Practical heat treating : basic principles

Heat Treatment of Aluminum and Other Nonferrous Alloys\n	Annealing of Cold-Worked Metals\n		Recovery\n		Recrystallization\n	Precipitation Hardening\n	Aluminum Alloys\n		Age Hardening Process\n	Cobalt Alloys\n	Copper Alloys\n		Precipitation-Hardening Copper Alloys\n		Spinodal-Hardening Copper Alloys\n		Order-Hardening Copper Alloys\n		Athermal (Martensitic-Type) Transformation Hardening of Copper Alloys\n	Magnesium Alloys\n	Nickel Alloys\n	Titanium Alloys\n	Other Nonferrous Alloys\n		Heat Treatable Silver Alloys\n		Heat Treatable Gold Alloys\n		Lead and Tin Alloys\n			Index\nHeat Treatment of Cast Irons\n	General Considerations\n		Critical Temperature Range of Cast Irons\n		Temperature Control\n		Atmosphere Control\n	Stress Relief\n		Selecting Stress-Relief Temperatures\n		Other Stress-Relief Methods\n	Annealing\n	Normalizing\n	Through Hardening and Tempering\n		Austenitizing\n		Quenching\n		Tempering\n		Austempering\n	Surface Hardening of Cast Irons\n		Metallurgical Aspects\n		Applied Energy Surface Hardening\n		Nitriding of Cast Irons\nHeat Treatment of Tool Steels\n	Classification of Tool Steels\n		Powder Metallurgy (PM) and Proprietary Tool Steels\n	Principles and Processes of Tool Steel Heat Treating\n	Normalizing and Annealing\n		Normalizing\n		Annealing\n	Hardening and Tempering\n		Stress Relieving\n		Preheating\n		Austenitizing\n		Quenching\n		Tempering\n	Distortion\n		Other Factors Associated with Distortion\n	Unalloyed and Low-Alloy Cold-Worked Tool Steels\n		Class W: Water-Hardening Steels\n		Class O—Oil-Hardening Cold-Worked Steels\n		Class L: Low-Alloy Special-Purpose Steels\n		Class S: Shock-Resisting Steels\n		Class F: Carbon-Tungsten Special-Purpose Steels\n	Medium and High-Alloy Cold-Worked Tool Steels\n		Class A: Medium-Alloy, Air-Hardening, Cold-Worked Steels\n		Class D: High-Carbon, High-Chromium, Cold-Worked Steels\n	Mold Steels\n		Class P: Plastic Mold Steels\n	Hot-Worked Steels\n		Class H: Hot-Worked Steels\n		Hardening\n	High-Speed Tool Steels\n		Class M and T: High-Speed Tool Steels\n		Heat Treatment of High-Speed Tool Steels\n	18% Nickel Maraging Steels\nHeat Treatment of Stainless Steels\n	Composition of Stainless Steels\n	Classification of Stainless Steels\n		Ferritic Stainless Alloys\n		Austenitic Stainless Alloys\n		Duplex (Ferritic-Austenitic) Stainless Alloys\n		Martensitic Stainless Alloys\n		Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Alloys\n	Heat Treatment Processes\n		General Practices\n	Wrought Ferritic Stainless Alloys\n		Annealing\n		Possible Heat Treating Problems\n	Wrought Austenitic Stainless Alloys\n		Alloying\n		Sensitization\n		Intermediate Phases (σ, χ, and Laves)\n		Annealing\n		Bright Annealing\n		Stress Relieving of Austenitic Grades\n	Wrought Duplex Stainless Alloys (Ref 7)\n		Annealing of Duplex Stainless Steels\n	Wrought Martensitic Stainless Alloys\n		Heat Treatment Preparations\n		Annealing\n		Hardening and Tempering\n	Wrought Precipitation—Hardening Stainless Steels\n		Martensitic PH Stainless Steels\n		Semiaustenitic Wrought PH Stainless Steels\n		Austenitic PH Stainless Steel\n	Special Considerations for Stainless Steel Castings\n		Ferritic, Austenitic, and Mixed Ferritic-Austenitic Casting Alloys\n		Martensitic Casting Alloys\n		Precipitation-Hardening Casting Alloys\nHeat Treatment of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels\n	Carbon Steel Classification for Heat Treating\n		Group I (0.08 to 0.25% C)\n		Group II (0.30 to 0.50% C)\n		Group III (0.55 to 0.95% C)\n	Tempering of Quenched Carbon Steels\n	Austempering of Steel\n		Quenching Mediums for Austempering\n	Carbon Steel Heat Treating Practices\n		1008 to 1019, 12xx, and 11xx Carbon Steels\n		1020 Recommended Practice\n		1035 Recommended Practice\n		1045, 1045H Recommended Practice\n		1050 Recommended Practice\n		1060 Recommended Practice\n		1070 Recommended Practice\n		1080 Recommended Practice\n		1095 Recommended Practice\n		1137 Recommended Practice\n		1141 Recommended Practice\n		1144 Recommended Practice\n		1151 Recommended Practice\n		1522 and 1522H Recommended Practice\n		15B41H Recommended Practice\n		1552 Recommended Practice\n		1566 Recommended Practice\n	Cast Carbon Steels\n	Low-Alloy Steels\n		H-Steels and Restricted Hardenability\n		Free-Machining Alloy Steels\n	Effects of Alloying and Hardenability\n	Low-Alloy Steel Heat Treating Practices\n		Effects of Tempering\n		4037and 4037H Recommended Practice\n		4140 and 4140H Recommended Practice\n		4340 and 4340H Recommended Practice\n		E52100 Recommended Practice\n	Austempering\n	Martempering (Marquenching)\n	Air-Hardening Steel\n	Case Hardening (Ref 8)\n		Carburizing Steels\n		Carbonitriding Steels\n		Ferritic Nitrocarburizing\n		Nitriding Steels\n		Steels for Induction or Flame Hardening\nHardening and Tempering of Steel\n	Austenitizing\n		Austenitizing by Induction Heating\n		Surface Protection of Parts\n	Hardening\n		Induction Hardening\n	Quenching Systems\n		Quenching Mediums\n	Other Quenching Techniques\n		Austempering\n		Martempering\n	Difficulties Associated with Hardening of Steel\n		Quench Cracking\n	Tempering\n		Metallurgical Changes Caused by Tempering\n		Stages of Tempering\n		Tempering Temperatures\n	Equipment for Tempering\n		Tempering in Air Furnaces\n		Tempering in Liquid Baths\n		Induction Tempering\n	Principal Tempering Variables\n		Effect of Steel Composition\n		Effect of Prior Microstructure\n		Tempering versus Stress Relief\n		Effect of Tempering on Dimensions\n		Effect of Cooling from Tempering Temperature\n	Embrittlement from Tempering\n		Blue Brittleness\n		Temper Embrittlement\n		500 °F Embrittlement\n		400 to 500 °C Embrittlement\n	Multiple Tempering\n		Elimination of Retained Austenite\n	Protective-Atmosphere Tempering\n		Exothermic Gas for Protection\n		Tempering in Molten Salt\n		Steam Treating and Tempering\n	Selective Tempering\n		Prompt Tempering\n	Selection of Tempering Temperature\n	Precipitation Hardening\n		Effect of Carbon\n		Effect of Other Elements\n		Advantages of Precipitation Hardening\nClassification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels\n	Residual Elements\n	Carbon Steels\n		Higher Manganese Carbon Steels\n		Boron-Treated Carbon Steels\n		H-Steels\n		Free-Machining Carbon Steels\n		Effects of Free-Machining Additives\n	Low-Alloy Steels\n		Low-Alloy Manganese Steels\n		Low-Alloy Molybdenum Steels\n		Low-Alloy Chromium-Molybdenum Steels\n		Low-Alloy Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steels\n		Low-Alloy Nickel-Molybdenum Steels (46xx and 48xx Series)\n		Low-Alloy Chromium Steels\n		Low-Alloy Silicon-Manganese Steels\n	Mechanical Properties and Grain Size\n		Steel Deoxidation Practice and Grain Size\nHardness and Hardenability of Steels\n	Introduction\n	Jominy End-Quench Testing\n	Hardenability Correlation Curves\n	Jominy Equivalence Charts\n	Factors Affecting