Practical Power System and Protective Relays Commissioning

Front-matter_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protective-Relays-Commissioning
	Practical Power System and Protective Relays Commissioning
Copyright_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protective-Relays-Commissioning
	Copyright
Introduction_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protective-Relays-Commissioning
	Introduction
Chapter-1---Power-System-E_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protective-Relays
	1 Power System Elements
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Overview of a Power System
			1.2.1 Generation of Power
			1.2.2 Transmission System
			1.2.3 Distribution System
			1.2.4 Loads
		1.3 System Voltages
		1.4 Power System Components
		1.5 IEEE Device Numbers and Functions for Switchgear Apparatus
Chapter-2---Substati_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protective-Relays-Commi
	2 Substations
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Substation Electrical Diagrams
			2.2.1 Single Line Diagram
			2.2.2 Schematic/Elementary Diagram
			2.2.3 Connection or Wiring Diagram
			2.2.4 Interconnection Diagram
		2.3 Substation and Busbar Layouts
			2.3.1 Single Busbar Arrangement
			2.3.2 Double Busbar/One Circuit Breaker Arrangement
			2.3.3 Sectioning of Busbar Arrangement
			2.3.4 Ring Busbar Arrangement
			2.3.5 One and Half Breaker Arrangement
			2.3.6 Double Busbar, Double Breaker Arrangement
			2.3.7 Interconnected Mesh Corners Arrangement
		2.4 Load Break Switches
		2.5 Switchgear in Generating Stations
			2.5.1 Main Switchgear Schemes
			2.5.2 Auxiliary Switchgear
				2.5.2.1 Unit system of generator
				2.5.2.2 Unit scheme employing generator circuit breaker
Chapter-3---Introduction-to-Testing-and_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Prot
	3 Introduction to Testing and Commissioning of Power System
		3.1 Introduction
			3.1.1 Precommissioning Procedures
			3.1.2 Commissioning Management
		3.2 Power Transformer Commissioning
			3.2.1 Visual Check
			3.2.2 Electrical Tests
		3.3 Surge Arrestor Test
			3.3.1 Visual Checks
			3.3.2 Electrical Tests
		3.4 Current Transformer Commissioning Tests
			3.4.1 Visual Checks
			3.4.2 Commissioning Electrical Tests
		3.5 Voltage Transformer Commissioning Tests
			3.5.1 Visual Checks
			3.5.2 Electrical Commissioning Tests
		3.6 Gas Insulated Switchgear Commissioning Test
			3.6.1 Visual Check and Mechanical Tests
			3.6.2 Electrical Tests
		3.7 High Voltage Cables Commissioning Tests
			3.7.1 Visual Checks
			3.7.2 Electrical Tests
		3.8 Protection and Control Panels Commissioning Tests
			3.8.1 Visual Check
			3.8.2 Electrical Tests
		3.9 Final Energization Commissioning Procedures
		3.10 AC Distribution Panel Commissioning Tests
			3.10.1 Visual Checks
			3.10.2 Electrical Tests
		3.11 DC Distribution Panels Commissioning Tests
			3.11.1 Visual Check
			3.11.2 Electrical Tests
		3.12 Battery Commissioning Tests
			3.12.1 Visual Check
			3.12.2 Electrical Tests
		3.13 Battery Charger Commissioning Tests
			3.13.1 Visual Checks
			3.13.2 Electrical Tests
Chapter-4---Generators-and-Motors-_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protectiv
	4 Generators and Motors: Theory and Testing
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Generating Stations
			4.2.1 Hydro Power Stations
			4.2.2 Thermal Power Stations
			4.2.3 Nuclear Power Stations
		4.3 Renewable Power Systems
			4.3.1 Introduction
			4.3.2 Renewable Energy
			4.3.3 Types of Renewable Energy
				4.3.3.1 Solar Energy
				4.3.3.2 Wind Energy
					4.3.3.2.1 Wind Turbine Power System Protection Zones
				4.3.3.3 Geothermal Energy
				4.3.3.4 Biomass Energy
				4.3.3.5 Ocean or Tidal Energy
				4.3.3.6 Hydro-electric Energy
		4.4 Synchronous Generators: Theory and Construction
			4.4.1 Synchronous Generator Excitation System
			4.4.2 Synchronous Generator Ratings
			4.4.3 Steady-State Stability and Transient Stability of Synchronous Generators
