Practical handbook of materials science

Practical Handbook of Materials Science......Page 1
PREFACE......Page 3
THE EDITOR......Page 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 7
Section 1: THE ELEMENTS......Page 8
Section 2: Elemental Properties......Page 62
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS......Page 63
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF THE ELEMENTS......Page 64
STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS 1981......Page 66
PROPERTIES OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS......Page 68
ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS......Page 70
VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE ELEMENTS......Page 73
CRYSTAL IONIC RADII OF THE ELEMENTS......Page 74
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY AND TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF THE ELEMENTS......Page 76
BOND LENGTHS BETWEEN CARBON AND OTHER ELEM......Page 78
BOND LENGTHS OF ELEMENTS......Page 82
BOND LENGTH AND ANGLE VALUES BETWEEN ELEMENTS......Page 84
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS......Page 86
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF MINERALS......Page 97
Section 3: Physical Properties of Compounds......Page 96
SOLUBILITY CHART......Page 106
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MATERIALS......Page 109
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DATA ON CERAMIC MATERIALS......Page 111
DENSITY OF VARIOUS SOLIDS......Page 112
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF ALLOYS......Page 114
MELTING POINTS OF METALLIC COMPOUNDS......Page 115
REFERENCES......Page 119
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT......Page 120
CONCENTRATION OF ACIDS AND BASES......Page 121
PROPERTIES OF COMMON LIQUIDS......Page 122
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF COMMON LIQUIDS......Page 123
DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS OFWATER......Page 125
APPROXIMATE pH VALUES OF SOME ACIDS, BASES, FOODS, AND BIOLOGIC MATERIALS......Page 126
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS Kb OF AQUEOUS AMMONIA FROM 0 TO 50°Ca......Page 127
MOLECULAR DEPRESSION OF THE FREEZING POINT......Page 128
VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER BELOW 100°C......Page 129
VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER ABOVE 100°C......Page 130
VAPOR PRESSURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE......Page 131
REDUCTION REACTIONS HAVING E° VALUES MORE POSITIVE THAN THAT OF THE STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE......Page 133
Policy......Page 139
Section 4: Conversion Tables......Page 138
ABBREVIATED COMPARISON OF INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS SI WITH PRE-SI SYSTEM OF METRIC UNITS......Page 142
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM SI METRIC UNITS......Page 143
ABBREVIATED TABLE OF CONVERSION FACTORS......Page 147
CONVERSION FACTORS......Page 152
INCH-MILLIMETER CONVERSIONS-EXACT......Page 175
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION......Page 176
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION - DEGREES FAHRENHEIT TO KELVIN......Page 185
CONCRETE FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION......Page 189
Section 5: Miscellaneous Materials Properties......Page 188
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT AND INCREASE IN STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH AGE......Page 190
PROPERTIES OF SPECIAL CONCRETES......Page 191
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES ON UNPROTECTED CONCRETE......Page 192
SAFE LOADS FOR PIPE COLUMNS......Page 193
AVERAGE AMOUNTS OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH’S CRUST......Page 194
COMPOSITION OF SEA WATER......Page 195
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF COMMON ROCKS......Page 196
SOIL MECHANICS-CLASSES OF SOILS......Page 198
SOIL MECHANICS - VOLUME AND WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS......Page 199
SOIL MECHANICS-PLASTICITY AND WATER CONTENT OF SOILS......Page 201
SOIL MECHANICS?DENSITY AND PENETRATION......Page 202
BUILDING FOUNDATIONS AND PILES......Page 203
AMERICAN WOODS-PROPERTIES AND USES......Page 205
ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESSES FOR LUMBER......Page 208
STRESS-GRADE LUMBER?MAXIMUM END LOADS......Page 212