Hardenability\n		Effect of Alloys on Hardenability during Quenching\n		Effect of Alloys on the Tempering Response (After Hardening)\n		Effect of Carbon on Hardenability Data\n	Hardenability Limits and H-Steels\nTransformation of Austenite and Quenching of Steel\n	Isothermal Transformation Diagrams\n		Effects of Alloying\n	Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams\n	Quenching of Steel\n	Mechanism of Quenching\n		Cooling Curves\n	Quenching Process Variables\n		Quenchants\n		Quenchant Agitation\n		Metallurgical Aspects of Quenching\n	Residual Stresses and Distortion\n	Quench Cracking\nFundamentals of Steel Heat Treatment\n	Introduction\n	Constitution of Iron\n		Iron Phase Transformation\n	Phases of Heat-Treated Steel\n		The Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram\n		Austenite\n		Ferrite\n		Pearlite and Bainite\n		Proeutectoid Ferrite and Cementite\n		Martensite\n		Tempered Martensite\nStructure of Metals and Alloys\n	Atomic Bonding and Crystal Structure\n		Space Lattices and Crystal Systems\n	Crystal Imperfections and Plastic Deformation\n		Point Defects\n		Line Defects\n		Surface or Planar Defects\n		Volume Defects\n	Crystalline Structure of Metals\n		Face-Centered Cubic System\n		Hexagonal Close-Packed System\n		Body-Centered Cubic System\n	Grains and Grain Boundaries\n	Diffusion\n		Heat Treatment and Diffusion\n	Solid Solutions\n		Substitutional Solid Solutions\n		Interstitial Solid Solutions\n		Solubility Limits\n	Equilibrium Phase Diagrams\n	Using Equilibrium Phase Diagrams\n		Lever Rule\nAbout the Author\nAnnealing of Metals and Normalizing of Steel\n	Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth\n		Recovery\n		Recrystallization\n		Grain Growth\n	Subcritical Annealing of Steel\n		Time-Temperature Relations\n		Process Annealing\n	Critical-Range Annealing of Steel\n	Full Annealing of Steel\n	Isothermal Annealing\n	Annealing for Microstructure\n		Pearlite Formation\n		Spheroidizing\n		Graphitization\n	Solution or Quench Annealing\n	Decarburization and Scaling\n		Decarburization\n		Scaling\n	Prepared Atmospheres\n		Exothermic Gas\n		Dissociated Ammonia\n		Steam Atmospheres\n		Nitrogen with 0.5% Propylene Additive\n	Normalizing\n		Purpose of Normalizing\n		Normalizing Practice\n	Furnaces\n		Furnace Equipment for Normalizing\n	Induction 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Treatment of Aluminum and Other Nonferrous Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=1		Annealing of Cold-Worked Metals	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=2			Recovery	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=3			Recrystallization	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=4		Precipitation Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=6		Aluminum Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=7			Age Hardening Process	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=11		Cobalt Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=17		Copper Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=18			Precipitation-Hardening Copper Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=20			Spinodal-Hardening Copper Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=22			Order-Hardening Copper Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=22			Athermal (Martensitic-Type) Transformation Hardening of Copper Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=22		Magnesium Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=23		Nickel Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=27		Titanium Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=30		Other Nonferrous Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=33			Heat Treatable Silver Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=33			Heat Treatable Gold Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=34			Lead and Tin Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=35				Index	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH13_IDX_6963.pdf#page=1	Heat Treatment of Cast Irons	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=1		General Considerations	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=2			Critical Temperature Range of Cast Irons	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=4			Temperature Control	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=4			Atmosphere Control	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=5		Stress Relief	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=6			Selecting Stress-Relief Temperatures	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=8			Other Stress-Relief Methods	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=9		Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=9		Normalizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=11		Through Hardening and Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=12			Austenitizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=12			Quenching	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=12			Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=14			Austempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=14		Surface Hardening of Cast Irons	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=16			Metallurgical Aspects	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=16			Applied Energy Surface Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=17			Nitriding of Cast Irons	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=18	Heat Treatment of Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=1		Classification of Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=2			Powder Metallurgy (PM) and Proprietary Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=3		Principles and Processes of Tool Steel Heat Treating	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=5		Normalizing and Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=9			Normalizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=9			Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=10		Hardening and Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=12			Stress Relieving	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=13			Preheating	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=13			Austenitizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=15			Quenching	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=21			Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=22		Distortion	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=24			Other Factors Associated with Distortion	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=25		Unalloyed and Low-Alloy Cold-Worked Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=27			Class W: Water-Hardening Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=27			Class O—Oil-Hardening Cold-Worked Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=28			Class L: Low-Alloy