Preparedness for Future Pandemics: Threats and Challenges

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1: History of Pandemics? How the World Dealt with It?
	1.1	 Introduction
		1.1.1	 Outbreaks, Epidemic and Pandemics
	1.2	 Brief History of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History)
	1.3	 The Plague of Justinian (541–549)
		1.3.1	 Precautionary Measures/Govt Efforts
	1.4	 The Black Death (1346–1353)
		1.4.1	 Precautionary Measures/Govt Efforts
	1.5	 Cholera (1817–Ongoing)
		1.5.1	 Precautionary Measures/Govt Efforts
	1.6	 Influenza
		1.6.1	 Precautionary Measures/Govt Efforts
	1.7	 Coronaviruses
	1.8	 SARS-CoV Epidemic
	1.9	 MERS-CoV Epidemic
		1.9.1	 Precautionary Measures/Govt Efforts
	1.10	 SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
		1.10.1	 Precautionary Measures/Govt Efforts
	1.11	 Regulation of Future Pandemic
	1.12	 Conclusion
	References
2: Ethnicity and COVID-19: Are They Related?
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Risk Factors Affecting Ethnicity and COVID-19 Outcomes
		2.2.1	 Genetic Predisposition
		2.2.2	 Preexisting Health Conditions
		2.2.3	 Socioeconomic Risk Factors
	2.3	 Ethnicity-Related Health Outcomes in Some Severely Affected Countries
		2.3.1	 United States of America
		2.3.2	 Brazil
		2.3.3	 United Kingdom
	2.4	 Ethnicity and Future Health Implications
	2.5	Conclusion
	References
3: Pandemics in Modern Era: Impact of Geographical Landscapes on Disease Risk
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Impact of Geographical Elements of Landscapes in Influencing the Infection Transmission
	3.3	 Landscape Edges: Congenial Huddle Spaces for Hosts and Vectors
	3.4	 Classical Case Studies
		3.4.1	 COVID-19
		3.4.2	 Cholera
		3.4.3	 Dengue
		3.4.4	 Chikungunya
		3.4.5	 Zika
		3.4.6	 Ebola
		3.4.7	 Swine flu
		3.4.8	 Monkeypox
	3.5	 Shifting Population, Social Practices, and Demographic Dynamics are Redefining Traditional Paradigm of Infectious Diseases Management
	3.6	 Complexity of Infection Susceptibilities Among Different Ethnicities
	3.7	 “One Health Concept”: A Global Campaign for Healthier Humans and Environment
	3.8	 Conclusion
	References
4: Host–Virus-Bacterial Cross Talk in the Respiratory Tract Microenvironment: Implications for Understanding the Disease Severity of Respiratory Viruses
	4.1	 Introduction
		4.1.1	 Bacterial Coinfection Mechanism in Respiratory Viral Infections
		4.1.2	 Impaired Immune Response During Respiratory Virus-Bacterial Coinfection
		4.1.3	 Bacterial Coinfection Mechanism in SARS-CoV-2
	4.2	 Conclusion and Way Forward
	References
5: Relevance of Multi-Omics Approach for Future Pandemic Preparedness and Response
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Omics Technologies
		5.2.1	 Genomics
		5.2.2	 Transcriptomics
		5.2.3	 Proteomics
		5.2.4	 Metabolomics
	5.3	 Multi-Omics Integration Strategies to Understand Viral Infection
		5.3.1	 Protein–Protein Interaction (PPI)
		5.3.2	 RNA–Protein Interaction
	5.4	 Conclusion
	References
6: Surviving COVID-19 is Half the Battle Won: Long-Term Effects
	6.1	Introduction
	6.2	 Immunological Manifestations
	6.3	 Respiratory System
	6.4	 Cardiovascular System
	6.5	 Neurological Manifestations
	6.6	 Gastrointestinal and Renal Outcomes
	6.7	 Dermatological Outcomes
	6.8	 Emotional Health and Well-Being
	6.9	 Laboratory Diagnosis and Role of Biomarkers
	6.10	 Vaccines and Variants
	6.11	 Conclusion
	References
7: Lifestyle Changes Required to Mitigate Effects of Infectious Diseases
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 Lifestyle and Infectious Diseases
		7.2.1	 Malnutrition
		7.2.2	 Micronutrients
		7.2.3	 Obesity
		7.2.4	 Exercise
		7.2.5	 Hand Washing
		7.2.6	 Drinking Water and Sanitation
		7.2.7	 Face Mask
		7.2.8	 Smoking
		7.2.9	 Alcohol Consumption
		7.2.10	 Miscellaneous Factors
	7.3	 Conclusion
	References
8: Medical Strategies for Current Pandemic: Pros and Cons
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 Telemedicine
		8.2.1	 Pros
		8.2.2	 Cons
	8.3	 Artificial Intelligence
		8.3.1	 Pros
		8.3.2	 Cons
	8.4	 Mobile Health Apps
		8.4.1	 Pros
		8.4.2	 Cons
	8.5	 Makeshift Hospitals
		8.5.1	 Pros
		8.5.2	 Cons