			4.4.4 Power Angle of Synchronous Machines
			4.4.5 Excitation Response
			4.4.6 Excitation Ceiling Voltage
		4.5 Generator Connection in Power Stations
		4.6 Synchronizing of Synchronous Generator With Busbars
		4.7 Installation and Commissioning of Synchronous Generators
			4.7.1 The Pre-start Commissioning Tests of Synchronous Generators
		4.8 Synchronous Motors Theory
		4.9 Three-Phase Induction Motors Theory
		4.10 The Pre-start Commissioning Tests of Induction Motors
Chapter-5---Power-Transformers-Theory_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protec
	5 Power Transformers Theory Testing and Commissioning
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Transformer Construction
		5.3 Transformer Cooling System
		5.4 Transformer Theory and Circuit Analysis
			5.4.1 Transformers and Overexcitation
		5.5 Power Transformer Installation
			5.5.1 Transportation
			5.5.2 Site Inspections
			5.5.3 Transformer Storage
		5.6 Power Transformer Testing and Commissioning
			5.6.1 Measurement of Winding Insulation Resistance
			5.6.2 Measurement of Voltage Ratio Test
			5.6.3 Determination of Transformer Vector Group Test
			5.6.4 Winding Resistance Test
			5.6.5 Measurement of No-Load Current and No-Load Circuit Losses Test
			5.6.6 Measurement of Load Losses: Current and Impedance Voltage Test
			5.6.7 Temperature Rise Test
			5.6.8 Transformer Oil Breakdown Test
			5.6.9 Measurement of Capacitance and Tan δ
			5.6.10 Frequency Response Analysis
			5.6.11 Partial Discharge Measurement
		5.7 Commissioning Tests for Power Transformers at Site
			5.7.1 General
			5.7.2 Primary Tests
			5.7.3 Secondary Tests
			5.7.4 Tripping Tests
			5.7.5 Load Test
Chapter-6---Transmission-Lines-Theory_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protec
	6 Transmission Lines Theory Testing and Commissioning
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Overhead AC Lines
			6.2.1 Electrical Characteristics of AC Transmission Lines
		6.3 Underground Cables
			6.3.1 High-Voltage Cables
			6.3.2 High-Voltage Cables: End Terminations
		6.4 Testing and Commissioning of Extra-High-Voltage and High-Voltage Cables at Site
			6.4.1 Continuity and Phasing Checks
			6.4.2 DC Contact Resistance of Cable Phase Conductors
			6.4.3 DC Insulation Sheath Test
			6.4.4 Cable Insulation Resistance Test
			6.4.5 Cable Capacitance Test
			6.4.6 Verification of Cross Bonding Test of Metallic Sheath of Cable
			6.4.7 Measurements of Cable Positive Sequence Impedance
			6.4.8 Measurements of Cable Zero Sequence Impedance
			6.4.9 Sheath Voltage Limit Test
			6.4.10 High-Voltage Resonant AC Test for 132kV Cables and Above
		6.5 High Voltage DC Power Systems Transmission
			6.5.1 Introduction
			6.5.2 Construction of DC Transmission
				6.5.2.1 Monopolar links
				6.5.2.2 Bipolar links
				6.5.2.3 Homopolar links
			6.5.3 DC Transmission Components
			6.5.4 High-Voltage DC Protection System
Chapter-7---Circuit-Breakers-Theory-_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protect
	7 Circuit Breakers Theory Testing and Commissioning
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Principle of Arc Interruption
		7.3 Circuit Breaker Types Based on Insulating Medium
			7.3.1 Air Circuit Breaker
			7.3.2 Oil Circuit Breaker
			7.3.3 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
			7.3.4 SF6 Circuit Breaker
				7.3.4.1 Properties of SF6 Gas
				7.3.4.2 Contaminants
				7.3.4.3 Related Standards
				7.3.4.4 Precautions
				7.3.4.5 Testing for Contamination
		7.4 Circuit Breaker Operating Mechanism
		7.5 Circuit Breaker Controls
			7.5.1 Electrical Control
		7.6 Circuit Breaker Testing
			7.6.1 Contact Resistance Testing
			7.6.2 Insulation Resistance Testing
			7.6.3 High-Voltage Test
			7.6.4 Circuit Breaker Timing Test
			7.6.5 Reduced Voltage Test
Chapter-8---Air-Insulated-System-Subs_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protec
	8 Air Insulated System Substations Theory and Testing