Special-Purpose Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=30			Class S: Shock-Resisting Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=31			Class F: Carbon-Tungsten Special-Purpose Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=32		Medium and High-Alloy Cold-Worked Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=33			Class A: Medium-Alloy, Air-Hardening, Cold-Worked Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=34			Class D: High-Carbon, High-Chromium, Cold-Worked Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=35		Mold Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=35			Class P: Plastic Mold Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=35		Hot-Worked Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=36			Class H: Hot-Worked Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=36			Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=38		High-Speed Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=39			Class M and T: High-Speed Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=39			Heat Treatment of High-Speed Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=41		18% Nickel Maraging Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=45	Heat Treatment of Stainless Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=1		Composition of Stainless Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=2		Classification of Stainless Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=4			Ferritic Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=8			Austenitic Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=8			Duplex (Ferritic-Austenitic) Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=9			Martensitic Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=9			Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=9		Heat Treatment Processes	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=10			General Practices	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=10		Wrought Ferritic Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=11			Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=14			Possible Heat Treating Problems	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=14		Wrought Austenitic Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=16			Alloying	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=18			Sensitization	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=19			Intermediate Phases (σ, χ, and Laves)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=20			Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=21			Bright Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=25			Stress Relieving of Austenitic Grades	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=25		Wrought Duplex Stainless Alloys (Ref 7)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=28			Annealing of Duplex Stainless Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=29		Wrought Martensitic Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=32			Heat Treatment Preparations	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=33			Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=34			Hardening and Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=35		Wrought Precipitation—Hardening Stainless Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=39			Martensitic PH Stainless Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=42			Semiaustenitic Wrought PH Stainless Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=44			Austenitic PH Stainless Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=47		Special Considerations for Stainless Steel Castings	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=48			Ferritic, Austenitic, and Mixed Ferritic-Austenitic Casting Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=48			Martensitic Casting Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=50			Precipitation-Hardening Casting Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=50	Heat Treatment of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=1		Carbon Steel Classification for Heat Treating	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=3			Group I (0.08 to 0.25% C)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=3			Group II (0.30 to 0.50% C)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=4			Group III (0.55 to 0.95% C)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=4		Tempering of Quenched Carbon Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=5		Austempering of Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=5			Quenching Mediums for Austempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=6		Carbon Steel Heat Treating Practices	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=7			1008 to 1019, 12xx, and 11xx Carbon Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=8			1020 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=10			1035 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=10			1045, 1045H Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=10			1050 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=11			1060 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=11			1070 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=11			1080 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=11			1095 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=11			1137 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=12			1141 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=12			1144 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=12			1151 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=12			1522 and 1522H Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=12			15B41H Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=13			1552 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=13			1566 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=13		Cast Carbon Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=13		Low-Alloy Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=14			H-Steels and Restricted Hardenability	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=15			Free-Machining Alloy Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=15		Effects of Alloying and Hardenability	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=15		Low-Alloy Steel Heat Treating Practices	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=17			Effects of Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=18			4037and 4037H Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=18			4140 and 4140H Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=18			4340 and 4340H Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=20			E52100 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=21		Austempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=21		Martempering (Marquenching)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=21		