Predator-Prey Dynamics: The Role of Olfaction

cover.jpg......Page 1
Predator–Prey Dynamics: The Role of Olfaction......Page 2
Dedication......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 11
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Contents......Page 0
chapter one: Olfactory predators and odorants......Page 13
Olfactory organs of vertebrates......Page 14
Use of olfaction by birds to locate food......Page 16
Which modality is most important to snakes in locating prey?......Page 17
Which modality is most important to predatory mammals in locating prey?......Page 19
Characteristics of odorants......Page 20
Perception of odor mixtures......Page 21
Sources of odorants from mammals and birds......Page 22
Using odors to detect differences between species or individuals......Page 23
Can animals hide from olfactory predators by changing their odor?......Page 24
Can animals hide from olfactory predators by masking their odor with another, overpowering one?......Page 25
Factors influencing the evaporation rate of odorants......Page 28
Movement of odorants through the atmosphere......Page 31
The olfactory concealment theory......Page 32
Creation of depositional odor trails......Page 34
Determining how long ago a trail was created......Page 35
Determining the direction of an odor trail......Page 36
Impact of environmental conditions on depositional odor trails......Page 38
How good are predators at following a depositional odor trail?......Page 40
Behavioral tactics used by deer and hares to escape from tracking dogs......Page 41
Locating home ranges using olfactory cues......Page 43
What olfactory predators can do to maximize the usefulness of depositional odor trails......Page 44
The challenge of using airborne odorants to detect the presence of prey......Page 46
How far can predators detect prey by sensing the quarry through its odor plume?......Page 47
Can prey reduce their odorant emission rate?......Page 49
Impact of turbulence on odorant concentration......Page 50
Differences in time-averaged and instantaneous views of odor plumes......Page 54
Impact of lateral and vertical turbulence on the size of instantaneous odor plumes......Page 55
Measurements of turbulence......Page 56
Spatial and temporal structure of odor plumes......Page 57
Effect of atmospheric instability on the vertical dispersion of odorants......Page 58
Diurnal changes in atmospheric stability......Page 61
Impact of atmospheric instability on olfactory predators and their prey......Page 64
Potential methods animals can use to locate an odor source......Page 66
How moths locate sources of odor plumes......Page 69
How tsetse flies use odor plumes to find their hosts......Page 70
Impact of wind velocity on the ability of predators to locate prey using odor plumes......Page 71
Effect of variable wind speed and direction on use of odor plumes to locate prey......Page 73
Convective turbulence caused by local topography......Page 75
Impact of local convective currents on olfactory predators and their prey......Page 79
Methods......Page 81
Results......Page 82
Methods......Page 83
Experiment 3: Do updrafts and turbulence hinder the ability of free-ranging predators to artificial nests?......Page 84
Methods......Page 85
Discussion......Page 86
chapter six: Turbulence caused by isolated surface features......Page 87
Mechanical turbulence caused by isolated surface features......Page 88
Impact of turbulence caused by isolated surface features on olfactory predators and their prey......Page 90
Mechanical turbulence caused by an isolated plant......Page 92
Turbulence caused by shelterbelts......Page 98
Impact of turbulence across shelterbelts on olfactory predators and their prey......Page 101
chapter seven: Turbulence over rough surfaces......Page 104
Aerodynamic roughness length......Page 105
Impact of z0 on olfactory predators and their prey......Page 107
Zero-plane displacement......Page 108
Airflow from a smooth to a rough surface......Page 110
Airflow from rough to smooth surfaces......Page 112
Impact of turbulence caused by habitat edges on olfactory predators and their prey......Page 113
Convective turbulence within plant canopies......Page 115
Mechanical turbulence within plant canopies......Page 116
Airflow and turbulence within forb and grass canopies......Page 118
Movement of a pheromone plume within a grain......Page 119
Airflow within the subcanopy of forests......Page 121
Differences in the movement of odor plumes above grass canopies and within forest canopies......Page 123
How does turbulence within a forest plantation differ from a naturally reproducing or old- growth forest?......Page 126
Airflow in savannas......Page 128
Impact of turbulence in forests, prairies, and savannas on olfactory predators and their prey......Page 132
Optimal foraging strategies for predators......Page 133
How predators develop search images of prey......Page 134
How birds learn where to nest......Page 135
Interplay between a predator’s optimal foraging strategy and a prey’s optimal hiding strategy......Page 138
Trade-offs required to avoid both visual and olfactory predators......Page 139
Trade-offs between the need to avoid olfactory predators and to meet the other necessities of life......Page 142
Trade-offs between the need to reproduce this year versus during future years......Page 144
Trade-offs involving the timing of dangerous activities......Page 145
Trade-offs among injuries, illness, starvation, and predators......Page 147
Summary......Page 150
chapter ten: Impact of olfactory predators on the behavior of female ungulates during parturition and on the behavior of their young......Page 151
Do females reduce their production of odorants at parturition sites or the bedding sites of their young?......Page 154
Is the behavior of neonates designed to hinder the ability of predators to find them using olfaction?......Page 155
Pronghorn......Page 158
Mule deer......Page 160
Elk......Page 162
Caribou......Page 163
Dall’s sheep and bighorn sheep......Page 164
Impact of avian mass, surface area, and metabolic rates on olfactory predators......Page 166
Impact of nest characteristics on olfactory predators......Page 169
Impact of weather on olfactory predators......Page 178
Impact of convection on olfactory predators......Page 180
Impact of isolated surface features on olfactory predators......Page 182
Impact of shelterbelts on olfactory predators......Page 185
Nest predation by olfactory predators in prairies and open......Page 188
Nest predation by olfactory predators within forests......Page 196
Impact of edge habitat on olfactory predators......Page 199
What is a forest patch or habitat patch?......Page 202
What is a forest clearing?......Page 203
Benefits of defining ecological terms based on the physics of airflow......Page 204
Dangers posed by odor plumes......Page 207
Can the olfactory-concealment theory help guide future research and provide answers to questions that heretofore have lacked explanation?......Page 208
Does the olfactory-concealment theory have any applied value?......Page 209
Appendix one: Latin names of species mentioned in this book......Page 211
Appendix two: Symbols used in this book......Page 216
Appendix three: Forces controlling wind speed and direction......Page 218
Appendix four: Pasquill’s system for measuring atmospheric stability......Page 221
References......Page 223