LOADS FOR NAILS AND SCREWS IN WOOD......Page 213
LOADS FOR NAILS AND SCREWS IN WOOD......Page 214
UNIT STRESSES FOR LAMINATED TIMBERS......Page 216
STRENGTHS OF METALS AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES......Page 218
CRYOGENIC THERMAL INSULATION......Page 220
LOW-TEMPERATURE COOLING BATHS......Page 221
LOW-TEMPERATURE COOLING BATHS......Page 222
CRYOGENIC AND REFRIGERATING LIQUIDS?SI UNITS......Page 223
CRYOGENIC AND REFRIGERATING LIQUIDS......Page 224
HEAT TRANSMISSION THROUGH BUILDING STRUCTURES......Page 226
DUST EXPLOSION CHARACTERISTICS......Page 228
COMBUSTION RETARDANTS FOR SOLID MATERIALS......Page 231
FLAMMABILITY LIMITS FOR GASES AND VAPORS IN AIR......Page 233
SURFACE FLAMMABILITY OF WOODS......Page 235
CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS AND COATINGS......Page 238
ORGANIC COATINGS ? DRYING OILS AND DRIERS......Page 239
ORGANIC COATINGS - NATURAL RESINS AND MATERIALS......Page 240
ORGANIC COATINGS - SYNTHETIC RESINS......Page 242
PIGMENTS FOR PAINTS AND COATINGS......Page 243
PAINTS AND COATINGS FOR CORROSION RESISTANCE......Page 246
INORGANIC SURFACE COATINGS......Page 247
SUMMARY OF ELECTROPLATING PRACTICE......Page 249
CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL FIBERS......Page 251
PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBERS......Page 252
CLASSIFICATION OF MAN-MADE FIBERS AND FABRICS......Page 254
PROPERTIES OF MAN-MADE FIBERS......Page 256
FIBERS FOR SPECIAL USES......Page 258
TEXTILE YARN AND FIBER SIZES......Page 259
EFFICIENCY OF DRYING AGENTS......Page 260
CONSTANT HUMIDITY......Page 261
PERMEANCE AND PERMEABILITY OF MATERIALS TO WATER VAPOR......Page 262
PERMEANCE AND PERMEABILITY OF MATERIALS TO WATER VAPOR......Page 264
PROPERTIES AND USES OF ADSORBENTS......Page 266
SOUND FREQUENCIES AND SCALES......Page 267
MUSICAL SCALES......Page 268
CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES AND PARTICLE DISPERSOIDS......Page 269
USEFUL RANGE OF SOLIDS FOR DRY LUBRICATION......Page 270
PROPERTIES OF COMMON SOLID MATERIALS......Page 271
PROPERTIES OF MOLTEN SALTS......Page 272
PROPERTIES OF CLEAR FUSED QUARTZ......Page 274
PROPERTIES OF PLASTER OF PARIS......Page 275
REFLECTANCE AND APPEARANCE OF COLORS......Page 276
WAXES AND RELATED MATERIALS......Page 277
2. Thermal Expansion......Page 279
Section 6: Ceramic Materials......Page 278
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES - CORROSION RESISTANCE......Page 280
Acknowledgments......Page 282
COMPOSITIONS OF GLASSES AND GLASS-CERAMICS......Page 283
PROPERTIES OF GLASSES AND GLASS-CERAMICS......Page 290
ZIRCONIA ZrO2......Page 295
SILICON CARBIDE SiC......Page 296
CRYSTAL CHEMICALAND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA......Page 297
PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, THERMAL, AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA......Page 298
CRYSTAL CHEMICALAND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF BERYLLIA......Page 304
PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, THERMAL, AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF BERYLLIA......Page 305
CRYSTAL CHEMICALAND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ZIRCONIA......Page 308
PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, THERMAL, AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF ZIRCONIA......Page 309
PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, THERMAL, AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MULLITE......Page 310
PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, THERMAL, AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF CORDIERITE......Page 312
CRYSTAL CHEMICALAND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SILICON CARBIDE......Page 315
PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, THERMAL, AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICON CARBIDE......Page 316
CRYSTAL CHEMICAL AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SILICON NITRIDE......Page 318
PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, THERMAL, AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICON NITRIDE......Page 319
REFERENCES......Page 321
PROPERTIES OF CARBON FIBERS......Page 323
Section 7: Composite Materials......Page 322
PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC FIBERS......Page 324