Air-Hardening Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=22		Case Hardening (Ref 8)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=22			Carburizing Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=23			Carbonitriding Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=24			Ferritic Nitrocarburizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=25			Nitriding Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=26			Steels for Induction or Flame Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=27	Hardening and Tempering of Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=1		Austenitizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=1			Austenitizing by Induction Heating	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=2			Surface Protection of Parts	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=4		Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=4			Induction Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=6		Quenching Systems	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=6			Quenching Mediums	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=7		Other Quenching Techniques	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=11			Austempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=12			Martempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=14		Difficulties Associated with Hardening of Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=16			Quench Cracking	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=16		Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=18			Metallurgical Changes Caused by Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=19			Stages of Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=20			Tempering Temperatures	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=21		Equipment for Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=21			Tempering in Air Furnaces	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=21			Tempering in Liquid Baths	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=22			Induction Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=22		Principal Tempering Variables	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=23			Effect of Steel Composition	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=23			Effect of Prior Microstructure	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=26			Tempering versus Stress Relief	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=28			Effect of Tempering on Dimensions	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=28			Effect of Cooling from Tempering Temperature	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=29		Embrittlement from Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=30			Blue Brittleness	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=30			Temper Embrittlement	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=30			500 °F Embrittlement	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=31			400 to 500 °C Embrittlement	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=31		Multiple Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=31			Elimination of Retained Austenite	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=31		Protective-Atmosphere Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=32			Exothermic Gas for Protection	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=32			Tempering in Molten Salt	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=32			Steam Treating and Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=33		Selective Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=33			Prompt Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=33		Selection of Tempering Temperature	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=34		Precipitation Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=34			Effect of Carbon	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=35			Effect of Other Elements	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=36			Advantages of Precipitation Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=37	Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=1		Residual Elements	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=2		Carbon Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=4			Higher Manganese Carbon Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=5			Boron-Treated Carbon Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=6			H-Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=8			Free-Machining Carbon Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=8			Effects of Free-Machining Additives	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=11		Low-Alloy Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=12			Low-Alloy Manganese Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=14			Low-Alloy Molybdenum Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=15			Low-Alloy Chromium-Molybdenum Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=17			Low-Alloy Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=19			Low-Alloy Nickel-Molybdenum Steels (46xx and 48xx Series)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=23			Low-Alloy Chromium Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=23			Low-Alloy Silicon-Manganese Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=27		Mechanical Properties and Grain Size	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=27			Steel Deoxidation Practice and Grain Size	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=29	Hardness and Hardenability of Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=1		Introduction	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=1		Jominy End-Quench Testing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=1		Hardenability Correlation Curves	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=6		Jominy Equivalence Charts	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=7		Factors Affecting Hardenability	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=9			Effect of Alloys on Hardenability during Quenching	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=10			Effect of Alloys on the Tempering Response (After Hardening)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=11			Effect of Carbon on Hardenability Data	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=12		Hardenability Limits and H-Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=12	Transformation of Austenite and Quenching of Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=1		Isothermal Transformation Diagrams	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=1			Effects of Alloying	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=2		Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=7		Quenching of Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=9		Mechanism of Quenching	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=11			