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Testing of the AIS-Components
Chapter-9---Surge-Arresters-Theory-T_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protect
	9 Surge Arresters Theory Testing and Commissioning
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Testing of Surge Arresters
Chapter-10---Traditional-and-Electronic-Curr_2019_Practical-Power-System-and
	10 Traditional and Electronic Current Transformers Theory Testing and Commissioning
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Current Transformer Equivalent Circuit
		10.3 Current Transformer Magnetization Curve
		10.4 Current Transformer Accuracy Classes
			10.4.1 Metering Current Transformer Accuracy Classes
			10.4.2 Protection Current Transformer Accuracy Classes
			10.4.3 Current Transformer Open Circuited Secondary Winding
		10.5 Types of Current Transformers
			10.5.1 Wound Primary Type Current Transformer
			10.5.2 Bar Primary Type Current Transformer (Resin-Embedded)
			10.5.3 Bushing-Type Current Transformers
			10.5.4 Air-Gapped Current Transformers
			10.5.5 Transient Performance Current Transformers
				10.5.5.1 TPY Class
				10.5.5.2 TPZ Class
					TPS Class
					TPX Class
					TPY Class
					TPZ Class
			10.5.6 Linear Coupler Current Transformers
		10.6 Current Transformers Connections
		10.7 Current Transformer Knee Point
		10.8 Optical Current and Voltage Transformer
			10.8.1 Advantages of Optical Instruments
		10.9 Current Transformer Commissioning Testing
			10.9.1 Visual Checks
			10.9.2 Commissioning Electrical Tests
				10.9.2.1 Insulation Resistance Test
				10.9.2.2 Winding Resistance Test
				10.9.2.3 Polarity Test
				10.9.2.4 Ratio Test by Primary Injection
				10.9.2.5 Magnetizing Current Test
				10.9.2.6 Loop Resistance Burden Test
				10.9.2.7 Continuity of Secondary Circuits
				10.9.2.8 High Voltage Test
				10.9.2.9 Demagnetizing the CT Cores
Chapter-11---Voltage-Trans_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protective-Relays
	11 Voltage Transformers
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Principle of Operation of Electromagnetic Voltage Transformers
		11.3 Principle of Operation of Capacitive Voltage Transformers
		11.4 Burdens and Accuracy Classes
		11.5 Types and Three-Phase Connections of Voltage Transformers
		11.6 Optical Current and Voltage Transformers
			11.6.1 Advantages of Optical Instruments
		11.7 Voltage Transformer Testing
			11.7.1 Visual Check
			11.7.2 Insulation Resistance Test
			11.7.3 Polarity (Flick) Test
			11.7.4 Voltage Transformer Ratio Test
			11.7.5 Winding Resistance Test
			11.7.6 Loop Resistance Burden Test
Chapter-12---Disconnecting-Switches-and-Ear_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-
	12 Disconnecting Switches and Earthing Switches Theory Testing and Commissioning
		12.1 Introduction
			12.1.1 Load Break Switches
			12.1.2 High-Speed Earthing Switches
		12.2 Disconnect Switches/Earth (Grounding) Switches Tests
Chapter-13---Fault-Recorders-in-Subst_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protec
	13 Fault Recorders in Substations and Power Stations
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Fault Recorder Testing
Chapter-14---Gas-Insulated-Syst_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protective-R
	14 Gas Insulated System Substations
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Disconnecting and Earthing Switches
		14.3 Circuit Breakers
			14.3.1 Puffer Circuit Breakers
			14.3.2 Self-Blast Circuit Breakers
		14.4 Instrument Transformers
			14.4.1 Current Transformers
			14.4.2 Voltage Transformers
		14.5 Cable Connection
		14.6 Direct Transformer Connections
		14.7 Surge Arrester
		14.8 Control System
		14.9 Gas Monitoring System
		14.10 Gas Compartments and Zones
		14.11 GIS Testing
		14.12 SF6 Gas Handling
			14.12.1 SF6 Gas Filling Cylinder
			14.12.2 Gas Service Truck
Chapter-15---Batteri_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protective-Relays-Commi
	15 Batteries
		15.1 Introduction