PROPERTIES OF SIC REINFORCED ALUMINA......Page 325
7.3 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES......Page 326
DATA FOR METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES......Page 327
BINARY EUTECTIC ALLOYS......Page 332
SEMICONDUCTOR QUASI-BINARY EUTECTICS......Page 336
RECENT METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES......Page 337
TERMOST MOLDING COMPUNDS......Page 338
STYRENIC MOLDING COMPOUNDS......Page 339
THERMOPLASTIC MOLDING COMPOUNDS......Page 340
THERMOPLASTIC MOLDING COMPOUNDS......Page 341
PROPERTIES OF UNIDIRECTIONAL CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES......Page 342
WIRE TABLE, STANDARD ANNEALED COPPER......Page 344
Section 8: Electronic Materials......Page 343
ALUMINUM WIRE TABLE......Page 347
RESISTOR COLOR CODE AND STANDARD VALUES......Page 348
CAPACITOR COLOR CODE......Page 349
PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS......Page 350
LASER LINES WITH WEAK TO MODERATE ABSORPTION BY THE ATMOSPHERE......Page 356
SPECTRAL RANGE COVERED BY SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS......Page 357
CONTINUOUS-WAVE INSULATING CRYSTAL LASERS......Page 358
PROPERTIES OF SOLID-LASER MATERIALS......Page 359
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION OF PERMANENT MAGNETIC ALLOYS......Page 361
CAST PERMANENT MAGNETIC ALLOYS......Page 362
FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS ? CURIE TEMPERATURES......Page 364
ANTIFERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS ? NEEL TEMPERATURE......Page 366
PROPERTIES OF PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS......Page 367
COMPARISON OF BATTERY TYPES......Page 370
FUEL-CELL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 371
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND COMPOSITION OF VOLTAIC CELLS......Page 372
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY......Page 373
REFERENCES......Page 374
RANGE OF CRITICAL TEMPERATURES OBSERVED FOR SUPERCONDUCTIVE ELEMENTS IN THIN FILMS CONDENSED USUALLY AT LOW TEMPERATURES......Page 375
ELEMENTS EXHIBITING SUPERCONDUCTIVITY UNDER OR AFTER APPLICATION OF HIGH PRESSURE......Page 376
SELECTED SUPERCONDUCTIVE COMPOUNDS AND ALLOYS......Page 377
KEY TO CRYSTAL STRUCTURE TYPES......Page 383
HIGH CRITICAL MAGNETIC-FIELD SUPERCONDUCTIVE COMPOUNDS AND ALLOYS......Page 384
TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON AND GRAPHITE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE......Page 387
Section 9: Graphitic materials......Page 386
VARIATION OF PROPERTIES WITH TEMPERATURE......Page 388
TYPICAL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF CARBON PRODUCTS......Page 389
GRADE D-657......Page 390
GRADE H205......Page 391
GRADE AXF......Page 392
GRADE L-55......Page 393
GRADE 9RL......Page 394
GRADE 3499......Page 395
GRADE 9135; 9139......Page 396
GRADE ATJ......Page 397
GRADE CCT......Page 398
GRADE 2......Page 399
GRADE RVA......Page 400
GRADE GSX......Page 401
GRADE 780GL......Page 402
GRADE 890W......Page 403
GRADE HC......Page 404
GRADE TL......Page 405
GRADE 873 RL......Page 406
GRADE AGX, AGLX......Page 407
GRADE AGR......Page 408
GRADE ZTA......Page 409
GRADE PYROLYTIC GRAPHITE......Page 410
GRADE PYROLYTIC GRAPHITE......Page 411
GRADE POROUS GRAPHITE 25......Page 412
10.1 ALUMINUM-BASE ALLOYS......Page 414
Section 10: Metallic Materials......Page 413
WROUGHT ALUMINUM 1060......Page 415
WROUGHT ALUMINUM 1100......Page 416
WROUGHT ALUMINUM 2024......Page 417
WROUGHT ALUMINUM 3003......Page 418
WROUGHT ALUMINUM 4032......Page 419
WROUGHT ALUMINUM 5050......Page 420
WROUGHT ALUMINUM 5056......Page 421
WROUGHT ALUMINUM 6061......Page 422
WROUGHT ALUMINUM 7075......Page 423
CAST ALUMINUM 355.0......Page 424
CAST ALUMINUM 520.0......Page 426
SAE ALLOY STEEL COMPOSITIONS......Page 427
AISI-SAE STANDARD CARBON STEELS......Page 430
STANDARD TYPES OF STAINLESS AND HEAT-RESISTING STEELS......Page 433
GRAY IRONS ? CAST......Page 436
MALLEABLE IRONS ?CAST......Page 437
MALLEABLE IRONS ? CAST......Page 438
NODULAR OR DUCTILE IRONS......Page 439
NODULAR OR DUCTILE IRONS ? CAST......Page 440
WHITE AND ALLOY IRONS?CAST; HEAT AND CORROSION RESISTANT TYPES......Page 441
IRON-BASE SUPERALLOYS ? CAST, WROUGHT......Page 442
IRON-BASE SUPERALLOYS ? WROUGHT......Page 443
ALLOY STEELS ? CAST......Page 444
CARBON STEELS ? CAST......Page 445
FREE-CUTTING CARBON STEELS ? WROUGHT......Page 446