Cooling Curves	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=11		Quenching Process Variables	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=14			Quenchants	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=14			Quenchant Agitation	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=16			Metallurgical Aspects of Quenching	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=17		Residual Stresses and Distortion	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=20		Quench Cracking	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=22	Fundamentals of Steel Heat Treatment	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=1		Introduction	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=1		Constitution of Iron	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=4			Iron Phase Transformation	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=5		Phases of Heat-Treated Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=9			The Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=9			Austenite	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=10			Ferrite	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=11			Pearlite and Bainite	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=13			Proeutectoid Ferrite and Cementite	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=15			Martensite	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=19			Tempered Martensite	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=22	Structure of Metals and Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=1		Atomic Bonding and Crystal Structure	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=1			Space Lattices and Crystal Systems	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=2		Crystal Imperfections and Plastic Deformation	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=4			Point Defects	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=4			Line Defects	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=4			Surface or Planar Defects	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=6			Volume Defects	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=8		Crystalline Structure of Metals	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=8			Face-Centered Cubic System	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=9			Hexagonal Close-Packed System	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=12			Body-Centered Cubic System	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=12		Grains and Grain Boundaries	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=13		Diffusion	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=14			Heat Treatment and Diffusion	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=15		Solid Solutions	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=16			Substitutional Solid Solutions	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=17			Interstitial Solid Solutions	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=18			Solubility Limits	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=18		Equilibrium Phase Diagrams	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=21		Using Equilibrium Phase Diagrams	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=24			Lever Rule	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=26	About the Author\n		Annealing of Metals and Normalizing of Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=1		Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=3			Recovery	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=3			Recrystallization	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=5			Grain Growth	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=7		Subcritical Annealing of Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=8			Time-Temperature Relations	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=10			Process Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=11		Critical-Range Annealing of Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=13		Full Annealing of Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=14		Isothermal Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=16		Annealing for Microstructure	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=18			Pearlite Formation	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=18			Spheroidizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=21			Graphitization	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=24		Solution or Quench Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=24		Decarburization and Scaling	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=25			Decarburization	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=25			Scaling	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=26		Prepared Atmospheres	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=28			Exothermic Gas	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=28			Dissociated Ammonia	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=28			Steam Atmospheres	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=28			Nitrogen with 0.5% Propylene Additive	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=29		Normalizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=29			Purpose of Normalizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=29			Normalizing Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=31		Furnaces	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=31			Furnace Equipment for Normalizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=32		Induction Heating	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH06_6963.pdf#page=33CH00_FM_6963_pix.pdf\n	Heat Treatment of Aluminum and Other Nonferrous Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=1		Annealing of Cold-Worked Metals	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=2			Recovery	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=3			Recrystallization	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=4		Precipitation Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=6		Aluminum Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=7			Age Hardening Process	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=11		Cobalt Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=17		Copper Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=18			Precipitation-Hardening Copper Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=20			Spinodal-Hardening Copper Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=22			Order-Hardening Copper Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=22			Athermal (Martensitic-Type) Transformation Hardening of Copper Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=22		Magnesium Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=23		Nickel Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=27		