	8.6	 Critical Care During COVID-19 Pandemic
		8.6.1	 Pros
		8.6.2	 Cons
	8.7	 Quarantine and Social Distancing
		8.7.1	 Pros
		8.7.2	 Cons
	8.8	 Vaccine and Drug Research
		8.8.1	 Pros
		8.8.2	 Cons
	8.9	 Conclusion
	References
9: Need for Quicker Systems for Development and Evaluation of Vaccines and Drugs
	9.1	 Introduction
	9.2	 Challenges to Overcome in Vaccine and Drug Research and Development
		9.2.1	 Research and Development Issues and Cutting-Edge Techniques in Drug Discovery
		9.2.2	 Research and Development Issues and Cutting-Edge Techniques in Vaccine Development
		9.2.3	 Cutting-Edge Technologies in Vaccine R&D
			9.2.3.1	 Omics Processing
			9.2.3.2	 Next-Generation Vaccine Platforms
			9.2.3.3	 Immunoinformatics or Reverse Vaccinology
	9.3	 Recent Trends in Technology and Development of Vaccine and Drug
		9.3.1	 Approaches Toward Drug Designing and Discovery
			9.3.1.1	 Advance Computational Tools and Techniques
			9.3.1.2	 Advanced In Vitro Approach for Drug Evaluation
		9.3.2	 Approaches Toward Vaccine Designing and Discovery
			9.3.2.1	 Evaluation Tools and Technology for Vaccine
	9.4	 Conclusion
	References
10: Infectious Diseases and Pandemics: Need for Psychological Preparedness and Resilient Response
	10.1	Introduction
	10.2	 COVID-19: Psychosocial Impact
		10.2.1	 Psychological Impact on Health Care Workers
		10.2.2	 Psychological Impact on General Population and Its SubGroups
		10.2.3	 Impact of Lockdowns
	10.3	 Psychological Resilience and Preparedness for Disasters
		10.3.1	 Psychological Preparedness
		10.3.2	 Psychological Resilience
	10.4	 Conclusion
	References
11: COVID-19 Pandemic: Leveraging the Learnings—An Indian Diagnostics Industry Perspective
	11.1	Introduction
	11.2	 Impact of the Pandemic on the Indian IVD Industry
	11.3	 Leveraging the Learnings
	11.4	Conclusion
	References
12: Financial Impact of Pandemic on Society
	12.1	 Introduction
		12.1.1	 Fiscal Deficit
	12.2	 Overview of the COVID-19 Pandemic in India
		12.2.1	 Hospitality Sector
		12.2.2	 Aviation and Tourism Sector
		12.2.3	 Automobile Sector
		12.2.4	 Real Estate Sector (Residential)
		12.2.5	 Telecom Sector
		12.2.6	 Pharmaceutical Sector
		12.2.7	 Agriculture Sector
	12.3	 Community-Level Financial Impact
		12.3.1	 Gender
		12.3.2	 Age Group
		12.3.3	 Location
		12.3.4	 Livelihood Basis
	12.4	 Socioeconomic Level Financial Impact
		12.4.1	 Income Basis
		12.4.2	 Employed
		12.4.3	 Mental Illness
	12.5	 Conclusion
	References
13: Strengthening and Expanding Laboratories for Aetiological Diagnosis in Pandemics: Lessons from the Indian SARS-CoV-2 Experience
	13.1	 Introduction
	13.2	 Initiating and Enhancing Laboratory Testing for SARS-CoV-2
	13.3	 Leading the Efforts: The Role of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and NIV, Pune
	13.4	 Developing Dynamically Responsive Guidelines
	13.5	 Defining the Types of Tests to Be Deployed and Their Validation
	13.6	 Assuring the Quality of Testing
	13.7	 Tracking Virus Evolution by Whole-Genome Sequencing
	13.8	 Sustaining the Supply Chain
	13.9	 Digitalization of Data Entry and Processes
	13.10	 Providing Support at the National and Regional Levels: The Role of the Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi
	13.11	 Conclusion
	References
14: Investing in Integrated and Equitable Public Health Systems: The Only Way to Handle Future Pandemics
	14.1	 Introduction
	14.2	 Integrated Health Care Systems to Fight the Pandemic of COVID-19
	14.3	 Integrating Digital Technologies and Public Health to Combat the Pandemic of COVID-19
	14.4	 Interdisciplinary Research for Pandemic Mitigation
	14.5	 An Integrated Public Health and Digital Model for Pandemic and Post-Pandemic Era
	14.6	 Barriers Towards Health Care Integration
	14.7	 Conclusion
	References
15: Two Years of COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learnt and Way Forward
	15.1	 Introduction
	15.2	 Managing Unexpected Health Emergencies
	15.3	 Acceptance of Technology
	15.4	 Train People for Connectivity
	15.5	 Economic Stability
	15.6	 Global R&D for Drugs and Devices
	15.7	 Information Sharing and Its Acceptability
	15.8	 Future Directions
	15.9	 Conclusion
	References