			15.1.1 Power Sources
			15.1.2 DC Power Circuits
			15.1.3 Cells and Batteries
			15.1.4 Cell Operation
			15.1.5 Safety Considerations
			15.1.6 Additional Checks
			15.1.7 Acid Concentration
			15.1.8 Specific Gravity and Acid Concentration
			15.1.9 Determining the Condition of a Battery
			15.1.10 Taking Measurements
		15.2 Charging and Discharging of a New Battery
			15.2.1 Discharging of a New Battery
		15.3 Battery Charger
		15.4 Charger Setting Modes During Battery Charging
		15.5 Batteries in High-Voltage Substations
Chapter-16---Power-System-Fau_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protective-Rel
	16 Power System Fault Analysis
		16.1 Basic System Relationships
		16.2 Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Components
			16.2.1 Positive Sequence
			16.2.2 Negative Sequence
			16.2.3 Zero Sequence
			16.2.4 The Symmetrical Components of Unsymmetrical Phasors
		16.3 Sequence Impedance Networks
			16.3.1 Power Transformer, Generator, Cables, Transmission Lines Sequence Networks
				16.3.1.1 Conclusion
		16.4 Symmetrical Three-Phase Fault Analyses
			16.4.1 Unsymmetrical Single-Phase Fault Analyses
			16.4.2 Unsymmetrical Phase-to-Phase Fault Analyses
			16.4.3 Unsymmetrical Phase-to-Phase Faults to Earth Analyses
			16.4.4 Unsymmetrical Single-Phase Open-Circuit Fault Analyses
			16.4.5 Three-Phase Equivalent Fault Level and Fault Current
		16.5 Worked Examples
Chapter-17---IEC-61850-Protocols-Used-i_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Prot
	17 IEC 61850 Protocols Used in Protective Relays Communication
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 IEC 61850
			17.2.1 Fundamental Design and Operation
				17.2.1.1 Logical Nodes and Services
				17.2.1.2 Physical Devices
				17.2.1.3 Communication in IEC 61850
				17 .2.1.4 Transport Profile
				17.2.1.5 Bus Topology
			17.2.2 Substation Configuration Language
				17.2.2.1 Setting up Protocols Using IEC 61850
				17.2.2.2 Security of IEC-61850
		17.3 General Description of a Substation Automation System
		17.4 Testing and commissioning of IEC 61850 in substation
			17.4.1 IEC-61850 Testing
Chapter-18---Protection-_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protective-Relays-C
	18 Protection Relays
	Subchapter 18.1 Introduction
	Subchapter 18.2 Classification of Relays
		18.2.1 Classification Based on Function
		18.2.2 Classification Based on Input Quantities
		18.2.3 Classification Based on Principals or Structures
		18.2.4 Classification Based on Characteristics
	Subchapter 18.3 Design of Protective Relaying Systems
		18.3.1 Design Criteria of Protective Relaying Systems
		18.3.2 Zones of Protection
		18.3.3 Steps and Information Required to Design a Good Protection System
	Subchapter 18.4 History of Relays
		18.4.1 Principles of the Construction and Operation of the Electromechanical IDMT Relay
		18.4.2 Static Protection Relay
		18.4.3 Intelligent Electronic Device Relays
			18.4.3.1 Protection Intelligent Electronic Device
			18.4.3.2 Control and Monitoring Intelligent Electronic Device
				18.4.3.3 Substation Control System
	Subchapter 18.5 Overcurrent Relays
		18.5.1 Introduction
		18.5.2 Nondirectional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection
		18.5.3 Principles of Time/Current Grading
			18.5.3.1 Discrimination by Time
			18.5.3.2 Discrimination by Current
			18.5.3.3 Discrimination by Current and Time
		18.5.4 Earth Fault Protection
		18.5.5 Directional Relays
			18.5.5.1 Ring Main Circuit Overcurrent and Directional Relays Grading
		18.5.6 IEC Curves and ANCI/IEEE Curves Overcurrent Relay Characteristic
	Subchapter 18.6 Distance Protection
		18.6.1 Basic Principles
		18.6.2 Distance Protection Circuit Analysis
		18.6.3 Distance Relay Operating Characteristic
		18.6.4 Important Considerations in Distance Protection
			18.6.4.1 Effect of System Impedance Ratio (SIR) on Distance Protection Measurements
			18.6.4.2 Distance Protection Setting for Parallel Lines