Titanium Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=30		Other Nonferrous Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=33			Heat Treatable Silver Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=33			Heat Treatable Gold Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=34			Lead and Tin Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=35				Index	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH13_IDX_6963.pdf#page=1	Heat Treatment of Cast Irons	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=1		General Considerations	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=2			Critical Temperature Range of Cast Irons	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=4			Temperature Control	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=4			Atmosphere Control	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=5		Stress Relief	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=6			Selecting Stress-Relief Temperatures	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=8			Other Stress-Relief Methods	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=9		Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=9		Normalizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=11		Through Hardening and Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=12			Austenitizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=12			Quenching	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=12			Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=14			Austempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=14		Surface Hardening of Cast Irons	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=16			Metallurgical Aspects	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=16			Applied Energy Surface Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=17			Nitriding of Cast Irons	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=18	Heat Treatment of Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=1		Classification of Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=2			Powder Metallurgy (PM) and Proprietary Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=3		Principles and Processes of Tool Steel Heat Treating	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=5		Normalizing and Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=9			Normalizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=9			Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=10		Hardening and Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=12			Stress Relieving	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=13			Preheating	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=13			Austenitizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=15			Quenching	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=21			Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=22		Distortion	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=24			Other Factors Associated with Distortion	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=25		Unalloyed and Low-Alloy Cold-Worked Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=27			Class W: Water-Hardening Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=27			Class O—Oil-Hardening Cold-Worked Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=28			Class L: Low-Alloy Special-Purpose Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=30			Class S: Shock-Resisting Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=31			Class F: Carbon-Tungsten Special-Purpose Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=32		Medium and High-Alloy Cold-Worked Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=33			Class A: Medium-Alloy, Air-Hardening, Cold-Worked Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=34			Class D: High-Carbon, High-Chromium, Cold-Worked Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=35		Mold Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=35			Class P: Plastic Mold Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=35		Hot-Worked Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=36			Class H: Hot-Worked Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=36			Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=38		High-Speed Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=39			Class M and T: High-Speed Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=39			Heat Treatment of High-Speed Tool Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=41		18% Nickel Maraging Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=45	Heat Treatment of Stainless Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=1		Composition of Stainless Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=2		Classification of Stainless Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=4			Ferritic Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=8			Austenitic Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=8			Duplex (Ferritic-Austenitic) Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=9			Martensitic Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=9			Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=9		Heat Treatment Processes	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=10			General Practices	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=10		Wrought Ferritic Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=11			Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=14			Possible Heat Treating Problems	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=14		Wrought Austenitic Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=16			Alloying	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=18			Sensitization	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=19			Intermediate Phases (σ, χ, and Laves)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=20			Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=21			Bright Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=25			Stress Relieving of Austenitic Grades	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=25		Wrought Duplex Stainless Alloys (Ref 7)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=28			Annealing of Duplex Stainless Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=29		Wrought Martensitic Stainless Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=32			Heat Treatment Preparations	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=33			Annealing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=34			Hardening and Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=35		Wrought Precipitation—Hardening Stainless Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=39			Martensitic PH Stainless Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=42			Semiaustenitic Wrought PH Stainless Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=44			Austenitic PH Stainless Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=47		