Precast-Prestressed-Concrete-Parking-Structure

1.0 Introduction
	1.1 General
	1.2 Aesthetics
	1.3 Functional Design
	1.4 Durability
	1.5 Sustainability
	1.6 Structural Framing Systems
	1.7 Construction
	1.8 Maintenance
	1.9 Research and Technical Support
2.0 Parking Structure Functional Design
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Types of Parking Structures
		2.2.1 Operational Types
		2.2.2 Building Code Classification
		2.2.3 Mixed-Use Parking Structures
	2.3 Revenue Control/Operating Systems
		2.3.1 Transient or Hourly Parking
		2.3.2 Monthly Contract Parking
		2.3.3 Cashiering
	2.4 Street Access Design
		2.4.1 Entrances
		2.4.2 Exits
	2.5 Floor-to-Ceiling Clearance
	2.6 Circulation and Ramping
	2.7 Parking Configuration
		2.7.1 Level of Service
		2.7.2 Parking Geometrics
	2.8 Accessible Parking
		2.8.1 Accessible Space Layout and Identification
		2.8.2 Van Accessible Spaces
	2.9 Pedestrian Circulation
	2.10 Safety and Security
		2.10.1 Passive Security
		2.10.2 Active Security
	2.11 Lighting
		2.11.1 Lighting Design Criteria
		2.11.2 Fixture Selection
		2.11.3 Light Source Selection
		2.11.4 Fixture Placement
		2.11.5 Electrical Equipment Room
	2.12 Wayfinding, Signage, and Graphics
		2.12.1 Introduction
		2.12.2 Wayfinding
		2.12.3 Signage
		2.12.4 Graphics
		2.12.5 Pavement Markings
	2.13 Other Items to Consider
		2.13.1 Fire Protection
		2.13.2 Physical Hazards
		2.13.3 Vehicle Barriers and Pedestrian Guards
	2.14 Sustainability
	2.15 Summary
3.0 Durability Considerations
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Durability Factors
	3.3 The Deterioration Mechanisms
	3.4 Designing for Durability
		3.4.1 Concrete Quality
			3.4.1.1 Deck Surfaces
			3.4.1.2 Finishing
			3.4.1.3 Curing
		3.4.2 Drainage
			3.4.2.1 Drains
		3.4.3 Concrete Cover
		3.4.4 Concrete Surface Sealers
			3.4.4.1 Penetrating Sealers
			3,4,4,2 Non-penetrating Sealers
			3.4.4.3 Geographic Considerations
		3.4.5 Crack Prevention, Control Joints and Isolation Joints
			3.4.5.1 Construction and Control Joints
			3.4.5.2 Isolation Joints
		3.4.6 Additional Durability Measures
			3.4.6.1 Epoxy-Coated Reinforcement
			3.4.6.2 Traffic-Bearing Membranes
			3.4.6.3 Corrosion Inhibitors
			3.4.6.4 High Performance Concrete
			3.4.6.5 Protection for Precast Connections
			3.4.6.6 Precast Stair Units
			3.4.6.7 Electrical Accessories
	3.5 Joint Sealants
		3.5.1 Joint Sealant Material Selection
		3.5.2 Joint Design
		3.5.3 Surface Preparation
			3.5.3.1 Pretopped Systems
			3.5.3.2 Field-topped Systems
	3.6 Joint Connections
		3.6.1 Installation of Connectors
		3.6.2 Welding of Connectors
	3.7 Maintenance Program
	3.8 Durability Considerations Summary
4.0 Sustainability
	4.1 Principles
	4.1.1 Sustainable Parking Structures
	4.1.2 Strategies for Sustainable Parking Structures
	4.1.3 Precast Concrete Systems as Sustainable Products
	4.1.5 Definitions and Terminology
5.0 Structural Design
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Gravity and Vehicle Impact Loads
		5.2.1 Dead Loads
		5.2.2 Live Loads
			5.2.2.1 Uniform Load
			5.2.2.2 Concentrated Load
			5.2.2.3 Load on Vehicle Barrier Systems
