Preparing a Nation?: The New Deal in the Villages of Papua New Guinea (Pacific)

List of Figures
	Figure 0.1: Sir Paul Hasluck, Minister of Territories, 1951–63.
	Figure 1.1: Minister for External Territories Edward John Ward.
	Figure 1.2: John Curtin and Mrs Elsie Curtin with General Sir Thomas Blamey in 1944.
	Figure 2.1: Colonel JK Murray.
	Figure 2.2: Paul Hasluck attending a meeting of the Hanuabada Local Government Council, Port Moresby.
	Figure 3.1: Commonwealth Bank in Papua New Guinea, Minister for Territories, Paul Hasluck on an official party visit to a village in the Highlands, 1955.
	Figure 3.2: Percy Spender, New External Territories Minister, December 1949.
	Figure 3.3: Paul Hasluck at a village in the Highlands in 1955.
	Figure 3.4: Rachel and Donald Cleland (right and second right) with Governor-General William Slim in 1959.
	Figure 3.5: The administrator, Donald Cleland, breakfasting outside house ‘Kiap’ Fatmilak, New Ireland, in 1954.
	Figure 3.6: Territories Department, 1952.
	Figure 4.1: Paul Hasluck on an official 1955 visit to the Territory Administration, Port Moresby.
	Figure 4.2: Hasluck Development Pyramid.
	Figure 4.3: On 7 April 1961, Paul Hasluck opened the Madang General Hospital. The guard of honour was made up of hospital orderlies and infant child and maternal health nurses.
	Figure 4.4: An example of the harsh environment patrol officers dealt with in the early postwar period of ‘pacification’.
	Figure 4.5: Teacher trainees assembled on the playing field of Popondetta, Educational Centre, 1955.
	Figure 4.6: Paul Hasluck at the official opening of the Legislative Council in November 1951.
	Figure 5.1: Women bringing food to the Chimbu Police Post in the early days of its establishment in 1937. The post can be seen in the background.
	Figure 5.2: Villagers in Goroka deriving a cash income from their natural timber stands.
	Figure 7.1: The District Office at Samarai in 1958, the administrative headquarters for the Milne Bay district, Papua and New Guinea.
	Figure 7.2: According to the caption (1950), ‘at Kwato Mission, the girls are taught dress-making and laundering’.
	Figure 7.3: Interior of the joinery works and factory of the Milne Bay Development Company, 1952.
	Figure 8.1: Caption reads as follows (1952): ‘Village election, one of the Wagawaga headman strikes a triangle to indicate that the poll is open’.
	Figure 8.2: Alice Wedega talking with girl guides in 1958.
	Figure 9.1: Mahuru Rarua-Rarua in 1959 addressing the Papua and New Guinea Legislative Council.
	Figure 10.1: Clearing land for dry rice in 1952 in the Sepik District.
	Figure 11.1: Sister Clematia and Mr McGuigan watching the unloading of a barge in 1947 on New Hanover.
	Figure 11.2: Anelaua Leprosarium staff, including priest, European sisters, New Guinean sisters and lay brother, 1947.
	Figure 11.3: Taskul station seen from the Officer’s house in 1947.
	Figure 11.4: Weighing and selling copra, 1948.
	Figure 12.1: Husking coconuts for copra.
	Figure 12.2: CJ Miller, Registrar of Co-operative Societies, Territory of Papua New Guinea (TPNG), speaking at the 1951 Congress of Queensland Co-operatives.
	Figure 12.3: United Nations Mission members with Mr Henry Ramon, Secretary of the New Ireland Native Societies Association, at the cooperative headquarters in Kavieng, 1959.
List of Tables
	Table 2.1: Australian grants (for the year ending 30 June).
	Table 2.2: The effect of the war on public servants, 19 June 1945.
	Table 2.3: Selection criteria for attachment to Colonial Office.
	Table 2.4: Cooperatives: Primary organisations (year ending 31 March).
	Table 2.5: Establishment of local government councils, 1950–54.
	Table 2.6: Expansion of local government councils, 1951–63.