Special Considerations for Stainless Steel Castings	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=48			Ferritic, Austenitic, and Mixed Ferritic-Austenitic Casting Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=48			Martensitic Casting Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=50			Precipitation-Hardening Casting Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=50	Heat Treatment of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=1		Carbon Steel Classification for Heat Treating	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=3			Group I (0.08 to 0.25% C)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=3			Group II (0.30 to 0.50% C)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=4			Group III (0.55 to 0.95% C)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=4		Tempering of Quenched Carbon Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=5		Austempering of Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=5			Quenching Mediums for Austempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=6		Carbon Steel Heat Treating Practices	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=7			1008 to 1019, 12xx, and 11xx Carbon Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=8			1020 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=10			1035 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=10			1045, 1045H Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=10			1050 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=11			1060 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=11			1070 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=11			1080 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=11			1095 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=11			1137 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=12			1141 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=12			1144 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=12			1151 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=12			1522 and 1522H Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=12			15B41H Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=13			1552 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=13			1566 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=13		Cast Carbon Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=13		Low-Alloy Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=14			H-Steels and Restricted Hardenability	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=15			Free-Machining Alloy Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=15		Effects of Alloying and Hardenability	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=15		Low-Alloy Steel Heat Treating Practices	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=17			Effects of Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=18			4037and 4037H Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=18			4140 and 4140H Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=18			4340 and 4340H Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=20			E52100 Recommended Practice	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=21		Austempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=21		Martempering (Marquenching)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=21		Air-Hardening Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=22		Case Hardening (Ref 8)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=22			Carburizing Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=23			Carbonitriding Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=24			Ferritic Nitrocarburizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=25			Nitriding Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=26			Steels for Induction or Flame Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=27	Hardening and Tempering of Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=1		Austenitizing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=1			Austenitizing by Induction Heating	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=2			Surface Protection of Parts	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=4		Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=4			Induction Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=6		Quenching Systems	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=6			Quenching Mediums	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=7		Other Quenching Techniques	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=11			Austempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=12			Martempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=14		Difficulties Associated with Hardening of Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=16			Quench Cracking	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=16		Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=18			Metallurgical Changes Caused by Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=19			Stages of Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=20			Tempering Temperatures	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=21		Equipment for Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=21			Tempering in Air Furnaces	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=21			Tempering in Liquid Baths	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=22			Induction Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=22		Principal Tempering Variables	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=23			Effect of Steel Composition	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=23			Effect of Prior Microstructure	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=26			Tempering versus Stress Relief	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=28			Effect of Tempering on Dimensions	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=28			Effect of Cooling from Tempering Temperature	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=29		Embrittlement from Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=30			Blue Brittleness	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=30			Temper Embrittlement	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=30			500 °F Embrittlement	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=31			400 to 500 °C Embrittlement	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=31		Multiple Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=31			Elimination of Retained Austenite	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=31		Protective-Atmosphere Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=32			Exothermic Gas for Protection	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=32			Tempering in Molten Salt	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=32			Steam Treating and Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=33		Selective Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=33			Prompt Tempering	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=33		Selection of Tempering Temperature	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=34		Precipitation Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=34			Effect of Carbon	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=35			Effect of Other Elements	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=36			Advantages of Precipitation Hardening	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH07_6963.pdf#page=37	Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=1		Residual Elements	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=2		Carbon Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=4			Higher Manganese Carbon Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=5			Boron-Treated Carbon Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=6			H-Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=8			Free-Machining Carbon Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=8			Effects of Free-Machining Additives	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=11		Low-Alloy Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=12			Low-Alloy Manganese Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=14			Low-Alloy Molybdenum Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=15			Low-Alloy Chromium-Molybdenum Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=17			Low-Alloy Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=19			Low-Alloy Nickel-Molybdenum Steels (46xx and 48xx Series)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=23			Low-Alloy Chromium Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=23			Low-Alloy Silicon-Manganese Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=27		Mechanical Properties and Grain Size	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=27			Steel Deoxidation Practice and Grain Size	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH05_6963.pdf#page=29	Hardness and Hardenability of Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=1		Introduction	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=1		Jominy End-Quench Testing	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=1		Hardenability Correlation Curves	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=6		Jominy Equivalence Charts	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=7		Factors Affecting Hardenability	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=9			Effect of Alloys on Hardenability during Quenching	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=10			Effect of Alloys on the Tempering Response (After Hardening)	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=11			Effect of Carbon on Hardenability Data	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=12		Hardenability Limits and H-Steels	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH04_6963.pdf#page=12	Transformation of Austenite and Quenching of Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=1		Isothermal Transformation Diagrams	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=1			Effects of Alloying	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=2		Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=7		Quenching of Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=9		Mechanism of Quenching	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=11			Cooling Curves	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=11		Quenching Process Variables	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=14			Quenchants	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=14			Quenchant Agitation	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=16			Metallurgical Aspects of Quenching	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=17		Residual Stresses and Distortion	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=20		Quench Cracking	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH03_6963.pdf#page=22	Fundamentals of Steel Heat Treatment	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=1		Introduction	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=1		Constitution of Iron	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=4			Iron Phase Transformation	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=5		Phases of Heat-Treated Steel	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=9			The Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=9			Austenite	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=10			Ferrite	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=11			Pearlite and Bainite	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=13			Proeutectoid Ferrite and Cementite	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=15			Martensite	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=19			Tempered Martensite	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH02_6963.pdf#page=22	Structure of Metals and Alloys	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=1		Atomic Bonding and Crystal Structure	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=1			Space Lattices and Crystal Systems	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=2		Crystal Imperfections and Plastic Deformation	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=4			Point Defects	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=4			Line Defects	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=4			Surface or Planar Defects	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=6			Volume Defects	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=8		Crystalline Structure of Metals	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=8			Face-Centered Cubic System	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=9			Hexagonal Close-Packed System	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=12			Body-Centered Cubic System	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=12		Grains and Grain Boundaries	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=13		Diffusion	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=14			Heat Treatment and Diffusion	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=15		Solid Solutions	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=16			Substitutional Solid Solutions	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=17			Interstitial Solid Solutions	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=18			Solubility Limits	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=18		Equilibrium Phase Diagrams	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=21		Using Equilibrium Phase Diagrams	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=24			Lever Rule	file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH01_6963.pdf#page=26	About the Author