Practical Petroleum Geochemistry For Exploration And Production

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PRACTICAL PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION
PRACTICAL PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION
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CONTENTS
1 - Introduction
	Introduction
	A brief history of petroleum geochemistry
	Definitions
		Petroleum
		Geochemistry
		Petroleum system
		Sedimentary organic matter
		Other sedimentary organic deposits
	Organic chemistry review
		Covalent bonds
		Hydrocarbons
		Aromatic hydrocarbons
		N–S–O compounds
		Asphaltenes
		Reactions
	Stable isotope review
	References
2 - The formation of petroleum accumulations
	Introduction
	Incorporating organic matter into sediments
	Kerogen formation
	Source rock deposition
	Maturation and hydrocarbon generation
	Petroleum migration
	Origin of nonhydrocarbon gases
		Carbon dioxide
		Nitrogen
		Hydrogen sulfide
		Helium
		Hydrogen
	Coals as oil-prone source rocks
	Summary
	References
3 - Source rock evaluation
	Definitions and fundamental concepts
	Sample collection
	Total Organic Carbon
	Rock-Eval pyrolysis
	Solvent extraction, S-A-R-A analysis, and extract data
		Source richness and quality interpretations
	Gas chromatography
		Source quality interpretations
		Thermal maturity interpretations
		Recognizing contamination
	Headspace gas analysis
		Source richness interpretations
		Thermal maturity interpretations
	Pyrolysis-gas chromatography
	Kerogen isolation
	Elemental analysis
	Vitrinite reflectance
		Interferences with vitrinite reflectance
		Maturity interpretations with vitrinite reflectance
	Alternative reflectance method
		Solid bitumen reflectance
		Graptolite, scolecodont, and chitinozoan reflectance
	Visual kerogen typing
	Thermal alteration index
	Kerogen fluorescence
	Conodont alteration index
	Wireline log interpretations
		Source rock presence interpretations
		Source richness interpretations
		Thermal maturity interpretations
	Using outcrop samples
	Strategies in source rock evaluation
		Background information
		Defining the problem
		Making interpretations
	References
4 - Interpreting crude oil and natural gas data
	Introduction
	Bulk properties of crude oil and natural gas
	Phase behavior
	Crude oil and natural gas alteration
	Oil-to-oil and oil-to-source rock correlations
		Mass spectrometry
		Biomarker analysis
	Crude oil inversion
	Strategies and obstacles in oil correlation and oil inversion studies
	Natural gas data
	The source of natural gas: biogenic versus thermogenic
	The maturity of thermogenic natural gas
	Gas-to-gas and gas-to-source rock correlations
	Strategies and obstacles in interpreting gas data
	References
5 - Reservoir geochemistry
	Introduction
	Pay zone detection
		Mud gas analysis
		Mud gas data interpretation
		Fluorescence and cut
		Isotubes
		Rock-Eval pyrolysis
		Solvent extraction/gas chromatography
		Thermal extraction-gas chromatography (TEGC)
	High-molecular-weight waxes
	Asphaltenes
	Reservoir continuity
		Reservoir continuity using mud gas data
		Reservoir continuity using oil samples
		Reservoir continuity using gas samples
	Production allocation
	Production problems and periodic sampling
	Monitoring enhanced oil recovery
	Reservoir souring
	Strategies in reservoir geochemistry
	References
6 - Surface geochemistry
	Introduction
	Microseepage
	Direct indicators of hydrocarbon microseepage
	Indirect indicators of hydrocarbon micro-seepage
	Microseepage survey design and interpretation
	Onshore macroseepage
	Offshore macroseepage
	Locating potential seafloor seep sites
	Sampling potential seafloor seep sites
	Analyzing seafloor sediments for thermogenic hydrocarbons
	Sea surface slicks
	References
7 - Unconventional resources
	Introduction
	Coalbed methane
	Shale gas
	Shale oil
	Hybrid systems
	Hydrates
	References
8 - Basin modeling
	Introduction
	Burial history
	Thermal history
	Modeling maturation, hydrocarbon generation, and expulsion
	Modeling migration
	Predicting preservation
		1-D model results
	Model validation
	Sensitivity analysis
	Volumetric estimations
	The role of basin modeling in unconventional plays
	References
9 - Petroleum system concepts and tools
	Introduction
	Elements and processes
	Temporal aspects
	Spatial aspects
	Plays and prospects
	A working petroleum system
	Risking
	References
10 - Environmental applications
	Introduction
	The scope of environmental problems
	The fate of environmental contamination
	Tools for environmental studies
		Detection and monitoring contamination events
		Sample collection
		Sample analysis
		Strategies in environmental geochemistry
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Y
	Z
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