Skin Friction Field in Junction Flow
	11.3 Planar Oxygen Optode
	11.4 Other Topics
		11.4.1 Pressure-Sensitive Particles
		11.4.2 Fuel Cells
		11.4.3 Phosphor Thermometry
Appendix A: Chemistry
	Luminophores
		PSPs
			Porphyrin Derivatives
				Metalloporphyrins
				Free-Base Porphyrins
			Transition Metal Polypyridyl Complexes
			Cyclometalated Iridium and Complexes
			Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
		TSPs
			Lanthanide Complexes
			Ruthenium Derivatives
			Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
			Rhodamines and Coumarins
			Quantum Dots
			Thermographic Phosphors
		Reference Dyes
	Binder Materials
		Polymers
			Siloxanes
			Acetylene Polymers
			Fluoropolymers
			Other Polymers
			Polyurethane Polymers
		Porous Binder Materials
			Anodized Aluminum
			Polymer/Ceramic
			Silica Sol-Gel Systems
	Solvents
		Halogenated Solvents
		Nonhalogenated Solvents
			Nonpolar Solvents
			Polar Solvents
	Additives
		Particles
		Dispersants
	Screen Layer
	Advanced Concepts
		Dye-Pendant Polymers
		Bichromophic Molecule (Ru-Pyrene)
		Chameleon Luminophore
		Light-Emitting Polymer
		Monolayers
			Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Film
			Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)
		Electrically Excited PSP
Appendix B: Paint Calibration and Formulations
	Calibration
	PSP and TSP Formulations
Appendix C: Recipes
Appendix C: Recipes
	Steady PSP
	Fast PSP (AA-PSP)
	Fast PSP (PC-PSP)
	TSP
	Spraying Procedure
		Pretreatment
		Spraying
	Safety
		Luminophores
		Polymers
		Particles
		Solvents
Appendix D: Vendors
	Chemicals
	Cameras
	Light Sources
	Optical Filters
Color Plates
References
Index