			18.6.4.3 Weak Infeed in a Permissive Overreach Scheme
		18.6.5 Distance Protection Telecommunication Schemes
			18.6.5.1 Direct Transfer Trip Scheme (Underreach Scheme)
			18.6.5.2 Permissive Underreach Scheme
			18.6.5.3 Permissive Overreach Scheme (Directional Comparison Scheme)
			18.6.5.4 Zone Extension Scheme
			18.6.5.5 Acceleration Scheme
			18.6.5.6 Blocking Overreach Transfer Scheme
		18.6.6 Distance Relay Inputs for Correct Measurement of Different Types of Faults
			18.6.6.1 Neutral Impedance Compensation
		18.6.7 Power Swing Blocking Relay
		18.6.8 Voltage Transformer Supervision (Fuse Failure)
		18.6.9 Switch on to Fault Feature in Distance Relay
		18.6.10 Stub Protection Function
		18.6.11 Autoreclosing Function in Distance Relay
			18.6.11.1 Autoreclosing Important Definitions
			18.6.11.2 Autoreclosing for Transmission Lines
			18.6.11.3 Autoreclosing and Other Equipment
			18.6.11.4 Distribution Networks with Radial Feeders
			18.6.11.5 Autoreclosing in Strong High-Voltage Networks
	Subchapter 18.7 Generator Protections
		18.7.1 Differential Protection
		18.7.2 Stator Earth Fault Protection (90%)
		18.7.3 Stator Earth Fault Protection (100%)
		18.7.4 Restricted Earth Fault Protection
		18.7.5 Overcurrent Protection
		18.7.6 Backup Distance Protection
		18.7.7 Reverse Power Protection
		18.7.8 Loss of Excitation (Field Failure) Protection
		18.7.9 Out-of-Step (Pole Slipping) Protection
		18.7.10 Negative-Phase Sequence Current I2 Protection
		18.7.11 Rotor Earth Fault Protection
		18.7.12 Frequency Protection
		18.7.13 Voltage Protection
		18.7.14 Interturn Fault Protection
		18.7.15 Power Factor Relay (32R) Protection
		18.7.16 Conclusion
	Subchapter 18.8 Motor Protection
		18.8.1 Introduction
			18.8.2 Different Types of Motor Protections
	18.9 Switchgear (Busbar) Protection
		18.9.1 Importance of Busbars
		18.9.2 Busbar Protection
		18.9.3 Busbar protection types
			18.9.3.1 Frame Leakage Busbar Protection
			18.9.3.2 Busbar Blocking System
			18.9.3.3 BusBar Differential Protection
				18.9.3.3.1 Low-Impedance Busbar Prottection
				18.9.3.3.2 High-Impedance Circulating Current Protection
					18.9.3.3.2.1 Through-Fault Stability Limit
				18.9.3.3.3 Fault Setting Resistor
				18.9.3.3.4 Check Zone Feature
				18.9.3.3.5 Nonlinear Resistance (Metrosils Resistance)
				18.9.3.3.6 Busbar Protection Supervision Relay
		18.9.4 Typical Busbar Protection of High-Impedance Type
	Subchapter 18.10 Unit Protections
		18.10.1 Introduction
		18.10.2 Application of Differential Protection
		18.10.3 Differential Protection of High-Voltage Transmission Lines (Pilot-Wire Protection)
		18.10.4 Power Line Carrier
	Subchapter 18.11 Backup Protections
		18.11.1 Introduction
		18.11.2 Remote Backup Protection
		18.11.3 Local Backup and Breaker Failure Protection
	Subchapter 18.12 Transformer Protection
		18.12.1 Introduction
			18.12.1.1 Transformer Inrush Current
		18.12.2 Transformer Overload Protection
		18.12.3 Transformer Overcurrent Protection
		18.12.4 Transformer Earth Fault Protection
		18.12.5 Buchholz Protection
		18.12.6 Differential Protection
			18.12.6.1 Transformer Connections
			18.12.6.2 Tap Changers
			18.12.6.3 Auto-Transformer Differential Protection
			18.12.6.4 Earthing Transformer Protection
		18.12.7 Zero-Sequence Circuits of transformers
			18.12.7.1 Two-Winding Transformers
			18.12.7.2 Three-Winding Transformers
			18.12.7.3 Zigzag Earthing Transformers
		18.12.8 System Earthing
		18.12.9 Comparison of High-Impedance and Low-Impedance Differential Protection
		18.12.10 Examples of Transformer Differential Protection Connections
Chapter-19---Protection-Relay_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protective-Rel
	19 Protection Relays Settings
		Introduction
	Subchapter 19.1 Overcurrent Protection Settings
		19.1.1 Introduction
		19.1.2 Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection
		19.1.3 Transformer Overcurrent Protection
	Subchapter 19.2 Feeder Backup Overcurrent Protections
		19.2.1 Introduction