			5.2.2.4 Special Vehicle Loading
			5.2.2.5 Snow Load
	5.3 Lateral Loads
		5.3.1 Seismic Forces
		5.3.2 Wind Loads
		5.3.3 Earth Pressure
	5.4 Volume Changes
		5.4.1 Shrinkage and Creep
		5.4.2 Temperature-Related Volume Changes
		5.4.3 Volume Change Effects on the Structural System
		5.4.4 Expansion Joints
			5.4.4.1 Framing at Expansion Joints
			5.4.4.2 Expansion Joint Details
	5.5 Considerations for Fire
	5.6 Structural Components
		5.6.1 Stemmed Floor Members
		5.6.2 Hollow Core and Flat Slabs
		5.6.3 Composite Topping for Stemmed and Slab Floor Members
		5.6.4 Beams and Spandrels
		5.6.5 Columns
		5.6.6 Wall Panels
		5.6.7 Stair/Elevator Cores
	5.7 Lateral Force-Resisting Systems
		5.7.1 Floor Diaphragms
		5.7.2 Shear Walls
		5.7.3 Moment Resisting Frames
		5.7.4 Ramp Truss Action
6.0 Connections
	6.1 General
	6.2 Continuity of Load Path
	6.3 Ductility
	6.4 Gravity Connections
	6.5 Lateral System Connections
	6.6 Seismic Design Considerations
	6.7 Structural Integrity Connections
	6.8 Fabrications and Erection Considerations
	6.9 Connection Materials
	6.10 Galvanizing-Special Precautions
	6.11 Expansion Joint Details
	6.12 Common Example Connection Details
7.0 Production
	7.1 Concrete Quality
		7.1.1 Admixtures
	7.2 Casting Standardization
		7.2.1 Products
			7.2.1.1 Double Tees
			7.2.1.2 Beams
			7.2.1.3 Spandrels & Walls
			7.2.1.4 Columns
		7.2.2 Daps, Blockouts and Haunches
	7.3 Non-Prestressed Reinforcing
	7.4 Cast-In Materials
		7.4.1 Standardization
		7.4.2 Inserts
		7.4.3 Sleeves
		7.4.4 Plate Assembly Anchorages
	7.5 Molds/Foamwork
	7.6 Product, Interfacing and Erection Tolerances
		7.6.1 Product Tolerances
			7.6.1.1 Structural Conditions
			7.6.1.2 Connection Tolerances
			7.6.1.3 Visual Effects
		7.6.2 Interfacing Tolerances
			7.6.2.1 Door and Window Blockouts
	7.7 Quality Control
		7.7.1 Inspections by the Precaster
			7.7.1.1 Pre-Pour Inspection
			7.7.1.2 Post-Pour Inspection
			7.7.1.3 Miscellaneous Inspections
		7.7.2 Observations byt the Structural Engineer of Record (SER)
	7.8 Finishes
		7.8.1 Floor Member Finishes
		7.8.2 Exposed Surface Finishes
		7.8.3 Architectural Finishes
		7.8.4 Facade Samples
	7.9 Production Summary
8.0 Erection Considerations
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Erection Considerations During Design
	8.3 Preconstruction Planning
		8.3.1 Erection Plan
			8.3.1.1 Additional Considerations
	8.4 Transportation and Unloading
	8.5 Rigging
	8.6 Stability
	8.7 Field Considerations for Connections
		8.7.1 General Considerations
		8.7.2 Temporary Connections
		8.7.3 Types of Connections
			8.7.3.1 Bolted Connections
			8.7.3.2 Welded Connections
			8.7.3.3 Grout, Mortar and Drypack
	8.8 Installation
		8.8.1 General
		8.8.2 Loadbearing Members
			8.8.2.1 Columns
			8.8.2.2 Beams and Spandrels
			8.8.2.3 Wall Panels
		8.8.3 Floor Members
			8.8.3.1 Double Tees
	8.9 Erection Tolerances
		8.9.1 General
		8.9.2 Connection Tolerances
		8.9.3 Hardware
	8.10 Post-Installation Considerations
		8.10.1 Protection of Work
		8.10.2 Repairs at the Jobsite
		8.10.3 Cleaning
		8.10.4 Acceptance
	8.11 Conclusion