	Table 3.1: Australian grants (for the year ending 30 June).
	Table 3.2: Public service, Auxiliary Division and administrative patrols.
	Table 4.1: Public service, 1961–64.
	Table 4.2: Extension of government influence.
	Table 4.3: Agricultural extension officers.
	Table 5.1: Northern Chimbu: Population land density.
	Table 5.2: Administration control or influence in the Central Highlands, 1949–54.
	Table 5.3: Age group and marital status.
	Table 5.4: Number of workers employed in the Highlands, 1951–52.
	Table 5.5: 1957 absentee labour statistics, Central Census Division.
	Table 8.1: 1952 Ealeba Council budget.
	Table 8.2: 1956 Ealeba Council budget.
	Table 9.1: 1957 Sepik rural progress societies.
	Table 10.1: 1952 milling unit.
	Table 10.2: Agricultural extension officers, Maprik subdistrict, 1950–63.
	Table 10.3: 1958 Maprik subdistrict rural progress societies.
	Table 10.4: Supari RPS peanut production.
	Table 10.5: Albiges coffee tree planting.
	Table 10.6: Yield per acre.
	Table 11.1: Price of copra: Papua–New Guinea, 1925–48.
	Table 12.1: New Ireland cooperative societies, 1955–61.
	Table 12.2: 1960 New Hanover cooperative societies.
	Table 12.3: World copra price (Pacific Coast), 1948–59.
	Table 12.4: New Ireland District copra rejection rates, October 1954–57.
	Table 12.5: Whole-of-government effort on New Hanover, 1958.
	Table 12.6: Percentage of cooperative staff positions filled, 1955–61.
	Table 12.7: Cooperative staff, 1955–61.
	Table 12.8: New Ireland District extension staff: 1954–58.
	Table 12.9: 1959 estimated religious breakdown of New Hanover population.
	Table 12.10: Inland vs coastal income, Lavongai census division, 1961.
	Table 12.11: 1961 Lavongai census division.
	Table 13.1: Comparison of postwar development: 1946/47–1963/64.
	Table 13.2: Comparison of education facilities for the year 1963.
	Table 13.3: Comparative change in public health facilities, 1947–63.
List of Maps
	Map 0.1: Map of Papua New Guinea highlighting the four regions studied.
	Map 2.1: Papua New Guinea, Territory of Papua and New Guinea, 1949.
	Map 5.1: Chimbu Province.
	Map 7.1: Milne Bay.
	Map 8.1: Milne Bay.
	Map 9.1: East Sepik Province.
	Map 9.2: Detailed map of East Sepik province.
	Map 11.1: The Bismarck Archipelago.
Acknowledgements
Acronyms
Preface
Introduction
Part One: Australian Postwar Ambition for the Territory of Papua New Guinea
	1. The Impetus for the ‘New Deal for Papua New Guinea’: Australia’s Response to a Unique Postwar Colonial Circumstance
	2. Provisional Administration: ‘We Stopped Them Putting the Clock Back’
	3. Administering the ‘New Deal’ from the Extreme Centre
	4. The Australian Objective: Understanding the Hasluck Development Pyramid
Part Two: Indigenous Influence: Local Conditions and Autonomous Actions
	Case Study: Chimbu
		5. Chimbu: Australia’s New Deal Problem?
		6. Highland Labour Scheme: Indigenous Opportunity or Government Solution?
	Case Study: Milne Bay
		7. Milne Bay: The Emergence of Indigenous Autonomy
		8. Indigenous Advancement: Only on the Colonialist’s Terms
	Case Study: Maprik
		9. Sepik: ‘If You See a European, Don’t Call Him Masta’
		10. Village Rice Development: Co‑opting Indigenous Enterprise
	Case Study: New Hanover
		11. New Hanover: Colonial Control and Indigenous Sociopolitical Agency
		12. Cooperatives and the Hasluck Pyramid at Work in the Villages of New Hanover
	Conclusion
		13. The ‘New Deal’ Assessed: Just Rhetoric or the Basis for Independence?
Bibliography