Practical System Programming with C - Pragmatic Example Applications in Linux and Unix-Based Operating Systems.

Table of Contents
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Linux Environment
	Getting Familiar with the Linux Architecture
		Hardware Layer
		Kernel
			I/O Management
			Process Management
			Resource Management
			Device Management
			Types of Kernels
				Monolithic Kernels
				Microkernels
					Kernel Space
					User Space
				Hybrid Kernels
				Nanokernels
				Exokernels
		Shell
		System Library
	Linux Kernels vs. Other OS Kernels
	Introduction to Files
		Text File
		Program File
		Binary File
		Special File
		Regular File
	File Handling Utilities
		mkdir
		cd
		rmdir
		rm
		touch
		ls
		cat
		head
		tail
		nl
		wc
		copy
		ulimit
	File Permission Commands
		chmod
			Read
			Write
			Execute
			Changing Permissions with Weights
	Process Utilities
		Process
			Foreground Process
			Background Process
		Process Commands
			ps
			Options
			top
			kill
	Network Utilities
		ifconfig
		hostname
		netstat
		nslookup
		traceroute
		host
		ping
		dig
	Summary
Chapter 2: Multithreading in C
	Introduction to Threads
	Thread Classification
		User-Level Threads
		Kernel-Level Threads
	Threads vs. Processes
		New State
		Ready State
		Wait State
		Running State
		Terminated
	Introduction to Multithreading
		Multitasking Architecture
		Multithreading Architecture
		Importance of Multithreading
			Efficient Resource Sharing
			Application Scalability
			Responsiveness
			Efficient Memory Utilization
			Efficient CPU Utilization
	Concurrency
	Parallelism
	Support of Multithreading in C
		pthread_create
		pthread_join
		pthread_self
		pthread_equal
		pthread_exit
		pthread_cancel
		pthread_detach
	Creating Threads
	Practical Examples of Multithreading
		Thread Termination
		Thread Equal Property
		Passing a Single Argument to a Thread Function
		Passing Multiple Arguments as Parameters
	The Relationship Between Threads and the CPU
	Multithreading Use Cases
	Summary
Chapter 3: Introduction to POSIX Standards and System-Level APIs
	Understanding POSIX Standards
		POSIX.1 Standards
		POSIX.1b Standards
		POSIX.1c Standards
		POSIX.2 Standards
	POSIX Support
	Introduction to APIs
		User Mode
	Supervisor Mode
		The Importance of System-Level APIs
		Built-in APIs in C
	Summary
Chapter 4: Files and Directories
	File Systems
		File Metadata and Inodes
	System Calls and I/O Operations for Files
		creat
		open
		close
		read
		write
		Append Operations in Files Using System Calls
	File Permissions
		chmod Function to Change Permissions
		File Permissions Check
	Soft and Hard Links
		Soft Links
			Creating a Soft Link Using the Command Line
			Unlinking a Soft Link
			Creating a Soft Link Using System Calls
			Unlinking Using a System Call
		Hard Links
			Creating a Hard Link Using the Command Line
			Creating a Hard Link Using a System Call
	System Calls for Directories
		Creating a Directory
		Deleting a Directory
		Getting the Current Working Directory
		Changing Directory
		Reading a Directory
		Closing a Directory
	Summary
Chapter 5: Process and Signals
	Introduction to the Process Environment
		Environment List
		Memory Layout of a C Program
		Command-Line Arguments
			Stack
			Heap
			Uninitialized Data
			Initialized Data
			Text
		Process Termination Methodologies
	Environment Variables
		User-Level Environment Variables
		System-Level Environment Variable
		Environment Variable Examples
		Accessing an Environment Variable
		Setting a New Environment Variable
		Deleting Environment Variables
		Accessing Environment Variables in C
		Setting a New Environment Variable Using C
		Deleting an Environment Variable
	Kernel Support for Processes
		Process Scheduler
			Preemptive Scheduling Algorithm
			Non-Preemptive Scheduling Algorithm
		Memory Manager
		Virtual File System
			Network Unit
	Process Creation
	Zombie Process
	Orphan Process
		System Calls for Process Management
			vfork System Call
			exec System Call Family
				execl()
				execlp()
				execle()
				execv()
				execvp()
				execve()
			wait System Call
			waitpid System Call
			kill System Call
			exit System Call
			_Exit System Call
	Introduction to Signals
		Catch the Signal
		Ignore the Signal
		Default Action
		Types of Signals
			Unreliable Signals
			Reliable Signals
		System Calls for Signals
			raise System Call
			kill System Call
			alarm System Call
			pause System Call
			abort System Call
			sleep System Call
	Summary
Chapter 6: Interprocess Communication
	Introduction to IPC
		Independent Processes
		Cooperating Processes
			Shared Memory
			Message Passing
		The Benefits of IPC
	Modes of Communication
		Simplex
		Half Duplex
		Full Duplex
	Types of IPC
		Pipes
		FIFO (Named Pipe)
		Message Queues
		Semaphores
		Shared Memory
		Sockets
	Anonymous Pipes
		APIs for Anonymous Pipes
			pipe()
			close()
			write()
			read()
		Creating Anonymous Pipes
	Implementation of Pipes Using Child and Parent Processes
	Working with Named Pipes
		mknod() System Call
			Dev
		mkfifo() System Call
		mknod vs. mkfifo
		Creating FIFO
			FIFO Server
			FIFO Client
	Using Message Queues
		APIs for Message Queues
			ftok()
			msgget()
			msgsnd()
				Message Type
				Message Text
			msgrcv()
			msgctl()
		Message Queue Implementation
	Introduction to Semaphores
		Binary Semaphores
		Counting Semaphores
		Characteristics of Semaphores
		The Advantages of Using a Semaphore
		The Disadvantages of Using a Semaphore
		Semaphore vs. Mutex
		APIs for a Semaphore
			semget()
			semop()
			semctl()
	Accessing Global Data Without Semaphores
	Implementing the Data Consistent Model Using a Semaphore and a Mutex
	Summary
Chapter 7: Shared Memory
	Introduction to Shared Memory
	API for Shared Memory
		shmget()
		shmat()
		shmdt()
		shmctl()
	Kernel Support for Shared Memory
	Implementation of Shared Memory
		Shared Memory Writers Program
		Shared Memory Reader Program
	Summary
Chapter 8: Socket Programming
	Introduction to Sockets
		Stream Sockets
		Datagram Sockets
		Raw Sockets
		Domain Sockets
		Internet Domain Sockets
	IPC Over Network
		Communication Style
		Namespaces
		Protocol
	API for Socket Programming
	OSI Architecture Model
		Physical Layer
		Data Link Layer
		Network Layer
		Transport Layer
		Session Layer
		Presentation Layer
		Application Layer
		Advantages of the OSI Model
		Disadvantages of the OSI Model
	TCP/IP Architecture Model
		Network Access Layer
		Internet Layer
		Transport Layer
		Application Layer
		Advantages of TCP/IP
		Disadvantages of TCP/IP
	Client-Server Architecture
		Client
		Server
		Examining the Client-Server Architecture
		Advantages of the Client-Server Model
		Disadvantages of the Client-Server Model
	System Calls for Socket Programming
		socket()
		bind()
		listen()
		accept()
		send()
		recv()
		sendto()
		recvfrom()
		close()
	Implementation of Client Server Architecture
		TCP Client-Server Architecture
			TCP Server
			TCP Client
		TCP Client-Server Code
			Server Code
			Client Code
		UDP Client Server Architecture
			UDP Server
			UDP Client
		UDP Client-Server Code
			Server Code
			Client Code
	Summary
Index