HIGH STRENGTH STEELS?WROUGHT; VANADIUM-BEARING CARBON STEELS......Page 447
HIGH STRENGTH STEELS ? WROUGHT; LOW ALLOY, HIGH STRENGTH STEELS......Page 448
NITRIDING STEELS ? WROUGHT......Page 449
AGE HARDENABLE STAINLESS STEELS ? WROUGHT, CAST......Page 450
AGE HARDENABLE STAINLESS STEELS ? WROUGHT, CAST......Page 451
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS ? WROUGHT......Page 452
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS ? WROUGHT......Page 453
FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS ? WROUGHT......Page 454
MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS ? WROUGHT......Page 455
STAINLESS STEELS ? CAST......Page 456
LOW TEMPERATURE STEELS ? WROUGHT; FINE GRAIN C-Mn-Si CARBON STEELS......Page 457
HEAT RESISTANT ALLOYS ? CAST......Page 458
HIGH TEMPERATURE STEELS ? WROUGHT......Page 459
ULTRA HIGH STRENGTH STEELS ? WROUGHT......Page 460
ULTRA HIGH STRENGTH STEELS ? WROUGHT......Page 461
ULTRA HIGH STRENGTH STEELS ? WROUGHT......Page 462
AM100A......Page 463
AZ91C......Page 466
AZ31B......Page 468
HM21A......Page 471
LA141A......Page 474
NICKEL 200......Page 476
MONEL® ALLOY 400......Page 478
Ni-Cu ALLOY 410......Page 480
INCONEL® 600......Page 481
Ni-Cr 50-50......Page 483
HASTELLOY ®B......Page 484
HASTELLOY® ALLOY C-276......Page 486
INCOLOY® ALLOY 800......Page 487
INCONEL® 718......Page 489
RENE 41 AISI No. 683......Page 491
IN 100......Page 492
MAR-M® 200......Page 493
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER ALLOYS......Page 494
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TIN AND LEAD-BASE ALLOYS......Page 497
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ALLOYS......Page 498
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ZINC ALLOYS......Page 499
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ZIRCONIUM ALLOYS......Page 500
SILVER AND SILVER ALLOYS......Page 501
SPECIFIC STIFFNESS OF METALS, ALLOYS, AND CERTAIN NONMETALLICS......Page 502
METAL POWDERS......Page 503
PRODUCTS OF POWDER METALLURGY......Page 505
CORROSION OF METALS......Page 506
SOLDERING ALLOYS......Page 508
FISSILE AND FERTILE RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS......Page 511
Section 11: Nuclear Materials......Page 510
NEUTRON SOURCES......Page 512
TOTAL CHAIN YIELD FROM THERMAL NEUTRON FISSIONS IN U......Page 513
DELAYED NEUTRON FRACTION 눀 FOR FAST AND THERMAL FISSION......Page 514
RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES......Page 515
RADIOISOTOPES FOR INDUSTRIAL USE......Page 518
STABILITY OF RADIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS......Page 519
REACTOR MATERIALS......Page 521
ENERGY LIBERATED BY FISSION......Page 524
DECAY OF REACTOR FISSION PRODUCTS......Page 525
MODERATOR MATERIALS......Page 526
GRAPHITE FOR REACTORS......Page 527
NUCLEAR PROPERTIES OF WATER AND HEAVY WATER......Page 529
RADIATION EXPOSURE AND SHIELDING......Page 530
PROPERTIES OF SHIELDING MATERIALS......Page 533
CRITICAL MASS AND ITS PARAMETERS......Page 534
ACRYLICS......Page 538
Section 12: Polymeric Materials......Page 537
ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE ABS......Page 539
ALKYDS AND THERMOSET CARBONATE......Page 540
CELLULASE BASE......Page 541
DIALLYL PHTHALATES......Page 542
EPOXIES......Page 543
FLUOROCARBONS......Page 544
NYLON POLYMIDES......Page 545
PHENOLICS......Page 546
PHENYLENE ETHER/PHENYLENE OXIDE PPE/PPO......Page 547
POLYARYLATES......Page 548
POLYCARBONATES PC......Page 549
GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED AND POLYPHTHALATE CARBONATES......Page 550
POLYCARBONATE BLENDS......Page 551
POLYESTERS......Page 552
POLYETHERIMIDE PEI......Page 553
POLYOLEFINS......Page 554
POLYETHERKETONE AND POLYBUTYLENES......Page 555
POLYOLEFINS......Page 556
POLYSTYRENES......Page 557
POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE PPS......Page 558
VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE COPOLYMER AND CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE......Page 560
LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERS LCP WHOLLYAROMATIC COPOLYESTERS......Page 561
POLYURETHANE......Page 562
RUBBERS/ELASTOMERS......Page 563
13.1 MAJOR COMPILATIONS......Page 565
Section 13: Materials Information......Page 564
13.2 MATERIALS INFORMATION CENTERS......Page 569
13.3 MATERIALS RESEARCH FACILITIES......Page 585