		19.2.2 Worked Example
	Subchapter 19.3 Feeder Unit Differential Protection
		19.3.1 Introduction
		19.3.2 Worked Example
	Subchapter 19.4 Setting of Distance Protection
		19.4.1 Introduction
		19.4.2 Worked Examples
	Subchapter 19.5 Differential Protection Setting
		19.5.1 Introduction
		19.5.2 Low-Impedance Differential Protection
			19.5.2.1 Worked Example 1
			19.5.2.2 Worked Example 2
		19.5.3 High-Impedance Differential Protection Setting
			19.5.3.1 Worked Example 1 (Fig. 19.5.7)
			19.5.3.2 Worked Example 2 (Fig. 19.5.10)
	Subchapter 19.6 Generator Protection Setting
		19.6.1 Introduction
		19.6.2 Worked Examples
	Subchapter 19.7 Switchgear (Busbar) Protection Settings
		19.7.1 Introduction
		19.7.2 Worked Examples for Busbar Protection
		19.7.3 Introduction to Breaker Failure Protection
		19.7.4 Worked Example for Breaker Failure Protection
	Subchapter 19.8 Motor Protection Setting
		19.8.1 Introduction
		19.8.2 Worked Examples
			19.8.2.1 Motor Faults
			19.8.2.2 Phase Fault Protection
			19.8.2.3 Earth Fault Protection
			19.8.2.4 Locked Rotor Protection
			19.8.2.5 Overload Protection
			19.8.2.6 Low-Voltage Protection
			19.8.2.7 Phase Rotation Protection
			19.8.2.8 Phase Unbalance Protection
			19.8.2.9 Out-of-Step Protection for Synchronous Motors
			19.8.2.10 Loss of Excitation Protection for Synchronous Motors
Chapter-20---Protective-Relays-Test_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protecti
	20 Protective Relays Testing and Commissioning
		Introduction
	Subchapter 20.1 Protective Relays Testing and Commissioning
		20.1.1 Introduction
		20.1.2 Commissioning Tests of Protective Relays
			20.1.2.1 Secondary Injection Tests
			20.1.2.2 Protection Scheme Function Test
			20.1.2.3 Primary Injection Tests
			20.1.2.4 End-to-End Test
			20.1.2.5 On-Load Tests
	Subchapter 20.2 Overcurrent Relay Testing and Commissioning
		20.2.1 Secondary Injection Tests
			20.2.1.1 Nondirectional Overcurrent Relays Testing
			20.2.1.2 Directional Overcurrent Relay Testing and Commissioning
	Subchapter 20.3 Distance Protection Testing and Commissioning
		20.3.1 Secondary Injection Test
	Subchapter 20.4 Line Differential Protection Testing and Commissioning
		20.4.1 Old-Type Pilot Wire Differential Protection Testing
		20.4.2 New Type Line Differential Protection With Fiber Optic Link Testing
	Subchapter 20.5 Transformer Protection Testing and Commissioning
		20.5.1 Transformer Differential Protection
		20.5.2 Secondary Injection Tests
		20.5.3 Primary Injection Test
	Subchapter 20.6 Busbar Protection Testing and Commissioning
		20.6.1 Secondary Injection Test for the Discriminating Zone
		20.6.2 Primary Injection Stability Test
	Subchapter 20.7 Synchronizing Relay Testing and Commissioning
		20.7.1 Introduction
		20.7.2 Synchronizing Relay Test
	Subchapter 20.8 Out-of-Step Relay Testing and Commissioning
		20.8.1 Introduction
		20.8.2 Relay Connection
		20.8.3 Test Procedure
Chapter-21---A-Guided-Practical-Value-of-Some-_2019_Practical-Power-System-a
	21 A Guided Practical Value of Some Test Results Collected From Actual Power System Testing at Site
		21.1 Power Transformer Test
		21.2 High-Voltage Transmission Line Impedance Values
		21.3 Gas Insulated System Tests
		21.4 Low Voltage Panels
Chapter-22---Final-Substation-Primary-a_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Prot
	22 Final Substation Primary and Energization and Loading Tests
		22.1 Final Primary Injection Test of Substation
		22.2 Energization of Substation Test
			22.2.1 Synchronizing/Phasing Checks
			22.2.2 Directional Test
			22.2.3 On-Load Stability Test
Chapter-23---Substation-Testing-and-Commiss_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-
	23 Substation Testing and Commissioning Time Schedules and Resources Management
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Practical Example of Executed Substations
			23.2.1 Gas Insulated System Substation
Index_2019_Practical-Power-System-and-Protective-Relays-Commissioning
	Index