Presenting Japanese Buddhism to the West: Orientalism, Occidentalism, and the Columbian Exposition

Contents......Page 6
Figures......Page 8
Introduction: Japan in Chicago......Page 12
Buddhism and Orientalism......Page 15
Of Orientalists and Orientalism......Page 18
Orientalist Scholarship and Asian Buddhist Modernities......Page 19
Oriental Participation in Orientalism......Page 21
Zen for Americans and Other Histories......Page 23
Notes......Page 290
1. Japan Faces the West......Page 27
Treaty Revision and the Chicago Exposition......Page 28
America and the Westward Progress of Civilization......Page 32
The Ferris Wheel......Page 37
Positioning the Statement: The Statement of the Site......Page 45
American Responses......Page 50
Accommodating Western Categories......Page 52
Conclusion......Page 54
Notes......Page 292
2. Manifest Destiny: Christianity and American Imperialism......Page 56
The World’s Fair Auxiliary Congresses......Page 59
The World’s Parliament of Religions and Messianic Mission......Page 61
Bonney’s Vision: The Origin of the Plan......Page 63
North American Ecumenism to Christian Universalism......Page 65
Exhibiting Spiritual Progress......Page 67
Exhibiting the Exotic......Page 68
The Congress as Parliament......Page 69
The Invitation and the Limits of Tolerance......Page 70
Hierarchies of Race and the Light......Page 71
Tolerance: Assimilation or Plurality?......Page 73
Conclusion......Page 74
Notes......Page 295
3. The Rules of the Parliament: Securing the Truth......Page 76
Absence of Debate......Page 78
Authorizing Speech......Page 80
Extending Authority: The Solicited Prize Essay......Page 82
The Rule of Time......Page 83
The Finest Fruits......Page 84
Language and Authenticity......Page 86
The Published Record......Page 87
The Parliament Illustrated......Page 90
The Priority of the Text......Page 93
Conclusion......Page 95
Notes......Page 298
4. Alterity: Buddhism as the ‘‘Other’’ of Christianity......Page 96
Buddhism of Travelers’ Tales......Page 98
The Buddha as Anti-Hindu Hero......Page 99
The Scholarship of Imperialism......Page 102
Defining Northern Buddhism......Page 103
The Politics of Buddhism in Ceylon......Page 105
Buddhism: Atheistic Religion......Page 108
Buddhism: Philosophical Humanism......Page 110
Buddhism: Materialist Error......Page 113
Buddhism: The Religion of Self-Reliance......Page 115
The Defining Debate: Rhys Davids versus Saint-Hilaire......Page 119
Buddhism: Northern Decadence......Page 120
Conclusion......Page 124
Notes......Page 301
5. Buddhism and Modernity in Meiji Japan......Page 126
Domestic Crisis and Criticism......Page 127
Seeking Knowledge Abroad......Page 129
Modernization and the Western Religion......Page 132
Doshisha and the Kumamoto Band......Page 133
The Question of Access......Page 136
Buddhism in Society......Page 137
Strengthening Imperial Rule......Page 138
Buddhism and Japanese Identity......Page 140
The Discourse of the Meiji Twenties......Page 143
Notes......Page 306
6. Buddhist Revival and Japanese Nationalism......Page 148
Inoue Enryo......Page 150
Inoue the Philosopher......Page 151
Hosui, the Paradigmatic Meiji Intellectual......Page 152
Gokoku Airi......Page 154
Deploying Western Philosophy......Page 155
Buddhism and Patriotism......Page 158
A Secular Sangha......Page 160
Buddhism and International Prestige......Page 161
Taking Buddhism to the West......Page 163
Conclusion......Page 164
Notes......Page 311
7. Deploying Wester Authority I: Henry Steel Olcott in Japan......Page 166
Olcott and Buddhist Revival in Ceylon......Page 169
Buddhism as Theosophy......Page 171
Olcott and the Revival of Buddhism in Japan......Page 175
Olcott’s Tour as Performance......Page 180
Conclusion......Page 181
Notes......Page 313
8. Buddhism and Treaty Revision: The Chicago Project......Page 183
Organizing the Delegation......Page 184
The Manifesto......Page 185
The Delegates......Page 187
Buddhism in the Campaign for Treaty Revision......Page 190
‘‘Heathenism’’ and Treaty Revision......Page 192
Japanese Religion, Buddhism, and Heathenism......Page 196
Atheism Disrupted......Page 197
Idolatry Dismissed......Page 198
Nirvana and Social Engagement......Page 199
Imperialism and the Moral High Ground......Page 200
Responses: A Christian Gaze......Page 201
Japanese Christians in Defense of National Character......Page 202
Conservative Buddhist Opposition......Page 205
Conclusion......Page 207
Notes......Page 315
9. Defining Eastern Buddhism......Page 209
The Chicago Presentation......Page 211
A Note on Sources......Page 212
Reclaiming Buddhism: Orientalism and Asian Modernity......Page 214
The Buddha in Southern Buddhism......Page 215
The Buddha in Eastern Buddhism......Page 217
Eastern Buddhism: Sakyamuni’s Highest Teaching......Page 218
From Pan-Asian Buddhism to Universal Religion......Page 220
Buddhism for the West......Page 221
Eastern Buddhism Is Scientific......Page 222
Eastern Buddhism and Philosophical Idealism......Page 224
Interdependence and Karma......Page 226
Buddha Nature and the Nature of Buddhas......Page 227
Nirvana in Eastern Buddhism: Compassion and Social Action......Page 228
Of God and Soul......Page 230
Conclusion......Page 231
Notes......Page 320
10. Paul Carus: Buddhism and Monist Mission......Page 233
Eastern Buddhism Dismissed......Page 235
Buddhism Appropriated: Paul Carus and Monist Mission......Page 238
Christ Is a Buddha......Page 241
Trinity and Trikaya......Page 242
The Gospel of Buddha: Popularizing the Construct......Page 244
Appending Authority......Page 246
The Content of the Form: The Bible as Model......Page 250
Reception......Page 251
Conclusion......Page 253
Notes......Page 324
11. Deploying Western Authority II: Carus in Translation......Page 256
The Gospel of Buddha in Japan......Page 257
Validating the Chicago Mission......Page 261
Creating Space for Discussion......Page 262
Budda no fukuin in Buddhist Nationalism......Page 263
The Two Prefaces: The Extension of the Parliament Project......Page 265
The Preface in Open Court: The Message to the West......Page 266
Notes......Page 327
12. From Eastern Buddhism to Zen: A Postscript......Page 270
Learning from the West......Page 271
Suzuki at La Salle......Page 273
Decentering Original Buddhism......Page 274
Decentering the Canon......Page 275
Positive, Energetic, Practical......Page 276
Zen: The Essence of Eastern Buddhism......Page 277
Buddhism, Zen, and Japanese Culture: The Hooden Revisited......Page 278
The Changing Contexts of Buddhist Nationalism......Page 279
The Eastern Buddhist Society......Page 282
Orientalism, Occidentalism, and Eastern Buddhism......Page 284
Notes......Page 329
Bibliography......Page 334
A-B......Page 356
C-D......Page 357
E-I......Page 358
J-M......Page 359
N-R......Page 360
S-T......Page 361
U-Z......Page 362