Precision Positioning with Commercial Smartphones in Urban Environments (EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing)

Preface
Contents
Context-Based Detection of GNSS Position Spoofing for Smartphones
	1 Literature Background
	2 Visible Satellites and Navigation Message
		2.1 Attack Model
		2.2 Client-Server Architecture
		2.3 Spoofing Check
			2.3.1 Stand-Alone Navigation Message Checks
			2.3.2 Remark
		2.4 Android Implementation
	3 Network Connectivity
		3.1 BS-Position-Based Solution
		3.2 Network-Provided Position
		3.3 Numerical Results
	4 IMU Data
		4.1 Inertial Measurement Units
			4.1.1 Gyroscope Measurements
			4.1.2 Accelerometer Measurements
			4.1.3 Representation of Orientation
		4.2 Measurement Error Models
			4.2.1 Gyroscope
			4.2.2 Accelerometer
			4.2.3 GNSS Module
		4.3 Extended Kalman Filter
		4.4 Innovation Testing
			4.4.1 Analytical Results
			4.4.2 Testing on Real World Data
			4.4.3 Testing on a Software Receiver
	5 Conclusions
	References
Using a Crowd-Sensing Strategy to Support Public TransportTracking
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Proposed Solution
		3.1 Overview
		3.2 Bus Driver
		3.3 Bus Broadcasting Devices
		3.4 Customers
		3.5 Cloud-Based Application Server
		3.6 Message Exchanges and Security Issues
		3.7 Multiple Locations
			3.7.1 Trusted Locations
			3.7.2 Untrusted Locations
	4 Implementation
		4.1 Mobile Apps
		4.2 BBD Implementation
			4.2.1 Data Dissemination Protocol
			4.2.2 Telemetry
		4.3 Cloud Server
	5 Evaluations and Tests
		5.1 GPS Traces Evaluation
		5.2 Performance Evaluations
			5.2.1 CPU Evaluation
			5.2.2 Network Evaluation
			5.2.3 Energy Evaluation
		5.3 Functional Evaluation of Data Dissemination Protocol
	6 Conclusion
	References
Location-Based Services for Smart Living in Urban Areas
	1 Introduction
	2 Location Based Services and Its Importance
	3 State-of-the-Art Review of LBS Infrastructures and Systems
		3.1 LBS Infrastructures Proposed in Literature
		3.2 Provisioning of LBSs in Ubiquitous Environment
			3.2.1 Indoor LBS and Location Tracking System
			3.2.2 Outdoor LBS and Navigation System
			3.2.3 LBS Platforms Integrating Indoor Localization and Outdoor Localization
	4 Basic Architecture of an LBS Infrastructure
	5 Open Research Issues in Provisioning of LBSs
	References
Proximity Based Social Networking in Urban Environments: Applications, Architectures and Frameworks
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Overview of Proximity Based Social Networking (PBSN)
		1.2 Chapter Plan
	2 A PBSN Application: Foursquare City Guide
		2.1 Features of Foursquare
		2.2 Foursquare Architecture
		2.3 Uses of Foursquare
	3 Categorization of PBSN Applications
		3.1 Categorization by Locations (Where)
			3.1.1 Point-Location Based
			3.1.2 Geo-Tagged Based
			3.1.3 Reminder Based
			3.1.4 Advertising Based
		3.2 Categorization by Objects (Who)
			3.2.1 Proximity Based
			3.2.2 Presence-Based
			3.2.3 Recommendation Based
		3.3 Categorization by Purpose (What)
			3.3.1 Healthcare Based
			3.3.2 Entertainment Based
			3.3.3 Emergency Based
		3.4 Categorization by Trajectories (How)
			3.4.1 Navigation Based
			3.4.2 Tracking Based
			3.4.3 Sensing Based
		3.5 Discussion
	4 PBSN System Evaluation
		4.1 Architecture and Framework
		4.2 Discovery Protocols
		4.3 Profile Matching
		4.4 Communication Protocols
		4.5 Recommendation Algorithms
		4.6 Location Prediction
		4.7 Security and Privacy
		4.8 Overall Evaluation of PBSN Systems
	5 Innovative PBSN Applications in Urban Environments
		5.1 Collective Sensing Applications
		5.2 Mobile Guide
		5.3 Assistive Technology
		5.4 Crowdsourcing
	6 Research Challenges
		6.1 Security and Privacy
		6.2 Anonymous Profile Matching
		6.3 Trust Management
		6.4 Data Analytics
		6.5 Analysis of Topological Characteristics of Social Networks
		6.6 Link Prediction Problem
		6.7 Privacy Context Based Communication
		6.8 Adaptabilities
	7 Conclusion
	References
Satellite Navigation
	1 Introduction
	2 Global Navigation Satellite system (GNSS)
		2.1 Global Position System (GPS)
		2.2 Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)
		2.3 BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)
		2.4 Galileo
	3 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Architecture
		3.1 Space Segment
		3.2 Control Segment
		3.3 User Segment
	4 Regional Navigation Satellite System
		4.1 NAVigation with Indian Constellation (NAVIC)
		4.2 Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)
	5 Signals
	6 Satellite Technology
		6.1 Satellite Navigation Augmentation Technology
		6.2 Test and Assessment Technology
		6.3 Fusion Technology
		6.4 Anti-interference Technology
		6.5 High Precision Clock Technology
	7 Satellite Applications
	8 Conclusion
	References
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Beacon-Based Micro-Positioning for Pedestrians Using Smartphones in Urban Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Bluetooth Beacons
		2.2 BLE Beacons Protocols
	3 System Design
		3.1 System Requirements
		3.2 System Components
		3.3 Mobile Application
		3.4 Distance Calculation
		3.5 User Direction Using Beacon-Signal and Time
		3.6 Message Format and Server Communication
	4 Test Deployment
		4.1 Practical Challenges and Mitigation Strategies
			4.1.1 Beacon Placement and Orientation
			4.1.2 Weatherproofing
			4.1.3 Vertical Position
			4.1.4 Fluctuation of RSSI
			4.1.5 Battery Drainage of the Smartphone
	5 Findings
	6 Conclusion
	References
Legal Issues and the Need to Engineer Positioning Systems for Protection of Privacy and Personal Security
	1 Introduction
	2 Positioning Systems and Possible Impact on the Privacy and Security of Others
	3 The Emergence of Positioning Systems as Issues for the Rule of Law and the Administration of Justice
	4 Case-Based Analysis on the Legal Issues for Privacy, Security and Positional Data Systems
		4.1 The US Supreme Court cases of United States v. Katz and United States v. Kyllo and the Impact of New Technologies on Traditional Rights Under the Law [37, 38]
		4.2 The US Supreme Court Case of United States v. Jones and GPS Tracking [39]
		4.3 The US Supreme Court Case of Carpenter v. United States and Cell Site Locational Information [40]
	5 Other Concerns for Present and Future Accountability for Positional Data Systems
	6 Conclusion
	References
Index